Albanian-Austrian relations

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Albanian-Austrian relations
Location of Albania and Austria
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Albania Austria

The Albanian-Austrian relations ( Albanian  Marrëdhëniet shqiptaro-austriake ) describe the relationship between Albania and Austria . Historically, they are shaped by the common resistance against the Ottoman Empire , the support of Austria-Hungary for the formation of the Albanian nation and the independence of the Albanian state . Austrians played an important role in the emergence of albanology as a scientific discipline.

The close and friendly relations between the two countries are traditionally described as excellent at the highest political level . Austria is considered to be the most important proponent and supporter of Albania in its ambitions to join the European Union . Both states are members of the Council of Europe and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe . The NATO -member Albania has been a 2014 candidate country of the European Union .

The Republic of Albania has an embassy in Vienna and a permanent representation at international organizations. Albanian honorary consulates are located in Eisenstadt , Gössendorf near Graz , Puch near Salzburg , St. Pölten and Villach . Roland Bimo has been the Albanian ambassador in Vienna since 2014. The Republic of Austria, for its part, operates an embassy and a coordination office for technical cooperation in Tirana . Austrian honorary consulates are located in the northern Albanian city of Shkodra and in the southern Albanian port city of Vlora . Johann Sattler has been the Austrian ambassador in Tirana since 2016.

Bilateral relations

Prehistory: Turkish Wars

Attack of the Albanians on a Turkish encampment during the Battle of Albulena (1457)
The Battle of Kahlenberg (1683) ended the Second Turkish Siege of Vienna

At the end of the 14th century , Ottoman troops reached Albanian settlement areas for the first time. On March 2, 1444, the Albanian prince Georg Kastriota, called Skanderbeg , founded the League of Lezha . This defense alliance brought the Ottoman Empire to the brink of collapse several times and was able to decisively hold back the further expansion of the Islamic monarchy for 35 years. The military successes of Skanderbeg made him the Athleta Christi , the symbol of the defense of Christianity, even during his lifetime . After Skanderbeg's death, Shkodra, the last Albanian fortress, fell in 1479 , and Albania came under Turkish rule for over 400 years . The Albanian resistance, however, continued unabated: up to the independence of Albania in 1912, 34 major uprisings by the Albanians against the Ottomans took place, which Austria often supported financially and militarily.

Giorgio Basta came from an Albanian aristocratic family and was Commander in Chief of the Habsburg Imperial Army during the Long Turkish War . Archduke Ferdinand II , son of the Austrian Emperor Ferdinand I , saw himself as the successor of Skanderbeg. The Habsburgs had also fought successfully against the Ottomans in the Turkish Wars. He also bought Skanderbeg's helmet and sword , which are still in Vienna today. The Great Turkish War , in which Albanian rebels also took part, ended in defeat for the Ottomans. This victory laid the foundation for the rise of Austria to a great power and was the beginning of the era of military decline for the Ottoman Empire.

As a result of centuries of military conflict, Albanians and Austrians share a predominantly negative image of the Ottomans, which has become anchored in the collective memory of both peoples:

From the point of view of Albanian nationalists, the Ottoman Empire carried out a “cultural genocide ” on the Albanians for centuries , which was accompanied by the Islamization of large parts of the Albanian population. The cultivation of the Albanian language was forbidden by decree of the Sultan, which prevented literacy of the Albanians in their mother tongue for a long time. Albanian intellectuals like the internationally famous writer Ismail Kadare describe the Ottoman occupation as a “black hole in the history of the Albanian nation” that “stopped the development of the Albanian people”, the Albanians “separated from Europe by force” and “always part of the historical memory ”. The historically strained relationships cause tension again and again. In June 2016, a Turkish historian in front of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Skanderbeg in Lezha described the Albanian national hero as a “robber and terrorist”. The mayor of Lezha then declared him a persona non grata . A few months later, the Turkish consulate was attacked with a Molotov cocktail in Prizren , the city ​​of the national Albanian rebirth , during the 104th national holiday in November 2016 . In December 2017, residents of the Mirdita destroyed a Turkish metal moon star several meters tall . The symbol of the Turkish flag was attached to a dam wall that a company from Turkey built.

The Turkish sieges of Vienna have left deep marks in Austria to this day. In Vienna alone, over 200 monuments in public space commemorate the victory over the Ottomans after the second siege of Vienna. The year 1683 in particular is a kind of primal trauma, from which Austria has not been able to free itself until today. Apparent threats were repeatedly compared with the situation at the time. In several Viennese election campaigns, the FPÖ drew parallels with comics to the year 1683. With anti-Turkish positions, one can make good politics in Austria with conservative to right-wing voters. However, the Austrians reject Turkey's accession to the EU regardless of their political views. According to opinion polls, that's up to 84% of the population. The Kurz I government , a coalition of the conservative ÖVP and the right-wing populist FPÖ , presented its government program in December 2017 at Kahlenberg in Vienna. The choice of location is to be understood symbolically, because it was there that the Battle of Kahlenberg took place, in which the Turks were defeated during the second siege of Vienna.

Cultural protectorate of the Habsburg Monarchy (until 1912)

After the end of the Long Turkish War , the Habsburgs obtained the agreement of the Turks in the Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606) that the Catholics in the Ottoman Empire were allowed to practice their religion. This was confirmed in another peace treaty in 1615. With the treaties of Karlowitz (1699) and Passarowitz (1718) , the Austrians were able to have the Ottomans guarantee a protectorate over the Catholics in the northern mountainous region of Albania. The Austrian protectorate had a positive influence on maintaining the national consciousness of the Albanians. Numerous church buildings and renovations as well as clergy were financially supported as part of this cultural protectorate .

The first Austrian consulates were established in Durrës in 1751 and in Shkodra in 1801 . In 1860 Jesuits founded a seminary in Shkodra and in 1870 a theological grammar school of the Franciscan order was set up with the help of Austria-Hungary . The Austrians aimed to increase their influence in Catholic northern Albania. In the second half of the 19th century and up to the Second World War, Austria operated "Levant post offices" in Antivari , Durrës and Shkodra , which ensured reliable mail delivery to Europe.

Albanian independence (1912-1916)

During the First Balkan War , Albania proclaimed its independence from the Ottoman Empire on November 28, 1912 in Vlorë . The Principality of Albania enjoyed the support of the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister Leopold Berchtold from the start . An independent Albanian state was in Vienna's interest to prevent the expansion of Serbia and Italy in the region. Austria-Hungary successfully campaigned for the recognition of Albania by the major European powers at the London Ambassadors' Conference in December 1912. However, the Albanian areas were largely occupied by Greek, Montenegrin and Serbian troops. In May 1913, the Balkan states recognized Albania in the London Treaty . The determination of the Albanian border was entrusted to an international commission. Austria-Hungary and Russia fought over practically every village.

Vienna supported the German Wilhelm zu Wied , who ruled Durrës for six months as Prince of Albania in 1914. Albania declared itself neutral during the First World War . However, this prevented the warring kingdoms such as Italy , Montenegro and Serbia from occupying large parts of the country. Conditions similar to civil war prevailed in large parts of the country.

Austrian administration of Albania in World War I (1916–1918)

An Albanian boy presents a bouquet of flowers to an officer of the Austro-Hungarian Army , Shkodra in March 1916

The north and center of Albania were occupied from 1916 by the Austro-Hungarian troops, who were considered liberators by the Albanian population. Austria-Hungary also did not want to appear as an enemy, but sometimes as the protector of Albanian interests. In Shkodra, a board of directors was set up with Luigj Gurakuqi as teaching director and Fejzi Alizoti as finance director, and local administration was given. At the head of the civil administration was the Austrian Consul General August Kral . The Austro-Hungarian Army recruited Albanian volunteers, trained them and treated them like their own soldiers. The commander in chief of the Austro-Hungarian army in Albania, Ignaz Trollmann von Lovcenberg, appealed to the national pride of the Albanians:

“We troops of the great emperor and king Franz Josef I have freed your country from enemies, we are now taking it into our administration, but we want to protect it against every external and internal enemy in the future. [...] We trained soldiers who are used to war now want to train you and educate you militarily so that, in addition to your well-known bravery, you also have the ability to face a modern warrior. Brave Shqypteraten, remember that Albania's most beautiful days were those when the greatest Albanian folk hero Skanderbeg with his well-trained soldiers was a horror for all enemies of Albania. He and his brave fighters set your example! [...] Everyone of you capable of military service is welcome, we look forward to being able to use our experience, we will not only train you to be good soldiers and treat, feed and pay like our own troops for the duration of this training, we will too try to teach you other useful things like reading and writing, so that you become what your ancestors were again: The great brave and respected people of the Sqypetaren! "

- Imperial and Royal Corps Commander Trollmann, Shkodra in March 1916

Albanian historians today rate the Austro-Hungarian administration largely positively. During this time, Albanian was made the only official language by law. The basic requirement for a job in public administration was command of the Albanian language. The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Ministry called for the unification of all Albanian settlement areas. They founded a commission to standardize the Albanian language. Hundreds of schools were established in parallel with the introduction of compulsory schooling. In order to facilitate the cooperation with the population, Albanian courses were held for Austro-Hungarian soldiers. In order to promote the national awareness of the Albanians, Albanian flags and national holidays were expressly desired by the Austrian side. Tens of millions of crowns were invested in bridges, light railways and roads. Up to 100,000 Austro-Hungarian soldiers took part in the construction work. When the Austrians withdrew, the state budget of Albania had a surplus for the first and so far only time.

Interwar period (1918–1938)

After the end of the First World War, Austria fell out as a protective power for Albania. The young Republic of Austria established diplomatic relations with Albania on February 22, 1922. The interwar period was marked by internal unrest and economic problems for both countries. Both Fascist Italy and the Third Reich played an important role in various forms: From 1924, authoritarian rule prevailed in Albania and replaced the young parliamentary democracy. With the first and second Tirana Pacts , Albania was de facto an Italian protectorate from the end of 1927. After the Italian occupation of Albania in April 1939, the country came under the total control of Mussolini. The Kingdom of Albania was governed by the joint head of state Viktor Emanuel III. united in personal union with the Kingdom of Italy . After Mussolini's surrender , Albania came under German control . Austria was able to maintain its parliamentary democracy ten years longer than Albania. However, the country suffered from a political polarization that culminated in civil war in 1934 . As a result, Austrofascism established a dictatorship that was based on Italy. Through the connection to Germany disappeared Austria in 1938 off the map.

Ahmet Zogu , who was Prime Minister from 1922, President from 1925 and King from 1928, had close ties with Austria. During the First World War he was a colonel in the Austro-Hungarian Army , but was transferred to Vienna, where he could be better controlled. In the inter-war period he stayed repeatedly in Vienna, where he was also the victim of an attack, and had a secret love affair with the Austrian Franziska Janko.

Austrians played a leading role in building up the Albanian army. Gustav von Myrdacz, who had served in the First World War as a general staff officer in the Austro-Hungarian Army and in 1917 had been the commander of a border fighter battalion in Albania, was in a leading position responsible for training Albania's defense formations from December 1921. After his retirement in 1920 with the rank of colonel, he headed a group of former members of the Habsburg army in Albania who were involved in road construction. He was promoted to general in the Albanian army and was its chief of staff until 1939. Hermann Kirchner joined the Albanian army in 1928. In the function of the First General Staff Officer, his duties included preparing for national defense. In recognition of his services and skills, King Zogu awarded him the Skanderbeg Order of Third Class in 1929. After a restructuring of the Albanian army in 1931, Kirchner was promoted to major and was appointed head of the army's personnel office. The General Secretariat of the Fatherland Front appointed Kirchner in May 1935 as chairman of the "Fatherland Front" association in Albania. In the application for approval of the association, he wrote to the Albanian Ministry of the Interior: “Just as the Italians founded their association 'Fascio' and the Germans founded their association 'Die Nationalozialisten' in Albania, I hope your ministry will not mind that either Austrians have their club in Tirana. "

Second Republic of Austria (since 1945)

Foreign Minister Sebastian Kurz meets Prime Minister Edi Rama in Tirana, June 2014

After Austria had obtained full sovereignty through the Austrian State Treaty in May 1955 , it established diplomatic relations with the Socialist People's Republic of Albania in February 1956 . Until 1991 Austria was represented by the ambassador in Yugoslavia .

Since the fall of the communist dictatorship in Albania, regular meetings at the highest political level have taken place between the two countries. The most-favored nation principle has existed between the two countries since 1992 . This led to the conclusion of numerous political and economic agreements. In 1995 the Austrian Development Agency opened a coordination office in Tirana, which mainly focuses on financial and technical activities in northern Albania.

Austria is one of the most important advocates of Albania within the European Union. In negotiations on the Stabilization and Association Agreement and visa liberalization, Albania has always been able to rely on Austrian support.

During the Western Balkans Conference on June 3, 2014 , Foreign Minister Kurz, with the help of a letter, convinced Albania to grant candidate status to member countries that were still skeptical. The following day the European Commission recommended this to the Council of the European Union and the European Parliament .

When Turkey threatened the end of the refugee pact in 2016 , Austria feared a repetition of the refugee crisis of 2015 . Since the western Balkan route was closed, a new Balkan route was expected to emerge from Greece via Albania and the Adriatic to Italy. In December 2016, the Austrian Minister for National Defense Hans Peter Doskozil visited his Albanian counterpart Mimi Kodheli . Doskozil expressed his will from Albania to want to include border security against migration movements. With Kodheli he agreed to expand bilateral relations in the military field.

Interior Minister Wolfgang Sobotka traveled to Albania in January 2017 and emphasized Austria's support for Albania's EU ambitions. He cited the good cooperation in the area of ​​police and Western Balkans as the reason for this. Sobotka praised Albania's efforts to fight organized crime. With his Albanian counterpart Saimir Tahiri , he agreed to set up a new target investigation unit and that Albania would sign the Prüm Treaty in the medium term . This agreement was signed by Norway and eleven member states of the European Union and enables the respective police and law enforcement authorities to have direct access to crime scene databases such as DNA or fingerprints. A key point of the conversation between the two interior ministers, however, was the question of how well Tirana would be prepared if the flow of refugees increased and the route shifted to Albania. The Albanian Minister of the Interior assured that Albania had both the infrastructure and an emergency plan to deal with such emergencies. To this end, investments have been made in border security and in capacities that enable the migrants to be identified. Tahiri criticized that the "initiatives of European agencies could not be more late" and guaranteed that the Mediterranean Sea between Albania and Italy would never become a new route.

The Albanian Defense Minister Mimi Kodheli held consultations with Hans Peter Doskozil in Vienna in April 2017. The main topics were the refugee crisis in the Balkans and securing the EU's external borders. During the meeting, both ministers signed two agreements in the military field: The Austrian Armed Forces supports the Albanian armed forces in training mountain troops , officers and staff in the field of logistics.

Bilateral treaties
object place Year (in force)
Transport of people and goods by road Tirana 1973 (1973)
Cooperation agreement culture, science, technology Vienna 1987 (1987)
Development Assistance Tirana 1991 (1991)
Travel documents, visas Tirana 1992 (1992)
Investment protection Vienna 1993 (1995)
aviation Vienna 1993 (1994)
Economic and industrial cooperation, investment Vienna 1994 (1996)
Culture and monument protection Vienna 1998 (1998)
Cooperation agreement culture, science, technology Tirana 2005 (2006)
Customs agreement Vienna 2007 (2007)
International security Tirana 2007 (2008)
Double taxation Tirana 2007 (2008)
Development cooperation Tirana 2008 (2008)
health Vienna 2010 (2011)
Financing agreement, grant Tirana 2010 (2011)
Scientific and technical cooperation Vienna 2012 (2013)
Culture Tirana, Vienna 2012 (2012)
refugees Vienna 2013
Social Security Tirana 2017 (-)

Cultural relations

Albanology

Austrian diplomats and scientists played a very important role in the development of albanology as a scientific discipline. In doing so, they made a great contribution to the understanding of Albanian history, culture and language. The Austro-Hungarian science dominated within Albanology. She had a pioneering role in the disciplines of linguistics, archeology, geography, geology, history and folklore.

Johann Georg von Hahn is considered to be the founding father of Albanology. He laid the basis for systematic research in the most essential areas of Albania sciences such as history, geography, linguistics and folklore. The linguist Franz von Miklosich made an important contribution to the research of the Albanian vocabulary. Gustav Meyer succeeded for the first time in categorizing Albanian as an independent Indo-European language . His works Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language and Albanian Studies are still standard works today. Norbert Jokl is considered a leader among the albanologists . Linguists still draw on his knowledge of Albanian etymology and grammar today. Maximilian Lambertz focused on folklore and was the leading albanologist in German-speaking countries after Jokl's death. His work Albanian fairy tales and other texts of Albanian folklore was important . Georg Pekmezi published the first Albanian textbook for German-speaking students together with Lambertz.

Lajos Thallóczy was the main initiator of the source collection Acta et diplomata res Albania and the work of Illyrian-Albanian research , which are standard works of Albanian historiography . Konstantin Jireček and Milan von Šufflay , whose specialty was Albanian history, were important collaborators . Šufflay's towns and castles in Albania mainly during the Middle Ages and Serbs and Albanians are required reading today. Theodor Anton Ippen and Franz Baron Nopcsa dealt with northern Albanian customary law and tribal organization. Ippen's customary law of the highlands in Albania and Nopcsa's hill tribe of northern Albania and their customary law are still considered important works today. Nopcsas developed essential basics for the ethnographic and geographical-geological research of Northern Albania, which he described in the book Geography and Geology of Northern Albania and Albania. Published costumes, buildings and equipment of Northern Albania . The standard works of the ethnography of Albania include the cultural studies contributions on the folklore of Montenegro, Albania and Serbia by Arthur Haberlandt and the publication on the first census carried out in Albania in 1918, which took place under the direction of Franz Seiner . Carl Patsch , Camillo Praschniker and Arnold Schober explored ancient sites like Apollonia in the Albanian coastal area during the First World War and documented them in archaeological research in Albania and Montenegro .

Then as now, Austrian science plays a special role. The Karl-Franzens-University Graz and the University of Vienna are important centers of Albanology in the German-speaking area.

Austria as a training location

Up until the Second World War, more than 350 Albanians, a considerable part of the country's few intellectuals, chose Austria as their training location. The graduates of the universities in Vienna and Graz were among the best educated Albanians: two later became prime ministers , 22 became foreign ministers and a number of others became ministers, high administrative officials or diplomats. In Austria the student organizations published several magazines.

"Within the Albanian population there was a predominant tendency of almost all social classes to have their children educated at Austrian schools and universities, which was due to the multi-layered policy of Austria-Hungary towards the Albanians."

- Kurt Gostentschnigg : Poeta nascitur, historicus fit - Ad honorem Zef Mirdita (p. 1143)

130 former students from Austria were imprisoned by the communist regime under Enver Hoxha after the Second World War and at least 30 were executed.

Skanderbeg's helmet

Skanderbeg's helmet in the court hunting and armory chamber of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna

Archduke Ferdinand II bought the helmet and sword of the Albanian national hero Skanderbeg in Italy in the second half of the 16th century. These weapons have been in Austria since then: the helmet and the sword were first mentioned in 1593 in the inventory of the Archduke's Ambras collection . During the Napoleonic Wars , the weapons collection was brought to safety from Innsbruck to Vienna in 1806 .

The historical objects have a relic character for the Albanians and are of high emotional importance. Skanderbeg is the only symbolic figure of all Albanians and a central component of Albanian nationalism. For Albanians staying in Vienna, it is a must to visit the court hunt and armory of the Kunsthistorisches Museum. The Albanian national soccer team visited the Skanderbeg regalia in May 2016. According to the President of the Albanian Football Association , this should also increase the fighting spirit of Albanian football players before Euro 2016 .

Opening of the Skanderbeg exhibition: (from left to right) Sali Berisha, Claudia Schmied, Michael Spindelegger and Sabine Haag

In 2012 Albania celebrated the 100th anniversary of independence from the Ottoman Empire. Austria made the helmet and sword of the Albanian national hero available on loan from November 19, 2012 to January 13, 2013 for the first time. Vice Chancellor Michael Spindelegger and Prime Minister Sali Berisha agreed on this during a forum in Dubrovnik in July 2012. The Albanian government had to contractually guarantee full immunity for the objects and deposit an insurance amount of 35 million euros . Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister Michael Spindelegger and Education Minister Claudia Schmied were present at the opening of the Skanderbeg exhibition in the Albanian National Museum .

“The exhibition we are opening today pays tribute to Prince Georg Kastriota, known as Skanderbeg, as a national hero who creates identity and is a bridge between our two countries. Our friendly connections will be further strengthened. "

- Claudia Schmied

While 40,000 people were counted on November 28, 2012, the 100th national holiday alone, by the end of the exhibition there were around 1.7 million visitors, which was a record for the National Museum.

Cultural Year Austria-Albania 2018

During the Council of Ministers of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe in December 2016, Foreign Ministers Ditmir Bushati and Sebastian Kurz agreed to organize a joint cultural year Austria-Albania for 2018.

"I am particularly pleased that we can further strengthen the close bilateral relationship through a new action plan and the preparation and implementation of such a joint cultural year."

- Sebastian Kurz

In the run-up to Albania's 105th National Day, the concert “Vienna salutes to Tirana” took place in November 2017 in the Wiener Konzerthaus . This musical prelude to the 2018 Austria-Albania Year of Culture was officially opened by the former Federal President Heinz Fischer and the incumbent Albanian President Ilir Meta . In addition to Albanian and internationally known artists, Reinhold Mitterlehner and the mayor of Tirana Erion Veliaj also took part in the celebration.

Over 100 events will take place in both countries during the Austria-Albania Year of Culture. [obsolete] The aim is to deepen the already developed cultural relations between Albania and Austria. In the long term, this is intended to promote intercultural exchange between the Albanian and Austrian public.

Austria Library

On June 5, 2000, the Austria Library was opened at the University of Shkodra . At first it was spatially and organizationally affiliated with the Institute for German Studies. The Austria Library has been located in the former premises of the university library since 2006, after the Institute for German Studies moved to the premises of the Faculty of Foreign Languages.

The inventory includes around 6,500 volumes, which are recorded in electronic form, new media and a Styriaca collection from the Styrian State Library . “From the areas comprising the basic equipment, Austrian literature and history, literary history, literary studies, German as a foreign language, East, Central and Southeast European history as well as regional studies and tourism have emerged as their main focus.” ( Austrian Library Shkodër )

Since 2008, the Austria Library takes in Shkodra occasion of the Austrian National Day at the series of events Austria Reads! Meeting point library . This initiative takes place every October and is organized by the Austrian Honorary Consulate based in Shkodra, the University Library, the Austrian Peter Mahringer School and the Institute for German Studies. The Austrian embassy in Tirana also supports the organization and is generally responsible for looking after the Austrian library in Albania.

See also

literature

  • Engelbert German: The k. (U.) K. Cultural protectorate in the Albanian settlement area: in its cultural, political and economic environment . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-205-78150-9 , pp. 1035 .
  • Teodora Toleva: The Influence of Austria-Hungary on the Formation of the Albanian Nation 1896-1908 . Hermagoras, Klagenfurt 2009, ISBN 978-3-7086-0756-6 , p. 574 .
  • Hanns Christian Löhr: The founding of Albania: Wilhelm zu Wied and the Balkan diplomacy of the great powers 1912-1914 . Peter Lang, Klagenfurt 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-60117-4 , p. 282 .
  • Elena Kocaqi: Si e krijoi Austro-Hungaria shtetin shqiptar (How Austria-Hungary created the Albanian state) . EMAL, Tirana 2012, ISBN 978-9928-04114-2 , p. 332 .

Web links

Commons : Albanian-Austrian relations  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ National Council President Bures and Albania’s Parliamentary President Meta traditionally emphasize close bilateral relations. In: Austrian Parliament. February 17, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
  2. ^ Austrian representations in Albania. In: Austrian Embassy Tirana. Retrieved May 1, 2018 .
  3. ↑ Zef Valentini: Studime dhe tekste Historian . Plejad, Tirana 2009, ISBN 978-99956-57-47-5 , pp. 129-136 (Albanian).
  4. ↑ Gjenocidi turko-osman dhe qëndresa shqiptare (The Turkish-Ottoman Genocide and the Albanian Resistance). In: Bota Sot . August 30, 2015, accessed December 24, 2017 (Albanian).
  5. ↑ Intelektualët, peticion Kunder rishikimit të historisë nga autoritetet turke (The intellectuals petition against the assessment of history by Turkish authorities). In: Gazeta Shqip . March 27, 2013, accessed December 29, 2017 (Albanian).
  6. ↑ Historiani turk cilëson Skënderbeun terrorist, Frrokaj: Papërgjegjshmëri (The Turkish historian rates Skanderbeg as a terrorist, Frrokaj: irresponsibility). In: Mayor of the City of Lezha . Retrieved December 24, 2017 (Albanian).
  7. ↑ Bashkia e Lezhës: “Historiani” turk person non grata në Lezhë (Lezha municipality: The Turkish "historian" is a persona non grata in Lezha). In: Bota Sot . July 5, 2016, accessed December 24, 2017 (Albanian).
  8. ↑ Sulmohet konsullata turke në Prizren (The Turkish consulate in Prizren was attacked). In: TV Klan . November 28, 2016, Retrieved December 24, 2017 (Albanian).
  9. ↑ Protestuesit shkatërrojnë flamurin turk në HEC-in e Qafë Molles (demonstrators the Turkish flag destroy the hydroelectric power plant in Qafë Molla). In: Koha Ditore . December 31, 2017, accessed January 1, 2018 (Albanian).
  10. ↑ OeAW analyzes "Turk's Memory" from 1683 until today. In: The Standard . September 12, 2013, accessed December 25, 2017 .
  11. ^ Relationship between Austria and Turkey: Again and again 1683. In: Profil (magazine) . August 16, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2017 .
  12. ↑ Siege of the Turks: An Evergreen of Fear. In: Österreichischer Rundfunk . June 13, 2011, accessed December 24, 2017 .
  13. ↑ Austrians categorically reject Turkey joining the EU. In: The press . April 29, 2016. Retrieved December 25, 2017 .
  14. ↑ A terribly nice coalition. In: Handelsblatt . December 16, 2017, accessed December 31, 2017 .
  15. ↑ Engelbert German: Das k. (U.) K. Cultural protectorate in the Albanian settlement area: in its cultural, political and economic environment Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-205-78150-9 , page 22.
  16. ^ Hanns Christian Löhr: The founding of Albania: Wilhelm zu Wied and the Balkan diplomacy of the great powers, 1912–1914 Peter Lang, Vienna 2010, ISBN 978-3-631-60117-4 , page 26.
  17. ↑ The red umbrella - Austrian-Albanian fateful stories in the 19th and 20th centuries (reading sample). (PDF) In: traduki. Retrieved January 11, 2018 .
  18. ↑ Engelbert Deusch: Das k. (U.) K. Cultural protectorate in the Albanian settlement area in its cultural, political and economic environment (=  To the customer of Southeast Europe . Volume II / 38 ). Böhlau, Vienna 2009, ISBN 978-3-205-78150-9 .
  19. ^ Austria in Albania. In: Austrian Embassy Tirana. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
  20. ↑ Miranda Vickers: Shqiptarët . Një histori modern. Bota Shqiptare, 2008, ISBN 978-99956-11-68-2 , 1.5 Shfaqja e lëvizjes kulturore shqiptare , p. 51 (English: The Albanians - A Modern History . Translated by Xhevdet Shehu).
  21. ↑ John L. Kelion: The Postal History of Shkodër. Postal and Telegraph Cancellations and Postal Cachets until 29th November 1944 . Self-published, Pinner 2012, ISBN 978-0-9572644-0-3 , p. 48 ff .
  22. ↑ Lindita Arapi : How Albania became Albanian. Reconstruction of a picture of Albania . Tectum, Marburg 2005, ISBN 3-8288-8918-2 , p. 167 .
  23. ↑ Shqypetaren! - Military education - Scutari - Multilingual poster. In: Image archive Austria. December 21, 2015, accessed May 17, 2017 .
  24. ^ Administrimi i Shqipërisë nga Austro-Hungaria 1916–1918 (preface to the book). In: Elena Kocaqi. Retrieved January 1, 2018 (Albanian).
  25. ↑ Elena Kocaqi: Administrimi i Shqipërisë nga Austro-Hungaria 1916-1918 (The Administration of Albania from Austria-Hungary 1916-1918). In: Infopress. November 12, 2016, Retrieved December 18, 2017 (Albanian).
  26. ^ Robert Elsie : A biographical dictionary of Albanian history . Ed .: Center for Albanian Studies. IB Tauris, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3 , Janko, Franziska (fl. 1920s), p. 221 .
  27. ↑ Myrdacz, Gustav (1874-1945), General. In: Austrian Biographical Lexicon. Retrieved January 2, 2018 .
  28. ↑ Hermann Kirchner. In the service of the Albanian Army. In: Troop service, episode 336, edition 6/2013. Retrieved January 2, 2018 .
  29. ↑ Bilateral Relations. In: Albanian Embassy Vienna. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
  30. ^ Doskozil in Tirana: Preparing for an end to the refugee pact. In: Österreichischer Rundfunk . December 2, 2016, accessed May 1, 2018 .
  31. ↑ Sobotka in Tirana and Prishtina "Don't stop at the border". In: Small newspaper . January 14, 2017, accessed May 1, 2018 .
  32. ↑ Doskozil: Observe the situation on the refugee route. In: Courier . April 7, 2017, accessed May 1, 2018 .
  33. ↑ Bilateral State Treaties. In: Austrian Foreign Ministry. Retrieved September 15, 2018 .
  34. ↑ a b c Kurt Gostentschnigg: Science in the tension between politics and the military. The Austro-Hungarian Albanology 1867–1918 . Springer VS, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-658-18910-5 , p. 732 f .
  35. ↑ Izer Maksuti: A brief historical overview of German-speaking Albanology . In: Albert Ramaj (ed.): Poeta nascitur, historicus fit - Ad honorem Zef Mirdita . Albanisches Institut St. Gallen, St. Gallen / Zagreb 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524201-0-2 , p. 858 .
  36. ↑ a b Kurt Gostentschnigg: The activities of the Albanian students in Austria until 1939 . In: Albert Ramaj (ed.): Poeta nascitur, historicus fit - Ad honorem Zef Mirdita . Albanisches Institut St. Gallen, St. Gallen / Zagreb 2013, ISBN 978-3-9524201-0-2 , p. 1142-1144 .
  37. ↑ Albania celebrates 100 years. In: Österreichischer Rundfunk . November 22, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2017 .
  38. ↑ Skanderbeg's helmet returns home. In: Courier . November 21, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2017 .
  39. ↑ Kombëtarja frymëzohet nga Skënderbeu në Vjenë (The national team is inspired by the weapons of the Skanderbeg in Vienna) . In: Koha Jonë . May 31, 2016, accessed September 15, 2018 (Albanian).
  40. ↑ Berisha: “Armët e Skënderbeut, në Shqipëri për 100-Vjetorin” (Berisha: The weapons of Skanderbeg, in Albania for the 100th anniversary). In: Shekulli . July 7, 2012, accessed December 31, 2017 (Albanian).
  41. ↑ Old art and new desires. In: Small newspaper . November 23, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2017 .
  42. ↑ Armet e Skënderbeut ne Muze (The Weapons of Skanderbeg in the museum). In: Vizion Plus - Youtube Channel. November 22, 2012, Retrieved December 19, 2017 (Albanian).
  43. ↑ Spindelegger: "Austria remains Albania's reliable partner on the way to the EU". In: Austrian Foreign Ministry. November 22, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2017 .
  44. ↑ Speech by Federal Minister Dr. Claudia Schmied at the opening of the Skanderbeg exhibition in the National History Museum Tirana. (No longer available online.) In: Austrian Ministry of Education. November 22, 2012, archived from the original on January 11, 2018 ; accessed on December 18, 2017 .
  45. ↑ Alma Mile: Armët e përkrenarja Skënderbeut, 40 mijë vizitorë në një ditë. In: Panorama online. November 29, 2012, accessed January 14, 2018 (Albanian).
  46. ↑ Armet e Skënderbeut, muzeu Numeron 1 milion e 700 vizitorë (Weapons of Skanderbeg, the museum has 1.7 million visitors). (No longer available online.) Mapo, January 15, 2013, archived from the original on March 30, 2013 ; Retrieved January 20, 2013 (Albanian).
  47. ↑ Federal Minister Kurz: “New bilateral action plan agreed with Albania”. In: Austrian Foreign Ministry. December 8, 2016, accessed December 18, 2017 .
  48. ↑ Opening of the Austria-Albania Cultural Year 2018. In: Austrian Foreign Ministry. November 24, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
  49. ↑ Cultural exchange: start of the Albanian year of culture. In: The Standard . November 17, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2017 .
  50. ^ Austrian libraries. Retrieved December 20, 2017 .