Austrian-Slovenian relations

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Austrian-Slovenian relations
Location of Austria and Slovenia
AustriaAustria SloveniaSlovenia
Austria Slovenia

The two neighboring countries Austria and Slovenia currently have very intensive economic and cultural relations as members of the EU . Austria (under Foreign Minister Alois Mock ) was one of the most vehement international advocates of Slovenia's independence in 1991 , alongside Germany . After Slovenia gained independence in 1991, agreements between Austria and the former Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia were partially adopted and further agreements were signed. The two states are linked by a long history of similarities (e.g. as part of the Habsburg monarchy ) and conflicts (e.g. border, minority rights).

Landmark on the Annahüttensattel

history

Before Slovenia's independence in 1991

The Slovenian-Austrian relations are shaped by a history that goes back centuries. In the 14th century, large parts of today's Slovenia (since Rudolf IV ) fell under the rule of the Habsburgs. Their rule in these areas only became permanent with the extinction of the Sanneck dynasty in the county of Cilli / Celje in 1456. Through a marriage policy, the Counts of Cilli / Celje had extended their sphere of influence over large parts of Slovenia and parts of Croatia in just a few generations . The coat of arms of the county of Cilli / Celje is symbolically represented in the Slovenian coat of arms by three golden stars on a blue background.

With the exception of a brief interruption during the Napoleonic Wars , the area of ​​today's Slovenia was part of the so-called Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs until the end of the First World War in 1918 . From the middle of the 15th century, books (e.g. translation of the Bible ) were increasingly printed in Slovene and the first Slovene grammar was written. The late 15th and 16th centuries were marked by the Ottoman offensive , by uprisings by the peasant population as well as by the Reformation and finally the Counter-Reformation .

Especially since the time of the Napoleonic Wars, there was an increasing strengthening of Slovenian nationalism in the course of the 19th century (as in other regions of Central Europe) . Even after the reconquest of these areas by the Habsburg Monarchy , the Illyrian provinces created under Napoleon represented an important frame of reference for nationalist Slovene ideas of a territorial organization of the South Slavic populations. The predominant idea was a “United Slovenia” within the framework of a federalized Habsburg monarchy.

The Slovene-speaking population was one of the smallest national language groups in the Habsburg Monarchy and administratively divided into six Austrian countries: Carniola , Styria , Carinthia , Görz-Gradisca , Trieste and Istria . The percentage of the Slovene-speaking population was highest in the Duchy of Carniola (1910: 94%). In the country of Gorizia Gradisca , too, a majority of the population belonged to the Slovene population. In the remaining countries of Styria, Görz-Gradisca , Trieste, Istria and Carinthia, the Slovenian language group was a minority compared to the Italian or German-speaking majority. The Slovenes were politically at all levels and in all countries except the Duchy of Carniola in relation to theirs Share of the total population underrepresented, whereby the position of the Slovenes in Carinthia was the worst. The political representation of the Slovenes improved only after the abolition of the electoral system and the introduction of universal suffrage for men in 1907. At higher diplomatic levels and in the high civil service there were no Slovenian representatives until 1917. The first and only Slovenian minister in the Habsburg monarchy was Ivan Žolger in the years 1917–1918.

From the Slovenian side, there were in particular demands for posts in the political and administrative area as well as for the Slovenian language of instruction in the education system. A diplomatic crisis occurred in the so-called school dispute of Celje / Cilli in 1895, in which the demand for Slovene-speaking parallel classes in the high school in Celje / Cilli triggered a conflict that ultimately led to the disintegration of the Windisch-Grätz government.

With the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy at the end of the First World War , two new states emerged which formed the political framework for Slovenian-Austrian relations. On the one hand, the Republic of German-Austria was proclaimed on November 12, 1918 . On the other hand, on December 1, 1918, the National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs decided to break away from Austria-Hungary and to merge into the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (until 1929) (from 1929–1941 Kingdom of Yugoslavia ).

In the years 1918 to 1920 there were disputes over the demarcation of the border in southern Carinthia between the German-Austrian Republic and the SHS state . The so-called Carinthian defensive struggle is still an important point of identification for German national movements , especially in Carinthia. The peace treaty of St. Germain finally provided for a referendum in the southern regions of Carinthia, which was carried out on October 10, 1920 and with its result the border was set on the Karawanken . The demarcation between Slovenia and Austria in the south of Carinthia and Styria as well as the situation of the minorities on both sides of the border were also marked by fears and disputes in the years and decades that followed.

"In the 1920s, the minority issue was in the foreground in relations between Yugoslavia and Austria . " The nationalist basic orientations in both states after 1919 led to difficult situations for the respective minorities and the loss of their rights. In Slovenia, the German-speaking minority came under pressure from a policy of Sloveneisation, which led many to emigrate. On the Austrian side, too, the situation of the Slovene-speaking minority in Carinthia and Styria deteriorated. Again and again there were anti-Slovenian activities, v. a. by the Carinthian Heimatdienst (until 1924, then the Carinthian Heimatbund).

In the years after the end of the First World War , various agreements were concluded between the Republic of German-Austria and the successor states of the monarchy - including the SHS state - which should regulate the new relationships and lead to agreements on the legacy of the Habsburg monarchy . Among other things, an archive agreement was concluded, for example, with Slovenia striving to hand over the documents from Celje / Cilli.

With the so-called annexation of Austria to National Socialist Germany in 1938, the situation worsened for the Slovenian minorities in southern Austria. With Germany's attack on the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941, the situation finally worsened. The Slovenian area was divided into three administrative zones between fascist Italy , Nazi Germany and Hungary . The National Socialists pursued a violent Germanization policy, which a. manifested itself in murders, the ban on the Slovene language, in deportations and settlements of Germans. In southern Austria this had for the Slovene minority means that all their organizations were banned, and in 1942 many Carinthian Slovenes in concentration camps deported and forced labor were forced. From 1942 organized themselves in Southern Carinthia up to 10,000 mainly Slovene partisans in resistance to National Socialism .

After the capitulation of Nazi Germany in 1945, the borders between the newly created states Republic of Austria and the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia were re-established after the border was drawn in 1920. At first, after 1945 , Yugoslavia made territorial claims on the southern regions of Carinthia and Styria . The relations between Austria and Slovenia after 1945 are to be viewed primarily in the context of relations with the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Republic of Slovenia played an important role in Yugoslav-Austrian relations , as it was the only one of the Yugoslav republics to border Austria. In 1955 the Yugoslav Consulate was established, and in 1960 the Austrian Consulate General was opened in Ljubljana. In the years that followed, numerous agreements were concluded that concerned border traffic as well as economic (including tourism) and cultural exchange. The minority issue continued to play a central role in diplomatic relations between the two states. In 1955, the minority rights of the Slovene-speaking population in Carinthia were enshrined in Article 7 of the State Treaty . Austria was criticized by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia for failing to implement minority rights. There were also repeated diplomatic crises between the two states. A high point of these diplomatic crises was triggered by the so-called Carinthian town sign tower, which led to demonstrations in Slovenia and tense diplomatic correspondence. The discussion about how Yugoslavia dealt with the German minority in Slovenia after 1945 is still a controversial topic to this day.

Since the late 1970s and 1980s, cross-border cooperation has increased. In 1978 the working group Alpe Adria was founded, whose members included the republic of Slovenia and the Austrian federal states of Burgenland , Carinthia, Upper Austria and Styria. In addition, an important cross-border civil society peace movement was formed.

Austrian-Slovenian relations after Slovenia's independence in 1991

On June 25, 1991, the Slovenian parliament passed the declaration of independence, which came into force on October 8, 1991. Slovenia joined the United Nations in 1992 . With the backing of the EC countries, which recognized Slovenia and Croatia as independent states at the same time, Austria recognized Slovenia on January 15, 1992 after a long domestic political struggle. On January 15, 1992, the consulate general in Ljubljana became an Austrian embassy.

The military conflict between the Yugoslav People's Army and Slovenia ( 10-day war ), which preceded international recognition, had led to uncertainty in Austria, as the fighting also took place on the border with Austria. After Yugoslavia did not respond to Austria's demands during the conflict and in turn objected to Austria's political position in the conflict, Austria reacted together with the EC states with sanctions and suspended several agreements with Yugoslavia that had existed up to that point. Exceptions to this were those young states that had shown interest in a peaceful settlement of the conflict. Austrian support was also given to Slovenia in international matters, such as joining the UN. Austria also acted as a supporter of Slovenia in later years, for example when Slovenia applied to join the OECD in 1996 . In return, Austria also had some demands on Slovenia. These were partly the condition for support in various matters. Above all, the return of expropriated property played an important role here. According to the Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, enforcing the right to return expropriated property is a complex undertaking. Austria, for its part, has set up its own reconciliation fund to compensate people who had to do forced labor in Austria between 1938 and 1945. This ended his activity in 2005.

State treaties already existed between Austria and Yugoslavia ; on November 16, 1992, the new Slovenia and Austria signed a treaty on the continued existence of certain Austro-Yugoslav state treaties, which came into force on November 1, 1993, followed by other agreements on economic and security issues. In addition, the agreements that allowed for church visits to be crossed also show the common history of Slovenia and Austria, which still connects the states today. Slovenia joined the EU in 2004, which led to a further deepening of cooperation between the two countries.

Cooperation programs such as INTERREG , which was under the auspices of the EU in 2014 and is limited to 2020 and is the fifth of its kind, show that the two countries have been interested in good cooperation in the recent past. The program itself is about the targeted promotion of cross-border projects between Slovenian and Austrian project partners in certain areas on the Slovenian-Austrian border.

During the refugee crisis, the Austrian government decided to introduce border controls at the Austrian-Slovenian border. This step by Austria was sharply criticized by the Slovenian government, especially after the border controls were not lifted even when only a few refugees crossed the border. In general, however, the cooperation seems to have succeeded during the refugee crisis.

The Austrian State Treaty

To this day, the question of the Austrian State Treaty remains unanswered. Austria did not see Slovenia as the successor to the previous contract partner and refused to continue the contract. Slovenia, for its part, had well-founded interests in the continuation of the treaty, as it would then have the legal right to protect the Slovenian minorities in Austria. After Austria had shown itself to be rather unwilling to talk on this point in 1992, Slovenia's efforts intensified again in 1997 before the discussion apparently no longer continued with Slovenia's accession to the EU.

The archive material

The controversy surrounding archival material extends into the early 20th century. In 1923, the young Republic of Austria and the Kingdom of SHS signed an agreement on the exchange of archival material that was on the soil of the respective other state. However, the Second World War prevented the actual exchange. The agreement was then discussed again between Austria and Yugoslavia. As with the Austrian State Treaty, Austria was not interested in a continuation of the agreement. Regardless, the states continued to work together to resolve the archival material issue. An agreement from 1996 regulated the extent of the cooperation between the Austrian and Slovenian institutions. In 1997 and 2001 there was an exchange of archive material.

Krško nuclear power plant

Krško nuclear power plant

The Krško nuclear power plant , which belongs to Slovenia and Croatia in equal parts and is located in Slovenia, as well as its extension of its service life have been the subject of negotiations and disputes between Austria and Slovenia since the early 1990s. Shortly after the recognition of Slovenia, Austria, especially Carinthia, tried to establish warning and safety measures regarding a possible nuclear incident. Finally, Austria, which identified safety deficiencies in the power plant as early as 1991, was able to get a review of the power plant by an expert group in Croatia and Slovenia. In 1992 Austria continued its efforts to promote the closure of the nuclear power plant by helping Slovenia to build less questionable power plants, such as the hydropower plant on the Sava . This was part of a larger strategy designed to offer Austria's neighboring countries incentives to pursue an energy policy that included environmental protection. The reports of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs from 1992 and 1993 show that Slovenia showed an interest in the closure of the nuclear power plant and that this interest was encouraged by Austria. Two years later, however, it was clear that Krško would not be closed anytime soon. In 2000, an EU-funded report found no major deficiencies in Krško, but modernization measures were necessary. However, incidents, the location in an earthquake area, and the age of the nuclear power plant led to Austria's renewed interest in shutting down the nuclear power plant. The extension of the term until 2043 leaves no doubt that neither the Slovenian nor the Croatian government, which is also involved in the operation of the power plant, is particularly interested in Austria's concerns.

Minorities and protection of cultural identity

The cultural and political concerns of the minorities living in the border regions of the two neighboring countries are of central importance in Austrian-Slovenian relations. These are the Slovenian minority in Austria and the so-called Slovenian Germans in Slovenia.

In Austria, Slovenes belong to one of the six legally recognized autochthonous ethnic groups and accordingly enjoy a special status in the field of cultural policy. The rights of the Slovenian minorities in Carinthia and Styria were largely regulated in political and territorial terms in the Austrian State Treaty (Art. 7) on May 15, 1955. In this agreement they were u. a. the right to their own organizations, meetings and press media in their own language. The right to elementary education in the Slovene language, consideration of this in the school curriculum, and the admission of the Slovene language in addition to German as the official language was guaranteed. Furthermore, the names and inscriptions of a topographical nature in the affected districts should be written in both Slovene and German.

However, the implementation in this regard did not always go smoothly and to date has repeatedly led to tension in the neighborhood. A prominent example here is the street sign dispute. These grievances should largely be avoided or legally regulated by further agreements. Especially after an agreement in the street sign dispute in 2011, the relationship between Austria and Slovenia relaxed significantly. In 2017, as part of a constitutional reform in the Austrian state of Carinthia, diplomatic disagreements again arose between the two neighboring countries. Slovenia was particularly critical of the fact that the proposal for constitutional reform only codified German, but not Slovene, as the national language. Slovenia sees itself as the legal successor of Yugoslavia with regard to the protective power position for the Slovene-speaking minority in Austria, but is not yet recognized as such. With the decision to amend the Carinthian state constitution on June 1, 2017, the long dispute over the so-called "Slovenian passus" has now been put aside. In the constitutional amendment that has already been passed, the Slovene ethnic group is explicitly named as follows in Article 5, Paragraph 1: “The German language is the national language, that is, the language of legislation and - without prejudice to the rights granted to the minority by federal law - the language of the country's execution Carinthia. ”The state of Carinthia is also committed“ in accordance with Article 8, Paragraph 2 of the Federal Constitutional Law to its growing linguistic and cultural diversity, as expressed in Carinthia in the Slovene ethnic group. Language and culture, traditions and cultural heritage must be respected, safeguarded and promoted. The care of the country applies equally to all compatriots. "

The “ European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ” drawn up by the Council of Europe represents an important legal instrument in this regard at the multilateral level . Austria signed the Language Charter on November 5, 1992, which entered into force on October 1, 2001 under international law. The language charter aims to protect and promote the European regional and minority languages ​​that are traditionally used in a certain area of ​​the state by members of the ethnic group, including Slovene in Carinthia and Styria, as part of the European cultural heritage. Their implementation is checked at regular intervals through appropriate monitoring.

In contrast to Austria, the implementation of the legal agreements with regard to German in Slovenia is still relatively difficult to this day. Article 11 of the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia of December 23, 1991 states the following regarding languages: “The official language in Slovenia is Slovenian. In those municipal areas where the Italian or Hungarian ethnic group lives, the official language is also Italian or Hungarian. ”In 1993, a commission consisting of Austrians and Slovenes was entrusted with clarifying the historical facts about the German minority in Slovenia, although the Slovenian side had doubts harbored in the existence of this population group. In the ratification instrument of the Language Charter, Slovenia only names Hungarian and Italian as territorial and regional minority languages ​​within the meaning of the Charter. The Committee of Ministers was therefore of the opinion that, according to Part II (Art. 7) of the Charter, besides Hungarian, Italian and Romani, other languages ​​traditionally used in Slovenia had to take into account. The relevant negotiations are still ongoing. Since 1998 there have been notes in the reports of the Austrian Foreign Minister about funding for projects of the German-speaking ethnic groups in Slovenia. There were also negotiations on a bilateral cultural agreement regarding the Slovenian Germans, which lasted until 1999. In May 2002, when the bilateral cultural agreement came into force, it was possible for the first time to receive funding for projects that were dedicated to Slovenian Germans. Even if Austria has been continuously campaigning for the recognition of the German-speaking ethnic group since 2011 and - as Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz emphasized - wants "constitutional protection", there are "no great opportunities" for a corresponding constitutional amendment on the Slovenian side in the foreseeable future .

Economic relationships

Economic relations between Slovenia and Austria before independence

The economic exchange between Yugoslavia and Austria was relatively small. A large part of the economic export output came from the Slovenia region.

Economic agreements related primarily to the exchange of goods, especially in the form of trade fairs . A deeper cooperation was hardly sought by the two states. There was some cooperation in the field of transport or tourism, but neither Austria saw a need to deepen relations, as it did not depend on Yugoslavia as a sales market, nor Yugoslavia, which for a long time was also not interested in further cooperation due to "ideological discrepancies" was.

Slovenia itself, however, made an effort to establish economic ties with Austria and brought forward proposals as early as 1967 and 1969, the main aim of which was to promote economic cooperation in the border regions, but these were rejected in the joint negotiations. Only later were resolutions passed on border agreements between the Socialist Republic of Slovenia and the neighboring states. The economic relationship between the two countries was characterized by constant ups and downs.

During the Slovenian War of Independence in 1991, Austria became even more cautious about Slovenian requests and agreements, and economic relations between the two regions were further weakened.

Economic relations after 1991

The independence of Slovenia after 1991 definitely led to changes in the bilateral relations between the two states. With independence, many hurdles and differences that had previously severely restricted economic and trade relations were eliminated. Nevertheless, the effects of the Yugoslav agreements continued to be felt. Many of the former agreements were renewed after 1991 and additional agreements were added. In particular, agreements on judicial cooperation, the transport of people and goods as well as the promotion and protection of (direct) investments were ratified again.

Overview of Slovenian exports / imports 1992–2001.

The deepening of trade and economic relations has led to the fact that the existing deficit in the exchange of goods with Austria has steadily decreased since 1995. In 2001, the coverage of Slovenian exports and imports was 82.07%. When Slovenia entered the Eurozone in 2006 and joined the Schengen Area in 2007, trade between the countries received an additional boost. Nevertheless, the role of Slovenia as an Austrian trading partner hardly changed: Slovenia is still one of Austria's most important export markets. In 2015 Austrian imports from Slovenia amounted to 1.725 billion euros (~ 1.927 billion USD), while exports amounted to 2.69 billion euros (~ 3 billion USD). Slovenia ranks 12th in import / export trade with Austria. In the area of ​​services, the situation is reversed: In 2016, Austrian imports from Slovenia amounted to EUR 885 million, more than exports of services (EUR 608 million).

Annual comparison of Austrian exports / imports with Slovenia 2014,2015,2016

In addition to trade, the scope of Austrian investments in particular was expanded. In 2001, Austria invested around USD 1.527 million in the areas of trade, banking, services, and the paper and chemical industries. In 2015, Austrian direct investments already amounted to 3.4 billion euros (~ 3.8 billion USD).

General economic cooperation

The key points of the cooperation hardly changed. However, the cooperation was intensified within the framework of various projects. In the field of energy and water management, the focus is on issues relating to the effective use of energy, the use of renewable energy sources and agreements on the Drava and Mur rivers. Part of this agreement is also the economic use of the waters by means of hydropower plants, such as the Koralpe-Golica hydropower plant . Cooperation in this area is not always easy. The treaties on the Drau between Austria and Slovenia were repeatedly violated by Austria, especially in the years 1992–1994, when the water abstraction was exceeded. In the area of ​​the Mur , the main issues are problems with sewage and odor nuisance originating in Slovenia.

In the area of ​​transport, the focus is primarily on ensuring the transport of goods and people. The port of Koper also plays a special role as one of the most important transshipment points for the transport of goods to Austria. The Karawanken tunnel also plays a central role in the infrastructural connection between the countries . This is currently being expanded by one tube in a joint construction project by the end of 2019.

tourism

Tourism is of particular importance. Austrian tourism is already an important source of income for the Slovenian economy while it was part of Yugoslavia. In 2016, Austria, together with Germany and Italy, provided the majority of foreign overnight stays in Slovenia. 16% of the foreign tourists in 2016 came from Austria.

Economic institutions

Foreign Trade Center Laibach

The Foreign Trade Center is one of the 110 branch offices of the Austrian Chamber of Commerce. It is concerned with supporting companies in Slovenia and potential entrepreneurs who want to expand / export there. Each of the centers offers a contact point for questions about the country, markets and industries. In addition, suitable contacts to service providers, suppliers and the like are arranged there, as well as general advice on authorities, partners, investments or financing.

Slovenian Business Association Carinthia

The association was founded in 1988 and is an economic umbrella organization of the Slovenes in Carinthia. Its main task is to promote cooperation between Slovenian businesses and the Alps-Adriatic economic area. The institution also advises members on business, taxation, EU funding projects and cross-border economic activities between Austria and Slovenia.

Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Slovenia (Slovenian Chamber of Commerce)

The Chamber of Commerce is a partner of the Slovenian government on issues relating to the country's economic policy. Its tasks are similar to those of the Austrian Chamber of Commerce. It serves as an advice and information point for questions about economy, industry and tourism.

Austrian-Slovenian cooperation internationally and in multilateral agreements

After Slovenia's independence was recognized, Austria took on a leading role in accepting Slovenia into the UN and the CSCE .

Furthermore, Austria and Slovenia work within international financial institutions ( International Monetary Fund , World Bank ) and since 2004 also within the framework of the EU in various areas, including a. economic development, justice, as well as migration and asylum policy.

Cultural relations

Austria's external cultural relations with its neighboring countries - including Slovenia - were underpinned by a set of rules and agreements on multilateral, bilateral and regional levels.

Over time, they have been subject to different historical and political framework conditions and have accordingly been readjusted and replaced several times. During the Cold War, for example, the cultural sector was an important and not to be underestimated level of understanding. However, the goals of the common cultural policy changed significantly after 1989 and BC. a. in the course of the Austrian efforts to establish EC [resp. EU -] membership. The cultural agreement between the Government of the Republic of Austria and the Government of the Republic of Slovenia from 2002 is currently in force.

Cultural agreement

The cooperation between the Republic of Austria and the government of the Slovenian Republic in the fields of culture, education and science was established by the agreement of April 30, 2002. In this agreement a. also set guidelines to simplify the cooperation and exchange between the two contractual partners in the school and university sector. The exchange for contemporary art or films was also determined by the guidelines of the agreement in order to promote understanding of the other culture.

In order to ensure the lawful implementation of the agreement, a Joint Commission made up of representatives of the contracting parties will be established as stipulated in the agreement. This commission may be convened by contractors, with a commission meeting at least every three years. In the course of these meetings, programs are decided that are intended to contribute to the successful implementation of the agreement or that the state of work and development of the respective programs should be exchanged.

Articles 14, 15 and 16 of the cultural agreement are particularly politically relevant for both contracting parties, because explicit reference is made to the cultural concerns of the Slovenian minority in Austria as well as to the interests of the German-speaking ethnic group still living in Slovenia. In this context, the new agreement provides for "(...) projects in favor of the cultural, educational and scientific concerns of members of the German-speaking ethnic group in Slovenia (such as projects in the field of language teaching and monument protection, scholarships, etc.)" and equally "(...) also to promote projects for the benefit of the cultural, educational and scientific concerns of the Slovene speakers in Austria outside the settlement area of ​​the Slovene minority (such as projects in the field of language teaching and monument protection, grants, etc.)".

Laibach Cultural Forum

In addition to this agreement, the Laibach Cultural Forum also aims to promote dialogue between cultures across borders. The Austrian Cultural Forum Ljubljana was founded in 1990 with the cultural department of the Consulate General in Ljubljana and has since been institutionally upgraded. The Kulturforum works very closely with the provincial governments of Carinthia and Styria and sees it as one of its central tasks to integrate Slovenia more closely into the Central European cultural catalog.

Culture and language

“Culture and Language” is a program of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education (BMB) and focuses on cooperation in the areas of German as a foreign language and Austrian cultural studies. The offer of the program, which is aimed at German teachers all over the world, includes advanced training seminars, Austria Days and the sending of speakers, as well as the publication and provision of teaching materials and teaching aids on Austrian cultural studies and literature. The aim of this program is not only to improve the quality of GFL teaching, but also to promote a better intercultural understanding.

As part of the “Culture and Language” program in 2013, a seminar on the subject of “Crossing borders - Carinthia and Slovenia” was held. The seminar in Bleiburg / Pliberk dealt with the historical foundations of what was still a very sensitive topic, even then, of political and linguistic borders within a region.

SKICA - Slovenian Cultural Information Center

The Slovenian Cultural Information Center (SKICA) is part of the Slovenian Embassy in Austria and the first Slovenian cultural institute abroad. The institute, initiated as a project, aims to support networking and the communication of creative thinking and also promote traditional and contemporary cultural exchange between Austria and Slovenia. As part of its projects, the Slovenian Cultural Information Center organizes readings, plays, concerts or film performances by Slovenian artists throughout Austria in order to outline the Slovenian cultural landscape in Austria.

SKICA is also a member of the Vienna EUNIC cluster and is viewed as a forerunner model for other SKICA institutions.

Cooperation program Interreg VA Slovenia - Austria 2014–2020

INTERREG V is a cooperation program for European territorial cooperation (ETC) that supports cross-border projects.

In this context, the cooperation program Slovenia-Austria 2014–2020 promotes cross-border cooperation in the Slovenian-Austrian border area. The aim of the program is to strengthen the region through cross-border cooperation measures in the fields of research, innovation and culture. In this context, u. a. Cultural projects v. a. for the sustainable protection and use of the common cultural heritage. Culture-based projects to promote the competitiveness and innovation of SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises) as well as cross-border cultural cooperation between institutions with the involvement of the local population are also supported.

Cultural assets

Lipizzaner in Lipica

Given the long, shared history of Austria and Slovenia, it is not surprising that the two countries share some cultural assets. These cultural assets are sometimes disputed, such as the famous Lipizzaner . Because both Austria and Slovenia regard animals and their breeding as a cultural asset. When it became clear that Austria was definitely interested in a sole claim to the famous horses, Slovenia reacted by protecting the term 'Lipizzaner', which goes back to Lipica in Slovenia . Thereupon the waves went up in Austria and Austria took measures in turn to secure its claim to the Lipizzaner. Today Lipizzaners are bred in both Slovenia and Austria.

In recent history, certain proposals were concerned about the protection of geographical indications in the EU for polemics between the two countries. Particular mention should be made of tensions regarding trademark protection for the Krainer sausage (" Kranjska klobasa "; also applies to the Käsekrainer ) or the Styrian seed oil . References to cultural and historical traditions play a central role in the respective arguments on both sides.

literature

  • Andrea Brait: Overbuild the great dividing line that leads past our front door. On the mediation function of Austrian foreign cultural policy between East and West. In: Maximilien Graf, Agnes Meisinger (ed.): Austria in the Cold War. New research in an international context. Vienna University Press, Vienna 2016, ISBN 978-3-8471-0589-3 , pp. 259-296.
  • Joze Princic: The Slovenian-Austrian Economic Relations 1945-1991 . In: Nećak Dušan (ed.): Slovensko-avstrijski odnosi v 20. stoletju . Parallel title: Slovenian-Austrian Relations in the 20th Century. Oddelek za Zgodovino Filozofske Faculty, Ljubljana 2004, ISBN 961-237-099-0 , pp. 529-564.
  • Mitja Ferenc, Božo Repe: The Slovenian-Austrian relations after international recognition . In: Nećak Dušan (ed.): Slovensko-avstrijski odnosi v 20. stoletju . Parallel title: Slovenian-Austrian Relations in the 20th Century. Oddelek za Zgodovino Filozofske Faculty, Ljubljana 2004, ISBN 961-237-099-0 , pp. 655-706.
  • Nećak Dušan (ed.): Slovensko-avstrijski odnosi v 20. stoletju . Parallel title: Slovenian-Austrian Relations in the 20th Century. Oddelek za Zgodovino Filozofske Faculty, Ljubljana 2004, ISBN 961-237-099-0
  • Oto Luthar (Ed.): The land between: a history of Slovenia. Long. Vienna 2013, ISBN 978-3-631-62877-5 .
  • Peter Vodopivec: The Slovenes in the Habsburg Monarchy . In: Dušan Nečak et.al. (Ed.): Slovensko-avstrijski odnosi v 20. stoletju. Parallel title: Slovenian-Austrian Relations in the 20th Century. Oddelek za Zgodovino Filozofske Faculty, Ljubljana 2004, ISBN 961-237-099-0 , pp. 47-42.

Web links

Commons : Austrian-Slovenian relations  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The role of Austria . In: news.ORF.at . June 25, 2011 ( orf.at [accessed June 2, 2017]).
  2. ^ Carinthia's long struggle with its border - oesterreich.ORF.at. Retrieved June 3, 2017 .
  3. ↑ a b The Counts of Cilli - almost sovereigns . In: derStandard.at . February 8, 2002 ( derstandard.at [accessed on May 29, 2017]).
  4. ↑ a b Johannes Grabmayer, Christian Domenig: The Counts of Cilli and their archive . In: International Society for Historical Alpine Research IGHA (Ed.): Histoire des Alpes - Storia delle Alpi - History of the Alps . No. 10 . Zurich 2005, ISBN 3-0340-0734-5 , p. 301 ( usi.ch [PDF; 344 kB ; accessed on May 29, 2017]).
  5. ↑ Oto Luthar (ed.): The land between: a history of Slovenia . Lang, Vienna 2013, p. 210-211 .
  6. ↑ Oto Luthar (ed.): The land between: a history of Slovenia . Lang, Vienna 2013, p. 183-191, 212-219 .
  7. ↑ Peter Vodopivec: The Slovenes in the Habsburg Monarchy . In: Dušan Nečak et.al. (Ed.): Slovensko-avstrijski odnosi v 20. stoletju . Parallel title: Slovenian-Austrian Relations in the 20th Century. Ljubljana 2004, p. 33-62 .
  8. ↑ Martin Mutschlechner: Awakening from the "lack of history": The Slovenes becoming a nation. Schloß Schönbrunn Kultur- und Betriebsges.mbH, accessed on December 30, 2017 .
  9. ↑ Peter Vodopivec: The Slovenes and the Habsburg Monarchy . In: Dušan Nećak et.al. (Ed.): Slovensko-avstrijski odnosi v 20. stoletju . Parallel title: Slovenian-Austrian Relations in the 20th Century. Ljubljana 2004, p. 50 .
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