Croatian-Austrian relations

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Croatian-Austrian relations
Location of Austria and Croatia
AustriaAustria CroatiaCroatia
Austria Croatia

The Austro-Croatian relations have their origins in the context of the Habsburg Monarchy . Until the 18th century, relations were shaped by the common threat posed by the Ottoman Empire . After the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918, Croatia was integrated into the newly founded Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . In the second half of the 20th century, relations were mainly shaped by Croatian refugee movements to Austria. Only after the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1992 and the associated independence of Croatia were relations able to improve politically. The EU accession of Croatia in 2013 was another milestone in the Austrian-Croatian relations. Today the relationship between the two countries is characterized by strong economic ties.

history

Prehistory (until 1992)

The history of political relations between Croatia and Austria is closely interwoven with the Habsburg monarchy . As early as 1102, the previously independent Kingdom of Croatia entered into personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary through the pacta converta , whose King Koloman was from now on also King of Croatia.

By the end of the 15th century, the Ottomans had conquered large parts of the Balkans, and Hungary was far too busy with internal political quarrels to be concerned with defending against the Turks. So it came to the battle of Mohács in 1526 , in the course of which the Hungarian-Croatian army was defeated. The Habsburgs were in dynastic connection with the Jagiellonian why Ferdinand I . Had a claim to Bohemia and Hungary, but because the Habsburgs were not militarily strong enough at that time to enforce their entire claim to rule, Hungary was divided into three, with Ferdinand I only being able to control a narrow strip in the west. This also included "remaining Croatia", because the Croatian estates had recognized Ferdinand as King of Croatia, who in return was supposed to take over the defense against the Turks. He fulfilled this obligation by building the windy and Croatian borders on Croatian territory , the starting point of the later military border , a defensive network of castles, chateaux, log houses and fortified villages.

Division of Austria-Hungary. Croatia and Slavonia are combined

During this time, i.e. the 15th and 16th centuries, the first major migration movement between Croatia and Austria also took place. An economic crisis at the transition to the early modern period, numerous epidemics and the conquest of the Ottomans created the conditions for between 20,000 and 60,000 Croatians to settle in the border areas of today's states of Austria, Hungary and Slovakia . The core area of ​​the settlement area at that time was today's Burgenland and the eastern part of Lower Austria .

From the Croatian-Austrian point of view, the following period was dominated by two issues: firstly, the relationship between Croatia and Hungary with regard to Croatian autonomy and secondly, the country of Dalmatia in the context of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia.

The question of Croatia's autonomy within the Hungarian system of rule was fed by three arguments: First, reference was made to the pacta converta , which from the Croatian point of view came about voluntarily, from which the dogma of uninterrupted Croatian constitutional law was derived. Second, argue with the Pragmatic Sanction , which the Croatian Parliament recognized as early as 1713. This decision was made by Emperor Charles VI . not sanctioned because - from a non-Croatian perspective - the state parliament was not entitled to such a resolution. The emperor only accepted the Hungarian resolution of 1723, in which the Kingdom of Croatia, which was linked to Hungary, was expressly included. A third point was the Hungarian-Croatian Compromise of 1868. The Croatian version of the text spoke of a kingdom of Hungary and Croatia, but the Hungarian version provided for a common constitution. From this point of view, Croatia was just a Hungarian sub-country with certain, defined Autonomy rights.

The second point of contention between Austria and Croatia was Dalmatia, which was once part of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia . With the Peace of Campoformio in 1797, Dalmatia fell to Austria, but the Viennese government refused to annex the newly won land to Croatia. Reunification was a contentious issue until the end of the monarchy. The neglect of Dalmatia created additional tensions, where the first modernization processes did not begin until 1908 after it had not been sufficiently taken into account economically for over 100 years.

The kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes after the fall of the Danube monarchy

In the context of the general nationality struggle, the beginning of the 20th century was shaped by the South Slav question, which was to quickly develop into a problem for the Habsburg multi-ethnic state. In the spirit of Yugoslavism , the idea of ​​a union of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs in one state came up. It is therefore not surprising that the South Slavic Committee founded by South Slavic politicians who emigrated from Austria-Hungary and the government-in-exile of the Kingdom of Serbia proclaimed the establishment of a common state of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in the Corfu Declaration of 1917. With this or with the end of the First World War, the history of Croatia as part of the Danube monarchy also ended.

From 1918 Croatia was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia , which existed until 1941 and was then occupied and dissolved by Germany and Italy. Croatia became the independent state of Croatia , whereby it was de facto a protectorate of the German Empire and thus in turn was in close political and economic contact with the " Ostmark ", ie Austria, which was annexed to Germany.

After the Second World War , Croatia was part of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia and from 1963 part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . In the wake of the guest worker movement from 1966 until 1971, more than 93,000 Yugoslav workers came to Austria and even if no statistics are available for Croatian guest workers, it can be assumed that the proportion was considerable. The last major migration from Croatia to Austria so far occurred in the course of the Yugoslav War between 1991 and 1995. There was already hostility in the 1980s, when Serbia increasingly claimed supremacy in Yugoslavia. In 1989 political parties were established in Croatia and Slovenia - tolerated by the system - and in 1990 the nationalist HDZ , the “Croatian Democratic Community” under Franjo Tuđman, came to power in Croatia. The conflicts reached their climax in 1991, because while Croatia and Slovenia proposed the conversion of Yugoslavia into a “Confederation of Independent States”, Serbian President Slobodan Milošević relied on Serbia's dominance. The refusal of the Serbian representative in the state presidium to hand over the chairmanship to the Croatian representative gave rise to the declaration of independence from Slovenia and Croatia on June 25, 1991. Although there had been minor fighting before that, the Croatian war intensified after the declaration of independence solid. According to the UNHCR , around 13,000 refugees came to Austria from Croatia, most of them returning home in 1992.

Alois Mock took care of the recognition of the states of Croatia and Slovenia

Since the fall of Yugoslavia, political relations between Austria and Croatia have not only improved, but also intensified. The former Austrian Foreign Minister Alois Mock was largely responsible for this . The extremely positive image of Mock in Croatia results primarily from his commitment to Croatia's independence and the humanitarian aid that Austria provided during the war in Yugoslavia under its patronage.

In the context of humanitarian aid, aid organizations such as the Red Cross , Caritas , the Austrian relief organization , the Malteser Hospitaldienst and CARE were responsible for the aid deliveries, with the Austrian federal states also participating in the aid deliveries. Alois Mock, for his part, ensured the necessary coordination and support with the apparatus of the Foreign Ministry . The Austrian embassies were instructed to provide humanitarian aid to Slovenian and Croatian citizens in urgent cases. The evacuation of 850 women and children from the fighting areas in Vukovar and Vinkovci , who were brought to Austria in December 1991, can be regarded as spectacular . Mock also made a name for himself when it came to Croatia's independence. He "internationalized" the conflict within the framework of the EC , the CSCE and the United Nations through the (unsuccessful) attempt to set up a council of wise men for the Yugoslav crisis. In the summer of 1991, he also spoke out before the National Council for the recognition of an independent Slovenia and Croatia. He hoped that the recognition of the two states would make it possible to appeal to the United Nations Security Council , which the Yugoslav central government has so far rejected. In fact, on September 25, 1991, Mock arranged for a special session of the Security Council to pass an arms embargo on Yugoslavia.

Political History (from 1992)

Through the pressure on the National Council , the Austrian Foreign Minister also succeeded in obtaining a unanimous decision on the recognition of Slovenia and Croatia; official recognition took place on January 15, 1992. Even though this decision was finally passed, the government was in control of the question of independence great disagreement. The rift ran within the grand coalition: The then Social Democratic Chancellor Franz Vranitzky condemned what he called Mock's solo attempt and believed in the unity of Yugoslavia to the end.

Otto von Habsburg had already noted in the course of the Pan-European Picnic that Slovenia and Croatia should be given their right to self-determination. During his first official visit to the independent states of Slovenia and Croatia on January 18, 1992, Alois Mock was cheered frenetically. It is therefore hardly surprising that the peace negotiations to settle the fighting between Bosnia and Croatia also took place in Vienna. But Alois Mock was also active in the Bosnian conflict: he was instrumental in the ratification of the “Washington Agreement establishing the Bosnian-Croatian Federation in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, which ended the Croatian-Bosniak war . The Casus Belli was the struggle for independence of the Croatian Republic of Herceg-Bosna . The peace agreement was signed by the Bosnian Prime Minister Haris Silajdžić , the representative of the Bosnian Croats Krešimir Zubak and the Croatian Foreign Minister Mate Granić .

Member states of the Central European Defense Cooperation (CEDC)

The Central European Defense Cooperation was founded in 2010 . It is a cooperation between the Central European countries Austria , Croatia , Slovenia , Slovakia , Hungary and the Czech Republic on security issues. This cooperation came into play in the refugee crisis from 2015 , or rather its management.

The road that began with Croatia's statehood was completed in 2013 when Croatia joined the EU . Croatia had already applied for membership in 2003, and in 2004 the country received candidate status. In a lengthy process that lasted until 2011, Croatia had to adopt all of the law of the European Union. The good political relations now paid off, as Austria supported the candidate countries significantly in their efforts to join the European community of states.

These good political relations between Austria and Croatia have not changed recently. The first state visit took the then newly appointed Austrian Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz to his counterpart Miro Kovač in Zagreb , where, among other things, he spoke of the strong ties between the two countries. However, the good relations between the two countries should not hide the fact that in 2015 Austria was one of only five EU countries to extend the transition period for opening the labor market to Croatian citizens.

Sebastian Kurz (right) with the Croatian Foreign Minister Miro Kovač

Political relations between Croatia and Austria became more topical in the wake of the refugee crisis . In January 2016 took place in Vienna , the West Balkan Conference , attended by the interior and foreign ministers of Bulgaria , Croatia, Slovenia, Albania , Bosnia-Herzegovina , Kosovo , Macedonia , Montenegro and Serbia took part, and Austria acted as host nation. In the “Managing Migration Together” declaration, the participating countries declared their cooperation on the refugee issue. In fact, on March 8 and 9, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia and Macedonia began closing their borders, which massively reduced the number of refugees, at least on the Western Balkans route . The fact that Sebastian Kurz, together with the Balkan countries, massively restricted the flow of migrants made him very popular in Croatia. The Zagreb daily " Vecernji list " appeared in April 2016 with a full-size short photo on the front page that read in bold letters: "The man who saved the EU."

Economic relationships

Economic relations between Austria-Hungary and the Croatian countries

For a long time the Croatian and Austrian countries were united in one economic area by the Habsburg Monarchy . After the First World War , this economic integration, which was profitable for both sides, ended, since Croatia was henceforth part of what would later become Yugoslavia. For Croatia's economy , belonging to Yugoslavia meant a shrinking economy and an impoverishment of the market. The purchasing and productive power of the new economic area was still below that of the former Danube monarchy. The economy of Croatia, which was geared towards the primary sector, was confronted with a difficult situation due to the separation from Austria-Hungary.

Economic relations from 1992

Since the beginning of the 1990s, i.e. since Croatia's independence, Austria has played an important role in building a strong Croatian economy . Since the early 1990s, Austria has invested around 6.4 billion euros in Croatia, which corresponds to around a quarter of all foreign investments made in Croatia. The WKÖ once described the Croatian market as an “extended home market” for Austrian entrepreneurs, which is indicative of the favorable conditions for Austrian investors to enter the Croatian market.

Above all in the areas of financial services ( e.g .: Erste Bank , Bank Austria , Raiffeisen , Volksbank , Generali , Uniqua ), telecommunications ( e.g .: A1 ) and media ( e.g .: Styria ) Austria has in Croatia heavily invested. The construction industry (e.g. STRABAG , Alpine ) and the wholesale and retail trade (e.g. AWT, Billa , Palmers , Porsche , OMV , Spar ) are supported by Austrian investors. A total of around 700 Austrian companies are active in Croatia, making Austria the strongest foreign investor in Croatia.

In addition to lively activity in the field of entrepreneurial activities and FDIs , foreign trade with Croatia is an important component of Croatian-Austrian economic relations. Austria mainly exports raw materials such as leather, wood products (chipboard, softwood), industrial products such as winding wire, electrical conductors and body parts and consumer goods such as cell phones, televisions, and chocolate. Croatia exports goods such as machinery and mechanical equipment, tractors and vehicles, electrical appliances, wood and iron goods, shoes, furniture, leather and edible preparations. Most of Croatia's exports are re-exports from Croatian production companies of Austrian companies. In 2015 the volume of Austrian exports to Croatia amounted to around € 1.375 billion, Croatian exports to Austria amounted to around 540 million. €. This results in a trade balance surplus for Austria of approx. 835 mil. €.

In 2002 , the Croatian-Austrian Chamber of Commerce was founded through an initiative in which the former General Director of Raiffeisen-Landesbank Steiermark Georg Doppelhofer played a key role. According to the president of the institution, Markus Mair, the tasks of the Chamber of Commerce are, among other things, the deepening of the economic relations between the two countries, as well as the, meanwhile successful, economic paving of Croatia's path into the European Union.

Croatia's accession to the EU

The Republic of Croatia adapted its economic laws to the EU area at an early stage . Standards such as equal rights for domestic and foreign investors have been implemented. The EU accession was for the Croatian-Austrian economic relations therefore only on certain levels an effect: According to the then Austrian State Secretary Reinhold Lopatka , however, the accession of the Croats opened "new opportunities for trade and investment".

The level of investments remained more or less the same even after Croatia's accession to the EU; the free movement of workers for Croatian citizens is not yet given in Austria (as of 2017), as the republic extended the restrictions for another three years in 2015.

The Hotel Kvarner in Opatija, opened in 1884, is the oldest hotel in the Eastern Adriatic

Cultural relations

The cultural cooperation between Austria and Croatia is extremely diverse. It is not only due to recent state initiatives, but also has its roots in the historical connection between the two countries and the long presence of people with a Croatian background in what is now Austria. In Croatia, the cultural heritage of old Austria is still present - especially architecturally - in some places, for example in the coastal town of Opatija , which served as a resort on the “ Austrian Riviera ”. Croatia is an example of the importance of cultural relations in Austrian foreign policy, because Austria opened an official cultural institution in Croatia long before diplomatic relations were established. With reference to this, Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz emphasized in 2017 on the occasion of the opening of the joint cultural year between Austria and Croatia: "Against this background, active international cultural work is an essential part of our friendly international exchange and a mainstay of Austrian foreign policy." The cultural exchange between the two countries is based on the one hand on state agreements and institutions, but on the other hand it is also supported by private initiatives and societies.

Cultural agreement

In October 2005, Austria and Croatia signed a cultural agreement that “further intensified bilateral relations and strengthened cultural cooperation, particularly in the areas of literature, fine arts, photography, film, theater, dance, music, the protection of cultural heritage and archives , Libraries and museums should contribute. "The agreement provides for the" direct cooperation of institutions in the areas of culture, in particular art, schools and universities, research as well as youth and sport ".

Cultural year 2017

For Austria and Croatia, the year 2017 is under the motto “Experience culture together” and enables over 100 cultural events - such as concerts, exhibitions, readings, theater and film festivals - in the two countries, which give an interested audience “direct impressions of Austrian and Croatian art mediating [n] "Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz noted in his foreword to the jointly responsible program in relation to Austrian-Croatian relations:

“The more than 62,000 people with a Croatian background who live in Austria today form the fifth largest group of foreign nationals in Austria. Together with the Burgenland Croatians, they are now the most important and most sustainable bridge between the two countries. People with Croatian roots also act as integration ambassadors for the connections between the countries. "

Austrian Culture Forum / Austrijski kulturni forum Zagreb

Logo of the Austrian Cultural Forum

The Austrian Cultural Forum , based in the Croatian capital , was founded in 1955 as the “Austrian Reading Room” and in 2001 it was converted into a cultural forum. It sees its task above all in conveying the “historically common as well as a modern image of Austria”, “by using the common cliché in Croatia of Austria as the country of classical music and the waltz to portray the achievements of contemporary Austrian visual art, literature and Science is supplemented. "

Austria libraries

In 1995 the Austrian Library , which is spatially and organizationally affiliated to the Osijek City and University Library, was opened in Osijek, which also houses a Croatian-Austrian Society. “From the areas that include the basic equipment, Austrian literature and history , literary history , literary studies, German as a foreign language , East, Central and Southeast European history as well as regional studies and tourism have emerged as their focus areas.” The library organizes exhibitions, concerts, film screenings and book presentations and lectures and is supervised by the Austrian Cultural Forum Zagreb.

Since 2011 there has also been an Austrian library in Rijeka, Istria , which is affiliated with the university there and is also looked after by the Austrian Cultural Forum.

KulturKontakt Austria

The KulturKontakt Austria is the Federal Ministry of Education and the Federal Chancellery supported association dedicated as a "European competence and resource center with the core areas of cultural mediation with schools in Austria, international education cooperation and Artist in Residence understands programs for artists from abroad." It promotes exchange and cooperation between educational institutions in Eastern and Southeastern Europe and Austria and supports cooperation between schools, cultural workers and cultural institutions in Austria. There are also some initiatives with Croatia, among other things, Croatian artists and cultural workers have repeatedly exhibited in Austrian galleries in recent years, making contemporary Croatian art accessible to an Austrian audience.

Austro-Croatian Society

The Austro-Croatian Society was founded in 1990 and included prominent representatives from various political camps, such as Erhard Busek , Hannes Swoboda and Norbert Leser on the Austrian side, Franjo Komarica or Zvonimir Separovic on the Croatian side. The current president of the company is Nikolaus Berlakovich . In its presentation, the Austro-Croatian Society describes the circumstances of its formation as follows:

“Despite, or rather because of, the turbulent political times (the state of Croatia was only founded on October 8, 1990 and internationally recognized on January 15, 1992), the company developed a lively activity from the start. One of the highlights was the essential support and preparation for the visit of the Croatian President Tudjman in January 1991, during which the ÖKG arranged a reception in the Hotel Imperial and a dinner, as well as an informal conversation with Federal Minister Dr. Busek mediated in the presence of international journalists. "

Last but not least, the cultural exchange is also promoted by the Croatian citizens living in Austria who have come together to form cultural and sports clubs or religious communities (such as the “Croatian Catholic Mission”) and who often address an interested public.

literature

Relation to Austria:

  • Hans Sokol: The Imperial and Royal Military Frontier . 1st edition. Bergland Verlag Vienna, Vienna 1967.
  • Martin Eichtinger , Helmut Wohnout : Alois Mock. A politician makes history . 1 (digital) edition. Styria, Vienna / Graz / Klagenfurt 2015, ISBN 978-3-222-13234-6 .

Balkans / Yugoslavia reference:

  • Ana S. Trbovich: A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's Disintegration . 1st edition. Oxford University Press, New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5 .
  • Holm Sundhaussen : Yugoslavia and its successor states 1943–2011: An unusual story of the ordinary . 1st edition. Böhlau, Cologne / Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-205-78831-7 .

Web links

Commons : Croatian-Austrian relations  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ana S. Trbovich: A Legal Geography of Yugoslavia's disintegration . 1st edition. Oxford University Press, New York 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-533343-5 , pp. 87-91 .
  2. ^ Karl Vocelka: History of Austria. Culture - society - politics . 7th edition. Heyne, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-453-21622-8 , pp. 98-104 .
  3. ↑ Hans Sokol: The k k. Military border . 1st edition. Bergland Verlag, Vienna 1967, p. 7-13 .
  4. ↑ Franjo Schruiff: Brief outline of the history of the Croatian ethnic group in Austria. In: Gradišćanskohrvatski glasi - Burgenland-Croatian language course. Kristina Karall, 1997, accessed April 23, 2017 .
  5. ↑ Wolfgang Pav: Austria and Croatia: learn from history? Lecture 20 years of the Croatian Historical Institute in Vienna (June 2012). Retrieved June 11, 2017 .
  6. ↑ Wolfgang Pav: Austria and Croatia: learn from history? Lecture 20 years of the Croatian Historical Institute in Vienna (June 2012). Retrieved June 11, 2017 .
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Pav: Austria and Croatia: learn from history? Lecture 20 years of the Croatian Historical Institute in Vienna (June 2012). Retrieved April 23, 2017 .
  8. ^ Karl Vocelka: History of Austria . 3. Edition. CH Beck, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-50869-1 , p. 79-87 .
  9. ↑ Ludwig Steindorff: A short walk through the history of Croatia. Federal Agency for Civic Education, April 16, 2013, accessed on June 11, 2017 .
  10. ↑ Ludwig Steindorff: A short walk through the history of Croatia. Federal Agency for Civic Education, April 16, 2013, accessed on June 11, 2017 .
  11. ↑ Fact Sheet. News about migration and integration. Austrian Integration Fund, accessed on April 23, 2017 .
  12. ↑ Croatia's Foreign Minister: "Alois Mock has a worthy successor" - derstandard.at/2000052644508/Kroatiens-Aussenminister-Alois-Mock-hat-einen-wuerdigen-Schsteiger. Der Standard, February 15, 2017, accessed June 11, 2017 .
  13. ↑ Martin Eichtinger, Helmut Wohnout: Alois Mock. A politician makes history . 1st edition. Styria, Vienna / Graz / Klagenfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-222-13234-6 , p. 230-256 .
  14. ↑ Martin Eichtinger, Helmut Wohnout: Alois Mock. A politician makes history . 1st edition. Styria, Vienna / Graz / Klagenfurt, ISBN 978-3-222-13234-6 , pp. 230-256 .
  15. ^ Christian Ultsch : Disintegration of Yugoslavia: "Mock wanted to go it alone". Die Presse, June 24, 2011, accessed June 11, 2017 .
  16. ^ Bosnian-Croatian peace negotiations in Vienna - Thorvald Stoltenberg and Alois Mock. Retrieved April 23, 2017 .
  17. ↑ Martin Eichtinger, Helmut Wohnout: Alois Mock. A politician makes history . 1st edition. Styria, Vienna / Graz / Klagenfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-99040-092-0 , p. 253-255 .
  18. ^ Bundesheer: Meeting of the Central European Defense Ministers in Frauenkirchen. November 7, 2016, accessed June 4, 2017 .
  19. ^ SPÖ press service: Doskozil to CEDC: Protecting the EU external border together. APA, April 1, 2016, accessed June 4, 2017 .
  20. ↑ Interview with Gordan Bakota, the Croatian ambassador to Austria. Retrieved April 23, 2017 .
  21. ↑ Wieland Schneider: Foreign policy debut for short: “Welcome to the ministerial club”. Die Presse Online, December 20, 2013, accessed on April 23, 2017 .
  22. ↑ As of today, Croatians are allowed to work in 22 EU countries. Kosmo.at, July 1, 2015, accessed on April 23, 2017 .
  23. ^ "Managing Migration Together". 18 Interior and Foreign Ministers of the Western Balkans at the migration conference in Vienna. Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs, February 24, 2016, accessed on April 23, 2017 .
  24. ↑ Thomas Mayer: West Balkan route remains closed. DerStandard Online, March 9, 2016, accessed April 23, 2017 .
  25. ↑ Croatia's Foreign Minister: "Alois Mock has a worthy successor" - derstandard.at/2000052644508/Kroatiens-Aussenminister-Alois-Mock-hat-einen-wuerdigen-Schsteiger. DerStandard Online, February 15, 2017, accessed April 23, 2017 .
  26. ↑ Zdenke Šimončič-Bobetko: The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Economic Area and its consequences for the economic development of the Croatian lands . In: Neven Budak (Ed.): Croatia: Regional Studies - History - Culture - Politics - Economy - Law . Vienna 1995, ISBN 3-205-98496-X , p. 201 .
  27. ↑ Guide to setting up a business in Southeastern Europe, Croatia. Institute for Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneurship, 2013, p. 11 , accessed on May 24, 2017 .
  28. ↑ Fräss-Ehrfeld, Clarisse .: Economic development and economic development in Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia and Serbia-Montenegro: with a detailed outlook on EU regional policy 2007-2013 . Linde, 2006, ISBN 3-7143-0065-1 , p. 141 .
  29. ↑ Foreign Trade Austria. Foreign trade update Croatia January 2017. p. 7 , accessed on May 24, 2017 .
  30. ↑ Denise Mannen: The foreign trade of Austria in 2015. Final results in connection with other economic data. P. 4 , accessed on May 24, 2017 .
  31. ↑ CROATIAN-AUSTRIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE: June 1st, 2012 - Anniversary celebration of 10 years of Croatian-Austrian Chamber of Commerce - CROATIAN-AUSTRIAN CHAMBER of COMMERCE . In: CROATIAN-AUSTRIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE . ( cro-aut-chamber.at [accessed on May 24, 2017]).
  32. ↑ Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Austria: Lopatka: "Fresh wind for Austrian-Croatian economic relations" - BMEIA, Foreign Ministry Austria. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  33. ↑ Free movement of workers: First phase of the transition period for workers from Croatia ends . ( europa.eu [accessed on May 24, 2017]).
  34. ↑ Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Austria: Kulturforum Zagreb - BMEIA, Foreign Ministry Austria. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  35. ↑ Cultural Year 2017 Austria - Croatia. Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs - BMEIA, Cultural Policy Section, 2017, accessed on May 24, 2017 .
  36. ↑ Culture Matters: Intensification of cultural cooperation with Croatia . In: ots.at . ( ots.at [accessed on May 24, 2017]).
  37. ^ Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Austria and the Government of the Republic of Croatia in the field of culture and education . In: Federal Law Gazette III No. 177/2005 . September 27, 2005.
  38. ↑ Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Austria: Opening of the Year of Culture Austria - Croatia - BMEIA, Foreign Ministry Austria. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  39. ↑ Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Austria: Opening of the Year of Culture Austria - Croatia - BMEIA, Foreign Ministry Austria. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  40. ↑ Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Austria: Kulturforum Zagreb - BMEIA, Foreign Ministry Austria. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  41. ↑ Foreign Ministry of the Republic of Austria: Kulturforum Zagreb - BMEIA, Foreign Ministry Austria. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  42. ^ Austrian libraries. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on June 11, 2016 ; accessed on May 24, 2017 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.oesterreich-bibliotheken.at
  43. ^ Austrian Library Rijeka. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  44. ↑ KulturKontakt Austria - Imprint. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  45. ↑ objectives of OEKG. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .
  46. ↑ OEKG: goals OEKG. Retrieved May 24, 2017 .