Březové Hory

Příbram VI-Březové Hory
Basic data
State :	Czech Republic
Region :	Středočeský kraj
District :	Příbram
Municipality :	Příbram
Area :	246.1457 ha
Geographic location :	49 ° 41 ′ N , 13 ° 59 ′ E Coordinates: 49 ° 40 ′ 58 " N , 13 ° 59 ′ 23" E
Height:	546 m nm
Residents :	1,323 (March 1, 2001)
Postal code :	261 02
License plate :	S.
traffic
Street:	Příbram - Rožmitál pod Třemšínem

Nám. YES Alise

Church of St. Adalbert

Church of St. Procopius

Hussite Church

Historical miner's pub "Na Vršíčku"

Miner's house Havířská čp. 105

Headframe of the Ševčinský důl mine

Opencast building of the Maria Schacht

Burial of the victims of the mine disaster on June 24, 1892

Obelisk in memory of the victims of the mining disaster of 1892

Portal of the Maria-Stollen

Březové Hory (German: Birkenberg ) is a district of the city of Příbram in the Czech Republic . The former royal mountain town is located one and a half kilometers southwest of the city center of Příbram and belongs to the Okres Příbram .

geography

Březové Hory is located in the Příbramská pahorkatina ( Příbram hill country ) on the ridge Březový vrch ( Birkenberg ) between the valleys of the Litavka and the Příbramský potok ( Příbram brook ). The Drkolnov ( 555 m nm ) rises to the south . The state road II / 18 between Příbram and Rožmitál pod Třemšínem runs through Březové Hory .

Neighboring towns are Nové Podlesí and Lhota u Příbramě in the north, Příbram I in the northeast, Příbram IV in the east, Příbram VII in the southeast, Příbram VIII and Příbram V-Zdaboř in the south, Vysoká Pec and Lazec in the southwest, Drmlovo Pole and Orlov in the west Staré Podlesí in the northwest.

history

In the valley of the Litavka below the birch mountain, already in the 2nd century BC. Chr. Gold washed. After a few centuries, gold panning was abandoned because the deposit was exhausted . Archaeological finds show that mining was practiced on the Birkenberg as early as the 10th century . From the first known phase of the Příbram silver mining in the 14th and 15th centuries, however, there are hardly any records relating to the Birkenberg, only one message from the year 1311 can be assigned to the Birkenberg.

After a rich silver deposit was discovered on the mountain at the beginning of the 16th century , the area began to boom for a second time. In the 1520s, miners settled on the Birkenberg . In 1526, the chief mint master Johann Trczka von Wittenz ( Jan Trčka z Vitence ) gave the miners a place on the Birkenberg to establish a miners' settlement. It was probably built north-east of the future city on the Koráb hill around a bell tower, in the place of which the St. Prokop Chapel was later built. The settlement known as Birkenberg or Hory initially consisted of around 20 miners' houses. Below the birch hill, the hydropower of the Litavka was used to operate stamp mills. Miners also settled on the flat slope to the left of the stream in 1524, who named their settlement Podlesí after its location below the Brdy Forest . The decline of mining on the Birkenberg, which began at the end of the 16th century, led to the desertification of the settlement. In the middle of the 17th century, 13 of the 25 Birkenberg houses were in desolation. Birkenberg belonged to the Podbrder district until 1714, after which the mountain freedom became part of the Berauner district . In Müller's 1720 map, Birkenberg or Hory is shown as a small unpaved town.

At that time, the mountain freedom Birkenberg had its own judge, but was subject to the royal silver mining town of Přibram, on whose territory it was located. Přibram prevented the further development of Birkenberg u. a. by prohibiting the settlement of non-mining craft businesses such as butchers and bakers in Birkenberg. After the Birkenberg silver mining under the direction of the Příbram miner and smelter Johann Anton Alis had flourished again at the end of the 18th century through modernization and the development of new underground works , this also led to an upswing in the small mountain town of Birkenberg. In the first half of the 19th century, a new main square (named JA Alise ) was laid out between the new shafts of Emperor Franz Joseph and Maria . In 1841 Birkenberg received its own municipal administration, consisting of the city court with a city judge and a qualified syndic. It was separated from the Přibram rule and became a free mountain town. In the same year the city judge Dybánek and the Syndikus Lampel founded an institute for the poor.

In 1846 the royal free mountain town of Birkenberg or Březowé Hory , mostly just called Hory , consisted of 201 houses with 1979 inhabitants. With the exception of a few craftsmen, these were almost exclusively miners. The town had a total area of 124 yoke 865 square fathoms . The main source of income was lead and silver mining, while a small amount of agriculture was also practiced. Under the patronage of the kk Montan-Aerars stood the branch chapel of St. Procopius. Birkenberg was the seat of an Imperial and Royal Shift Office. There was a school with three classes in the village. The technical systems in mining included u. a. a steam mill with two gears at St. Marien-Schacht, a washing plant and two stamping plants. At the moment nobody had to be taken care of from the poor institute. Parish was Příbram . Until the middle of the 19th century, the royal free mountain town of Birkenberg was an enclave within the territory of the royal silver mining town of Přibram.

After the abolition of patrimonial formed Birkenberg / Březová Hora 1850 a Market town in the judicial district Příbram. From 1868 Birkenberg belonged to the Příbram district . Březové Hory has been used as a Czech place name since the 1880s . On May 31, 1892, a mine fire broke out on the Mariaschacht in which 319 miners died. Because of the importance of birch Berger silver mining rose Emperor Franz Joseph I. Birkenberg 1897 to the Royal mountain town and gave her a coat of arms in 1898. In the course of the border dispute that had been simmering between the town of Příbram and the municipality of Podlesí since 1890 because of the newly formed V district of Příbram under dubious circumstances, the town of Příbram joined the town of Drmlovo Pole, which had always belonged to its area, to the unwillingness of the municipality of Podlesí in 1902 Exit Březové Hory. In 1900, 5543 people lived in the 407 houses of Březové Hory, the highest number in the history of the town. Between 1930 and 1933 a state-owned wire rope factory was built west of the Adalbertschacht , which was then relocated to the grounds of the Anna mine. In 1932, 3857 people lived in Březové Hory.

1953 Březové Hory was incorporated into Příbram; the settlement Drmlovo Pole on the left of the Litavka was ceded to Podlesí according to the border comparison of 1910, which determined the brook as the border between Příbram and Podlesí. In the second half of the 20th century, Březové Hory grew together with Příbram through the construction of new housing developments. In 1978 mining in Březové Hory was stopped. Since 1980 the district has been called Příbram VI-Březové Hory. In 1991 Březové Hory had 1284 inhabitants, at the 2001 census there were 1323 people in the 470 houses.

In 2014 the mouth holes of the Maria adit and the Ševčin adit, the day buildings of the Anna, Vojtěch and Ševčin mines as well as the day buildings and the historical mine works of the Drkolnov mine were declared national cultural monuments.

Mining

The courses on Birkenberg emphasize mainly on the direction of the ridge from south to north. The most important are the St. Adalberti, St. Johannes, St. Prokopi, St. Eusebii, St. Anna, St. Caroli, Fundgrubner and Strachen gang.

Archaeological investigations revealed that the silver deposit on the Birkenberg near Příbram was already being built in the 10th century. The oldest written record of mining on the Birkenberg comes from the year 1311. After rich silver tunnels were discovered on the mountain at the beginning of the 16th century, the mining settlement of Birkenberg arose near the shafts. Birkenberg mining had its first heyday between 1550 and 1567, the mine workings reached a depth of up to 250 m.

At the end of the 16th century, a recession in the Birkenberg silver mining began. From 1610, all silver mines on the Birkenberg were undeveloped . In 1708, mining was resumed on the Birkenberg. In order to restore continuous operation on the silver deposit, the new Karl Borromäus Erbstolln was driven into the Birkenberg from the Příbram side . In the map of the Příbram mines made by Johann Christian Fischer in 1726 , the tunnel excavation is shown. In addition, two artificial ponds were created near the Vysoká Pec : the Vysokopecký rybník on the Litavka and the Vokačovský rybník on the Mlýnsky potok , as well as new aquatic arts ; in addition, the town of Birkenberg took out a loan of 3000 guilders from the town of Příbram . In 1750, under the direction of Count Mitrowsky, the entire Příbram mining was revised, and a large number of defects were discovered. The suggestions for improvement remained impracticable because the funds were lacking.

In 1775, the Kuttenberg mountain and smeltery master Johann Anton Alis was appointed to Příbram in the same function. Alis, who came from the blast furnace and knew the Birkenberg deposit very well, led the Birkenberg silver mining to a new bloom by opening up new underground structures. In 1779 he had the Adalbert shaft sunk as the saigeren main shaft. On the Adalbert Shaft, the influx of water from the silted old medieval mine caused severe problems; In 1782 ten miners drowned in a water breakthrough from the old man . In the 1780s, the Adalbert laundry ( Vojtěšská prádla ) was built to the northwest of the shaft . In 1789, the Anna shaft began to be sunk as the second main production shaft . The Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Schacht followed in 1813, the Maria-Schacht in 1822 and the Prokop-Schacht in 1832. In 1836 the first attempts at conveyance with wire ropes instead of hemp ropes were made on the Maria shaft. In 1849 the first steam engine of the Birkenberger Revier went into operation on the Maria-Schacht together with the first driving art of the kk monarchy. The 532 m long Maria-Stolln was created to transport the ores extracted from the Maria-Schacht to Adalbert processing. The 217 m long Prokop tunnel was driven from the Prokop shaft in 1857 to transport ore for processing at the Anna and Adalbert pits.

Mining on the Birkenberg reached its heyday at the transition from the 18th to the 19th century, when the five pits supplied 97% of the silver mined in the Imperial and Royal Monarchy, making the pits on the Birkenberg one of the most important silver mines in Europe. In the middle of the 19th century, the extensive mining in the Birkenberg was operated by a main union under the direction of Montan-Aerars. 4000 people were employed. Annually 28,000 marks of silver, 50,000 quintals of lead, smoothness and red lead and a large amount of zinc blende were extracted. The deepest shaft reached a depth of 180 fathoms. The fact that the Imperial and Royal Mining Authority and the Mining Court had their seat in Příbram led to the widespread misconception that the Birkenberg mining was carried out in the Příbram area. By the 1860s, the entire Birkenberg deposit was developed from the Schwarzgruber Revier ( Černojamský revír ) in the north, which belongs to Příbram, via the Drkolnov and the Řimbaba to Bohutín in the southwest, and other shafts were sunk. On May 8, 1875, with the 30th run on the Adalbert Shaft, mining was carried out for the first time in the world at a depth of 1000 m, and extraction was carried out with a single hauling rope . In 1884 the Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Stolln was built, through which the ore was transported to the Adalbert laundry via a narrow-gauge mine railway . In 1892 the five Saigeren Birkenberg main shafts had reached the following depths: Maria shaft 1110 m, Adalbert shaft 1099 m, Franz Joseph shaft 991 m, Anna shaft 942 m, Prokop shaft 909 m. The mine works had an area of 154 hectares.

The mine fire of May 31, 1892 on the Maria-Schacht with 319 dead was the worst mining accident of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. The fire broke out in the filling point of the 29th run and spread rapidly upwards in the very dry underground structures. A thrown away cigar stump or wick residue is suspected to be the cause . The victims were buried in two mass graves in the Birkenberg cemetery.

The decline in the price of silver , which began at the end of the 19th century and lasted until the middle of the 20th century , made Birkenberg mining increasingly unprofitable. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy bought all the silver mines in the Příbram mining district and unified them under their own management as the Austro-Hungarian state mining company Příbram. The operation with the smallest workforce as well as a reduction in maintenance work and exploration structures reduced the losses to below 14%. The mine railway through the Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Stolln was shut down around 1900.

After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the state mine was able to make a profit again for the first time in 1919 due to the brief rise in metal prices. In the same year, a siding to the Adalbert laundry was established from the Příbram station . The Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Stolln and -schacht were renamed according to the new zeitgeist and got their new name after the passage Ševčin.

In the years 1928 to 1929 a flotation plant was built in the Adalbert laundry . Despite the improved vertical transport options, mechanical drilling and electrification, the Birkenberg mining industry stagnated. The abandoned pits Marie ( Maria-Schacht ) and Ševčín ( Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Schacht ) impaired the weather management . In 1935 a cable car was built that transported the ore extracted from the Generál Štefánik mine near Bohutín to the Adalbert laundry.

After the Second World War, the mining of pitchblende began in 1947 in the Anna and Lill pits to extract uranium . A little later, the Prokop mine was also repaired and equipped with new machines. The Vojtěch mine was also restored in the 1950s. In 1966, the government of Czechoslovakia decreed the closure of the Příbram mines by resolution No. 277/1966 until 1971. This decision could be postponed for a few years due to rising metal prices. On June 30, 1978 the mines in Březové Hory were finally closed. At 1597.6 m, the Prokop shaft reached the greatest depth in the area.

After mining stopped, the former Ševčinský důl mine formed the basis for the new Příbram Mining Museum; In 1979 the first exhibition opened in the shaft building. In 1996 the mining museum bought the shaft building and machine house of the Vojtěch mine, after the reconstruction work it has been open to the public since 2000. Between 2005 and 2006 the mining museum had the mine railway rebuilt over a new cast iron bridge in Březové Hory and through the Ševčinská štola as a visitor attraction.

Local division

The district Příbram VI-Březové Hory is divided into the basic settlement units Ferdinandka, Nad Litavkou, U Dolu Anna and U Vojtěcha.

The district of Příbram VI-Březové Hory is part of the cadastral district of Březové Hory with an area of 246 hectares, which also includes parts of the districts of Příbram IV, Příbram V-Zdaboř, Příbram VII and Příbram VIII. The basic settlement units Březové Hory-sever and Březové Hory-západ II belong to the district Příbram VII, Březové Hory-západ I to the district Příbram V-Zdaboř; Březové Hory-jih proportionally to Příbram VII and Příbram VIII.

Legends

According to Václav Hájek z Libočan's Kronyka Czeská , the legendary ancestor and seer Libussa is said to have prophesied the silver find on the Birkenberg; "Vidím vrch březový, jest stříbra vnitř plný ..." ( I see the Birkenberg, it is full of silver inside ... ). The Horymír legend attributed to Hájek is also associated with the Birkenberg, although it only mentions the Příbram mines.

Attractions

Church of St. Adalbert on the market (náměstí JA Alise), built 1889–1890 according to plans by Bedřich Münzberger. Originally another location was planned, but the construction started there began to sink due to old mining.

Church of St. Prokop, it was built in 1732 as a baroque branch chapel and enlarged to a church in the middle of the 19th century. In 1879 it was rebuilt in the neo-Romanesque style.

Jakoubek ze Stříbra Hussite Church , built in 1936

Statue of St. Johannes von Nepomuk, south of the Adalberti Church in the market

Příbram Mining Museum with
- Ševčinský důl ( Kaiser-Franz-Joseph-Schacht ) with the Malakoff tower built in 1879

Daytime facilities of the former Prokop shaft with reinforced concrete headframe, they are in a ruinous condition and are not open to the public

Opencast building of the Maria shaft with an exhibition of the Prokop Association on mine rescue services, in front of the shaft there are two memorials for the mine accident

Former shift office building

Historic miners' pub "Na Vršíčku", birthplace of Antonín Jedlička

Cemetery with two mass graves and an obelisk for the victims of the mining disaster of 1892

Memorial stone for the fallen of the First World War

Sons and daughters of the place

Josef Bartoš (1861–1924), composer
Karel Babánek (1872–1937), poet and writer
Jiří Baborovský (1875–1946), chemist
František Suchý Pražský (1891–1973), composer and author
Karel Petrů (1891–1949), journalist, author and football official
Karel Hojden (1893–1975), painter and graphic artist
Hermína Týrlová (1900–1993), director and animation producer
Zdeněk Pilous (1912-2000), bryologist
Antonín "Strýček" Jedlička (1923–1993), actor and comedian
Bohuslav Korejs (* 1925), organist and composer

literature

Berg-Oberamt Přibram: The mine fire in Přibram on May 31, 1892 , special print n.d.
Pavel Škácha, Jakub Plášil, Dino Stoilov: Polymetalický rudní revír Březové Hory - I.část - historie dolování on Kamenet.cz
Pavel Škácha, Jakub Plášil: Polymetalický rudní revír Březové Hory - II.část - mineralogie A až M on Kamenet.cz
Pavel Škácha, Jakub Plášil: Polymetalický rudní revír Březové Hory - III.část - mineralogie M až Z on Kamenet.cz

Web links

Commons : Březové Hory - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi/735515/Brezove-Hory
↑ ^a ^b ^c Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia, Vol. 16 Berauner Kreis, 1849, p. 218
↑ http://www.czso.cz/csu/2009edicniplan.nsf/t/010028D080/$File/13810901.pdf
↑ Soubor hornických památek v Březových Horách in the monument catalog pamatkovykatalog.cz (Czech).
↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-casti-obce/403270/Cast-obce-Pribram-VI-Brezove-Hory

[uir.cz-1] ttp://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi/735515/Brezove-Hory

[Das_Königreich_Böhmen_1849-2] Johann Gottfried Sommer The Kingdom of Bohemia, Vol. 16 Berauner Kreis, 1849, p. 218

[3] ttp://www.czso.cz/csu/2009edicniplan.nsf/t/010028D080/$File/13810901.pdf

[4] Soubor hornických památek v Březových Horách in the monument catalog pamatkovykatalog.cz (Czech).

[5] ttp://www.uir.cz/zsj-casti-obce/403270/Cast-obce-Pribram-VI-Brezove-Hory