Northern Manufacturing Company

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Northern Manufacturing Co.
Northern Motor Car Co.

logo
legal form Corporation
founding 1902
resolution 1909
Reason for dissolution takeover
Seat Detroit , USA
management
Branch Automobiles

The Northern Manufacturing Company , from 1906 Northern Motor Car Company , was a pioneering American automobile manufacturer. With Jonathan Dixon Maxwell and Charles Brady King , two leading automobile and engine designers in the country were significantly involved in the company. The vehicles featured innovative solutions. The brand name was Northern .

Jonathan D. Maxwell

Oldsmobile Curved Dash (1904).

Jonathan D. Maxwell (1864-1928) worked as a bicycle mechanic in Elmer Apperson's workshop in the early 1890s and was involved in building the Apperson brothers' automobile for Elwood Haynes in 1894 . Their collaboration resulted in the Haynes-Apperson Company, one of the first commercial automobile manufacturers in the USA. Maxwell then moved to the Olds Motor Works . He was particularly involved in the design of the single-cylinder engine in the hugely successful Oldsmobile Curved Dash . In 1903 he invented thermosiphon cooling , which was widely used. In 1904 he was a co-founder of the Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Company , which manufactured the Maxwell . This in turn was a forerunner of the Chrysler .

Charles Brady King

Charles Brady King

Charles B. King (1868–1957) was one of the most respected engineers in the USA and is considered an important automobile pioneer. He was the organizer of several associations that dealt with motorized road traffic. At the first official car race in the USA, the Chicago Times-Herald contest on November 28, 1895, he was a ride-on referee. In 1896 he attracted attention when he was the first to publicly demonstrate his self-constructed automobile in Detroit - three months before Henry Ford . In 1900 he sold his boat engine production company to Olds Motor Works and then headed it as a department. On March 9, 1901, the Olds plant burned down. The company was only able to save one of several technically different prototypes from the fire. For this little runabout with single-cylinder engine that was Model R developed and introduced in the same year on the market. It quickly became popular as the Curved Dash . King left the company shortly after the fire. He then worked at Northern , went to Europe for two years in 1908 to study automotive engineering there and was then chief engineer and designer at the King Motor Car Company in Detroit, which he co-founded . King filed patents since the 1890s, initially for steam-powered tools. He is also considered the inventor of the pneumatic hammer . His inventions, from which Northern also benefited, also included vehicle transmissions, steering systems and suspensions.

William E. Butcher

William E. Metzger (1868–1933) opened what was believed to be Detroit's first car dealership in the late 1890s. He had excellent connections in the industry. For the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers (ALAM), he organized the first motor show in Detroit (simultaneously the second in the US) as well as car races, including the historic competition between Alexander Winton and Henry Ford , who in the October 10, 1901 Grosse Pointe discharged has been. In 1902, Metzger was one of the investors in the Northern Manufacturing Company . In January 1903 he took over 2000 orders for Cadillac at the New York Automobile Show , which led to his appointment as sales manager. Metzger was also active for the ALAM as a functionary of the Good Roads movement.

Byron F. Everitt

Byron F. "Barney" Everitt (1872–?) Was a Canadian-born wagon builder and coachbuilder. In 1899 he opened the BF Everitt Company in Detroit as a coach and body construction company and supplier of interior fittings. The company received orders from Olds Motor Works and Henry Ford's Detroit Automobile Company (DAC). In 1908 Everitt bought the medium-sized automobile manufacturer Wayne Automobile Company as part of a joint plan with Metzger and Flanders . Frederic J. Fisher , one of the founders of the Fisher Body Co. , was an employee, as was Walter O. Briggs later . According to their own statements, Everitt encouraged the Fisher brothers to go into business for themselves. Your company grew under General Motors to become one of the largest body shops in the world.

Everitt was instrumental in the development of the Everitt-Metzger-Flanders Company (brands EMF , Flanders and Studebaker ), which emerged from Northern . After his departure, he was a co-founder of the Metzger Motor Car Company in 1909 , which he financed with the proceeds from the sale of the BF Everitt Co. to Walter Briggs. This resulted in the Briggs Manufacturing Company , another leading body shop. The Metzger Motor Car Company created a car that bore his name. The company changed its name several times and was called the Everitt Motor Car Company for a short time in 1912 . Everitt later also served as President and CEO of Rickenbacker Motor Company .

Walter E. Flanders

Walter E. Flanders.

Walter E. Flanders (1871-1923) was an early companion of Henry Ford . Flanders played a key role in setting up the production facilities for the Ford Model T in the new plant on Piquette Street in Detroit. His meticulously prepared departure from Ford on April 21, 1908 and his participation in Everitt's Wayne Motor Works that followed immediately led to enmity with Henry Ford. Flanders was one of the co-initiators of the EMF Company , which was formed from the Wayne Works and whose name was derived from it consisted of the initials of Everitt, Metzger and Flanders. Flanders became the first manager and he was also the driving force behind the acquisition of Northern by Wayne in October 1908. The company was one of the bases for the automobile production of Studebaker . After the Studebaker takeover, Walter Flanders initially stayed with EMF and later founded the Flanders Motor Company , the Flanders Manufacturing Company and the Flanders Electric Company .

He died in 1923 after a car accident.

Company history

Northern advertisement in Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly of January 1904. The touring car appeared as 15 HP for the 1905 model year.
This ad of the Association Of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers (ALAM) in Life Magazine from early 1904 warns of legal consequences in the acquisition of non- Selden-licensed vehicles. Northern was a co-signatory.

A group of Detroit investors led by industrialist William A. Barbour and Cadillac sales manager William E. Metzger financed the company. Barbour owned the Detroit Stove Works , the largest stove manufacturer in the world. On Metzger's recommendation, Barbour hired Jonathan D. Maxwell as plant manager and designer. He was also responsible for the first Northern , a car that was intended as a “better Oldsmobile Curved Dash” and ultimately featured many technically similar solutions. It was also marketed as the Silent Northern in 1902 and 1903 , a designation that was later occasionally used for the larger two-cylinder models. Maxwell, in turn, brought Charles B. King into the company as chief engineer.

In the early summer of 1903, Northern Manufacturing was accepted into the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers (ALAM) and thus a licensee of the Selden patent . In 1904 Maxwell left the company to found the Maxwell-Briscoe Motor Company with Benjamin Briscoe . His successor as chief engineer was Charles King.

Well-known brand slogans were Silent, Safe, And Dustless ("Quiet, safe and dust-free") or Utility is the Basis of Beauty (for example: "Use is the basis for beauty").

In 1906 it was reorganized as the Northern Motor Car Company . The continuing success made it possible to open a second plant in Port Huron (Michigan) in 1907 , which exclusively produced the Type C two-cylinder car . Single-cylinder and the new four-cylinder continued to be manufactured in Detroit.

In 1908 there was a complex and well-prepared sequence of acquisitions. The impetus for this was provided by Walter E. Flanders, who wanted to set up automobile production based on the manufacturing method he had developed at Ford. The aforementioned Wayne Automobile Company in Detroit, which was taken over in June by the coachbuilder Byron Everitt, was affected first ; shortly afterwards he brought in Flanders. With around 600 vehicles produced in the previous year, Wayne was already one of the more important manufacturers.

Independently of this, William Metzger has now separated from Cadillac and acquired the majority in Northern . It was around this time that Charles King left the company. On August 4, 1908, the Wayne Automobile Company was reorganized as the Everitt-Metzger-Flanders Company ( EMF ).

In October 1908, EMF took over the Northern Motor Car Company ; According to a single source, the takeover did not take place until 1909. EMF was based in the former Wayne facility on Piquette Street in Detroit, in close proximity to Flanders' former place of work, Ford's Model T assembly plant . In addition, the Northern plants in Detroit and Port Huron continued to be used. The Northern and Wayne brands were discontinued in 1908.

The new owners Everitt, Metzger and Flanders formed a team that established other car brands after EMF .

technology

Advertisement from January 1905 for Touring car (17 HP) and Runabout (7 HP) with technical details.

The Northern Runabout

Silent Northern Runabout (1902).

The single-cylinder car was the manufacturer's only model when it was launched. Jonathan Maxwell is considered the designer of the single-cylinder engine in the Oldsmobile Curved Dash and incorporated his experience with this successful model. With his design he succeeded in establishing the Northern brand and laying the foundation for the company's reputation. Often referred to as Northern Runabout in advertisements , the vehicle was a carefully built automobile with both conventional and innovative detailed solutions. The engine installed under the driver's seat, the two-speed planetary gearbox with reverse gear and a single drive chain running centrally to the rear axle were typical of such runabouts. It was still steered with a lever. Special design features were the chassis side members in the form of long leaf springs , as they had already been used in the Curved Dash , and a subframe that carried the body. It was attached to the chassis using a device patented by Northern at just four points. Northern hoped this construction would provide greater driving comfort.

The company attached great importance to simplifying vehicle operation. While Charles King took radical paths with the larger models, approaches in this direction can already be found on the runabout. They are documented for the first time from 1905, but they may have been used earlier by Maxwell.

From 1905 a second, rear-facing bench was available. There does not seem to have been any other body variants. The vehicle was offered successively as 5 HP , 6½ HP , 7 HP and Model B ; The designation 6 HP is also mentioned by a contemporary source. In the course of the facelift, the wheelbase grew from 68 to 70 and finally to 88 inches (1727, 1778 and 2235 mm). Similar to Ford later , the Northern Manufacturing Company also managed to offer its product cheaper over time. The price fell from originally US $ 800 to US $ 750 and finally US $ 650. A Curved Dash cost US $ 650 for most years of production. Oldsmobile customers also benefited from what was probably the best sales network of the time.

The single-cylinder models remained in the program without any major innovations. Depending on the source, production ended in 1907 or 1908. By 1907 at the latest, the concept of such runabouts was technically obsolete. It is not known whether a more modern successor was worked on before the merger with Wayne .

Innovative two- and four-cylinder models

Northern 15 HP HP “Touring car” with the bonnet open. Note the backward inclined position of the motor, which should ensure a straight connection to the cardan shaft (1905).

Under Charles King's responsibility, larger and very modern two- and four-cylinder models were created that were built parallel to the runabout. The 15 HP (announced as 12 HP ) was introduced in 1904 for the 1905 model year. The two-cylinder units remained in the range until the company was dissolved. Their special features included the remarkably early introduction of steering wheels, cardan drive , left-hand drive and the possibly first application of a three-point suspension of the engine in the chassis. The rearward inclined position of the engine resulted in better power transmission to the cardan shaft. At least for early two-cylinder models such as the 15 HP, there is evidence of a curious device that was supposed to blow the road dust backwards under the vehicle and thus keep it away from the passengers. In addition, the engine was given a particularly large flywheel , which not only contributed to smoother running, but was also intended to act as a fan. For this purpose, the back was shaped as a fan disc.

The two-cylinder models were among the first automobiles in which the engine and transmission were flanged together; At that time, both components were usually installed separately in the chassis and connected to one another via a shaft . Alternatively, there were also rear axles interlocked with the gearbox; Northern used this solution on the four-cylinder models .

King aimed to further simplify vehicle operation in these larger models. Both the two- and four-cylinder cars managed without the usual gearshift and handbrake levers on the outside of the vehicle. They were accelerated and braked with a combined hand lever on the steering column. There was a foot pedal for the auxiliary brake and reverse gear, at least in the K and L models . The clutch actuation on the two-cylinder is unclear. These vehicles had planetary gears , so a similar solution to that of the Ford Model T is obvious. It appears that in the Model C sedan of 1908, all controls could be placed on the steering column.

The four-cylinder were upper class vehicles with which the product range was expanded. They received conventional three-speed manual transmissions. A clutch operated with air pressure must have been a great relief for the driver; the devices of that time were considered difficult to operate and required a lot of strength. Moreover, according to the company's own information, these Northern couplings did not have to be readjusted. There was also a pneumatically operated brake that was operated “interactively” with the accelerator lever (by hand), as well as a compressor for inflating the tires. The pneumatics were based on King patents. The engine was started with a mechanical ratchet instead of a crank.

Swedish license production

The Swedish vehicle and rolling stock manufacturer AB Södertälje Verkstäder in Södertälje produced a licensed version of the Silent Northern under the brand name Norden from 1902 to 1906 . These vehicles had an additional bench seat on which the passengers sat with their backs facing the direction of travel. The company had previously manufactured the Helios .

Model overview

model Bj. engine
Cubic capacity c.i. / cm³		 Performance
HP ALAM
or bhp 		Wheelbase
inches / mm		 body Prices US $ Remarks
Silent Northern 5 HP 1902 1 sv 5 HP 68/1727 Runabout 800.00
Silent Northern 5 HP 1903 1 sv 5 HP 68/1727 Runabout 800.00
6½ HP 1904 1 sv 6½ HP 68/1727
67/1702		 Runabout, 2 pl. 750.00
ALAM yearbook:
67 inches
12 HP 1904 2 sv
boxers 		12 HP Tonneau 1500
15 HP 1904 2 sv
boxers		 15 bhp 88/2235 Touring , 5 pl. 1500
15 HP 1904 2 sv
boxers		 15 bhp 88/2235 Tonneau, 5 pl. 1500, -
1700, -
with a fixed roof
7 HP 1905 1 sv 106.3 / 1744 7 HP 70/1778 Runabout, 2 pl. 650.00
17 HP 1905 2 sv
boxers		 17 HP 100/2540 Touring, 5 pl. 1700, -
17 HP 1905 2 sv
boxers		 17 HP 102/2591 Chauffeur Lim. , 5 pl. 2500.00
18 HP 1905 2 sv
boxers		 18 HP 88/2235 Runabout, 2 pl. 1500 Referred to as "2-pass. Touring ".
7 HP
Type A		 1906 1 sv 106.3 / 1744 7 HP 70/1778 Runabout, 2 pl. 650.00
20 HP
Type C 		1906 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 88/2235
100/2540
106/2692		 Runabout, 2 pl. 1650, -

20 HP
Type C		 1906 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 106/2692 Touring, 5 pl. 800.00
20 HP
Type C		 1906 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 106/2692 Chauffeur-Lim., 4/5 pl. 2800, -
20 HP
Type C		 1906 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 106/2692 Delivery Van
1200 l		 1600, -
30 HP
Type K 		1906 4 sv 318.1 / 5313 30 HP 112/2844 Touring, 5 pl. 3000, -
7 HP
Type B 		1907 1 sv 106.3 / 1744 7 HP 70/1778 Runabout, 2 pl. 650.00
20 HP
Type C		 1907 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 88/2235 Runabout, 2 pl. 1600, -
20 HP
Type C		 1907 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 100/2540 Touring, 5 pl. 1700, -
20 HP
Type C		 1907 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 106/2692 Touring, 5 pl. 1800, -
20 HP
Type C		 1907 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 106/2692 Chauffeur-Lim., 5 pl. 3000, -
20 HP
Type C		 1907 2 sv
boxers		 249.5 / 4088 20 HP 106/2692 Delivery Van
1200 lb		 1600, -
50 HP
Type L 		1907 4 sv 432.0 / 7079 50 HP 119/3023 Runabout, 2 pl. 3500, -
50 HP
Type L		 1907 4 sv 432.0 / 7079 50 HP 119/3023 Touring, 6 pl. 3500, -
50 HP
Type L		 1907 4 sv 432.0 / 7079 50 HP 119/3023 Chauffeur-Lim., 6 pl. 4500.00
7 HP
Type B		 1908 1 sv 106.3 / 1744 7 HP 90/2286 Runabout 650.00
24 HP
Type C		 1908 2 sv
boxers		 261.4 / 4283 24 HP 100/2540 Roadster 1600, -
24 HP
Type C		 1908 2 sv
boxers		 261.4 / 4283 24 HP 106/2692 Touring 1600, -
24 HP
Type C		 1908 2 sv
boxers		 261.4 / 4283 24 HP 106/2692 Chauffeur Lim. 2800, -
24 HP
Type C		 1908 2 sv
boxers		 261.4 / 4283 24 HP 106/2692 Delivery Van
1200 lb		 1600, -
40 HP
Type L		 1908 4 sv 392.7 / 6435 40 HP 119/3023 Roadster, 2 pl. 3500, -
40 HP
Type L		 1908 4 sv 392.7 / 6435 40 HP 119/3023 Touring, 7 pl.
Manufacturer's designation: Tonneau 		3500, -
see. Body .

The cubic capacity of the Type C from 1908 has been interpreted. See Northern Type C # displacement and engine power .

Due to rounding in the sources, the calculation of the cubic capacity can lead to apparent accuracy . The information in this table has been compiled from several sources and partially converted. They are based on the ALAM rating developed by the Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers , which is identical to the British RAC Horsepower .

commercial vehicles

Commercial vehicle versions were only offered ex works for the two-cylinder models. Discloses a closed van, from 1906 to 1908 as a 18 hp Northern as well as the successor to Model C was sold.

Northern today

Often seen at the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run (here 2009): Northern 6½ HP Runabout with correct paintwork in Crimson red (1904).

A few Northern vehicles have survived. Runabouts with the chassis numbers 1512 (1903), 1801 and 2181 (both 1904) are known. A 6½ HP runabout from 1904 regularly competes in the London Brighton Run . It may be vehicle no. 1801 or 2181, of which such participation is proven.

The black lacquered example shown above in Sweden could also be a north .

Also known are an 18 HP and a Model C , which have been dated to 1904 and 1908, respectively.

So far, no four-cylinder models are known to have survived.

literature

  • Beverly Rae Kimes (ed.), Henry Austin Clark Jr.: Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942. Krause Publications, Iola WI, 1996; ISBN 978-0-87341-428-9 .
  • Beverly Rae Kimes: Pioneers, Engineers, and Scoundrels: The Dawn of the Automobile in America. Ed. SAE ( Society of Automotive Engineers ) Permissions, Warrendale PA, 2005; ISBN 0-7680-1431-X .
  • James J. Flink: America Adopts the Automobile - 1895-1910. MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 1970; ISBN 0-262-06036-1 .
  • GN Georgano (Ed.): Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to the Present. Dutton Press, New York, 2nd Edition, 1973; ISBN 0-525-08351-0 .
  • GN Georgano (Ed.), G. Marshall Naul: Complete Encyclopedia of Commercial Vehicles. MBI Motor Books International, Osceola WI, 1979; ISBN 0-87341-024-6 .
  • Thomas E. Bonsall: More Than They Promised: The Studebaker Story. Stanford University Press, 2000; ISBN 0-8047-3586-7 .
  • Robert D. Dluhy: American Automobiles of the Brass Era: Essential Specifications of 4,000+ Gasoline Powered Passenger Cars, 1906-1915, with a Statistical and Historical Overview. McFarland & Co Inc. publishers, Jefferson NC, 2013; ISBN 0-78647-136-0 .
  • Albert Mroz: Illustrated Encyclopedia of American Trucks and Commercial Vehicles. Krause Publications, Iola WI, 1996; ISBN 0-87341-368-7 .
  • John A. Gunnell (Ed.): Standard Catalog of American Light Duty Trucks, 1896-1986. MBI Motor Books International, Osceola WI, 2nd edition, 1993; ISBN 0-87341-238-9 .
  • Robert Gabrick: American Delivery Truck: An Illustrated History. Enthusiast Books, 2014; ISBN 978-158388311-2 .
  • Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly (January 1904): The Automobile of 1904. Americana Review, 725 Dongan Ave., Scotia NY, USA.
  • Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers (Ed.): Handbook of Gasoline Automobiles / 1904–1905–1906. Introduced by Clarence P. Hornung, Dover Publications, New York, 1969.
  • National Automobile Chamber of Commerce (Ed.): Handbook of Automobiles 1915–1916. Dover Publications, 1970.

Web links

NACC rating 1916-1917.
Commons : Northern Manufacturing Company  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Georgano: Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars, 1885 to the Present. 1973, p. 515 (Northern).
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Kimes, Clark: Standard Catalog of American cars, 1805−1942 . 1996, p. 1046 (Northern).
  3. ↑ americanautohistory.com: Pioneers: Jonathan Dixon Maxwell (1864-1928) .
  4. ^ A b Automotive Hall of Fame: Inductee Charles B. King.
  5. ↑ Flink: America Adopts the Automobile - 1895-1910. 1970, p. 19
  6. ↑ a b Kimes: Pioneers, Engineers, and Scoundrels. 2005, p. 111.
  7. ↑ a b Kimes: Pioneers, Engineers, and Scoundrels. 2005, p. 112.
  8. ↑ a b Kimes: Pioneers, Engineers, and Scoundrels. 2005, p. 339.
  9. ↑ a b coachbuilt.com: BF Everitt Co., 1899-1909.
  10. ↑ a b conceptcarz.com: 1904 Northern Touring 18 hp.
  11. ↑ Kimes: Pioneers, Engineers, and Scoundrels. 2005, p. 138.
  12. ↑ a b c d Bonsall: More Than They Promised: The Studebaker Story. 2000, p. 68.
  13. ↑ coachbuilt.com: Briggs Manufacturing Co., 1909-1954.
  14. ^ Kimes, Clark: Standard Catalog of American Cars, 1805-1942. 1996, p. 1523 (Wayne).
  15. ↑ a b Northern advertisement (Runabout and Touring; January 1905).
  16. ^ Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly (January 1904): The Automobile of 1904: Northern Runabout.
  17. ↑ a b c d e Dluhy: American Automobiles of the Brass Era , 2013, p. 102 (Northern).
  18. ^ Kimes, Clark: Standard Catalog of American Cars, 1805-1942. 1996, pp. 1060-1063 (Oldsmobile R, 6C, B).
  19. ↑ a b c conceptcarz.com: 1904 Northern runabout, # 2181st
  20. ^ A b Kimes, Clark: Standard Catalog of American Cars, 1805-1942. 1996, p. 1348 (Silent Northern).
  21. ↑ ALAM: Handbook of Gasoline Automobiles 1904 , p. 46 (Northern Runabout).
  22. ^ Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly (January 1904): The Automobile of 1904: Northern Advertisement.
  23. ↑ a b c d A.LAM: Handbook of Gasoline Automobiles 1904 , p. 47 (Northern Touring 15 HP).
  24. ↑ ALAM: Handbook of Gasoline Automobiles 1906 , p. 61 (1905 Northern 18 P; 2-pass. Touring).
  25. ↑ a b carfolio.com: Northern Model A 7 hp Runabout, 1906 MY.
  26. ↑ a b c A.LAM: Handbook of Gasoline Automobiles 1906 , p. 76 (1906 Northern Model C; 2-pass. Touring).
  27. ↑ a b c d Georgano, Naul: Complete Encyclopedia of Commercial Vehicles. 1979, p. 466 (Northern).
  28. ^ A b c Gunnell: Standard Catalog of American Light Duty Trucks, 1896-1986. 1993, p. 720 (Northern).
  29. ^ Dluhy: American Automobiles of the Brass Era , 2013, p. 35 (ALAM).
  30. ^ British Motor Car Red Book 1908: Horse Power Rating Formulas.
  31. ↑ conceptcarz.com: 1903 Northern runabout, # 1512th
  32. ↑ a b conceptcarz.com: 1904 Northern runabout, # 1,801th
  33. ↑ Grace's Guide: Northern 6½ HP Runabout, reg. BS 8200.
  34. ↑ conceptcarz.com: 1904 Northern Model C # 3226th

Remarks

  1. ↑ However, another source, Dluhy, mentions only right-hand drive people. The specimens preserved (one and two cylinders) are also right-hand drive.
  2. ↑ This price seems unrealistically low; In 1907 the same car cost US $ 1,700.
  3. ↑ The ALAM existed from 1903 to 1912. The formula is also known under the name "NACC formula" of the successor organization National Automobile Chamber of Commerce . It was also used by the British Royal Automobile Club and is explained under RAC Horsepower and in the British Motor Car Red Book of 1908 on page 4 . A NACC table (excluding single cylinder models) can be found at the end of this article. Unfortunately, information on Northern's cylinder bores was only available from 1906.
  4. ↑ A performance of 24 HP is documented for Kimes and Dluhy. While Kimes does not give any information on the displacement, Dluhy mentions 249.5 ci from 1906 to 1908. Carfolio mentions 20 HP at 261.4 ci in 1906. Confusion of the data is likely.