Baby jar

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Babyn Jar (2004)

Babyn Yar ( Ukrainian Бабин Яр ; Russian Бабий Яр Babi Yar , German 'Woman's Gorge' ) is a gorge on the territory of the Ukrainian capital Kiev . Km with a length of 2.5 and a depth of 5 to was 30 m, it is a tributary valley of the former Dneprzuflusses Potschajna and was originally located outside the city limits. Today the area is bordered by Melnykowa Street in the north, Olena Teliha Street in the west and Dorohoschizka Street in the south.

This gorge was the scene of the largest single massacre of Jewish men, women and children in World War II in 1941 , which was carried out under the responsibility of the Wehrmacht Army . On September 29 and 30, 1941, more than 33,000 Jews fell victim to the Einsatzgruppen of the Security Police and the SD . During this phase of the war of conquest and extermination against the Soviet Union, Jews were still being killed by mobile SS troops with firearms; factory-based mass murder using gas was not yet common. The 6th Army under General Field Marshal Walter von Reichenau , which had already worked closely with the SD in the months before in the murders of the Jews , helped plan and carry out the extermination campaign.

The 1941 massacre

Memorial to the Murdered Children of Babyn Yar (2006)
“All Jews in the city of Kiev and the surrounding area have to meet on Monday, September 29th by 8:00 am on the corner of ... Documents, money and valuables must be taken with you ... Anyone who does not comply with this request and is found otherwise will be shot. Anyone who breaks into abandoned apartments of Jews or appropriates objects from them will be shot. "Photomontage of the Russian, Ukrainian and German text (1942)

The mass murder of the Jewish population took place after the 6th Army and Einsatzgruppe C of the SS marched into Kiev . The commander in chief was General Field Marshal Walter von Reichenau . The Jewish population of Kiev, which numbered 220,000 at the beginning of the war, had largely fled the invasion of the Wehrmacht or served in the Red Army; around 50,000 remained, mostly older men, women and children. The XXIX. Army Corps, which was subordinate to the 6th Army, placed Kiev under occupation law and appointed the chief of the field command, Major General Kurt Eberhard, as city ​​commander of Kiev.

A few days after the city was conquered ( Battle of Kiev ), explosions and fires broke out in the city center of Kiev, killing several hundred members of the Wehrmacht and residents. Thereupon officers of the Wehrmacht and SS held a meeting on September 27, 1941 in Major General Kurt Eberhard's office. a. Friedrich Jeckeln , who was already responsible for the Kamenez-Podolsk massacre at the end of August 1941, the commander of Einsatzgruppe C , SS Brigadefuhrer Otto Rasch , and the commander of Sonderkommando 4a , SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel . It was decided to kill a large part of the Kiev Jews and to disguise this project as an "evacuation operation of the Jews". On the agreed division of labor between the Wehrmacht and the SS, SS-Obersturmführer August Häfner , who took part in this and the subsequent meetings, reported: “We had to do the dirty work. I think forever that Major General Kurt Eberhard said in Kiev: 'You have to shoot!' ”. Before members of the SS and the Wehrmacht, the murder was to be legitimized as “retaliation for the attacks”. Field Marshal Reichenau personally pushed the action, according to a report from the SS to Berlin: "Wehrmacht welcomes measures and requests radical action".

Members of the SD and Sonderkommando 4a (commanded by SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel) of SS-Einsatzgruppe C under the command of SS-Brigadführer Otto Rasch, who was responsible for the so-called executive measures against the civilian population, commandos of the Police Regiment South, participated in the action the order police , members of the secret field police , Ukrainian auxiliary police and the armed forces.

According to the Dutch historian Karel Berkhoff, the "Bukovin Kurin", a military unit of the Melnyk faction of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists , also took part in the massacre. VR Nakhmanovytsch contradicts this by pointing out that the “Bukovinian Kurin” did not arrive in Kiev before the beginning of November. Information in the sources about the proven involvement of Ukrainian auxiliary police officers is also often not very differentiated, which makes it difficult to quantify precisely.

On September 28, 1941, notices of evacuation were issued to the Kiev Jews. They should be near the train station the following day and bring warm clothing, money, personal documents and valuables with them. More Jews than expected followed this call. They were led in groups out of the city and to the gorge, where they had to get rid of their clothes and were then systematically shot by machine gun and machine pistol fire in accordance with the “Einsatzkommando der Einsatzgruppe Nr. 101”. In the shootings on September 29 and 30, 1941, according to a report from SS-Einsatzgruppe C on October 2, 1941, 33,771 Jews were killed within 36 hours.

One of the few survivors, Dina Pronitschewa, describes the horror as follows:

“You had to lie on your stomach on the bodies of the murdered and wait for the shots that came from above. Then came the next group. For 36 hours Jews came and died. Perhaps people were dying and dying the same, but everyone was different until the last moment, everyone had different thoughts and premonitions until everything was clear, and then everything went black. Some people died thinking of others, like the mother of the beautiful fifteen-year-old Sara, who asked to be shot with her daughter. Here, even at the end, was one more worry: if she saw her daughter shot, she wouldn't see her raped. A naked mother spent her last moments breastfeeding her baby. When the baby was thrown alive into the ravine, she jumped after it. "

According to witness statements, there were also cases of sexual violence against women prior to the shootings . The Wehrmacht did more than just provide logistical help by securing the city and the shooting place. After the killing, pioneers blasted the edges of the gorge to remove tracks. The victims who were shot and still alive were buried alive. The belongings of the murdered were kept in a warehouse and distributed to ethnic Germans and needy residents of Kiev. The clothes were loaded into 137 trucks and handed over to the NS-Volkswohlfahrt .

After the massacre, Einsatzgruppe C praised the good cooperation with the 6th Army:

“The task force succeeded in establishing an excellent agreement with all of the military services from day one. This also made it possible that the task force never stayed in the area of ​​the rear army area from the start of its deployment , rather that the Wehrmacht repeatedly asked that the task forces want to move as far forward as possible. "

More massacres

Until the Red Army captured Kiev in November 1943, further mass shootings took place at various locations in the city of Kiev, in which Soviet prisoners of war and civilians of different nationalities were killed. According to various estimates, the total number of victims is between 150,000 and 200,000.

Cover-up 1005 B

After the lost battle of Stalingrad , as in other areas, attempts were made to remove the traces of the massacre, because a return of the Red Army was becoming possible. SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel returned with Sonderkommando 1005  A and a group under SS-Obersturmbannführer Baumann consisting of approx. 10 SD men and 30 German police officers as well as 327 prisoners from the nearby Syrez concentration camp had to "earth" the corpses as forced laborers , allegedly 40,000 to 45,000 and burn on pyres made of gasoline-soaked railway sleepers. Afterwards, the forced laborers were shot as confidants. Some escaped and reported about these cremations after the war.

Legal processing

Dina Pronitschewa, a survivor of the massacre,
testifying in the Kiev war crimes trial in 1946

After the liberation of Kiev at the beginning of November 1943, Soviet investigative bodies immediately obtained a more detailed overview. NKGB and “ Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Crimes of German Fascist Invaders ” prepared reports. In January 1946, fifteen Germans were indicted in the Kiev war crimes trial. Babyn Jar could not be blamed directly, but it took up a relatively large amount of space to characterize the essence of German occupation policy and, implicitly, the defendants. However, the indictment and verdict emphasized the "mass extermination of Soviet citizens" during the occupation.

The Babyn Yar massacre was also one of the charges in the Nuremberg trials . The Soviet prosecution team presented written documents there about the exhumations. Paul Blobel was found guilty of the murder of 60,000 people, including the victims of Babyn Yar, in the Einsatzgruppen trial , sentenced to death and hanged on June 7, 1951 in Landsberg .

In 1968, another eight members of Sonderkommando 4a were sentenced to long prison terms by the Darmstadt Regional Court in the "Callsen Trial" (SS leader Kuno Callsen was Blobel's liaison officer to AOK 6) . Field Marshal General Walter von Reichenau had died of a stroke in 1942; Major General Kurt Eberhard committed in 1947 in US internment in Stuttgart suicide .

In May 1971, a trial was opened before the regional court in Regensburg against the commander of the police battalion 45, Martin Besser (79), the company commander Engelbert Kreuzer (57) and the sergeant of the company Fritz Forberg (66) for aiding and abetting a thousandfold murder. After two and three days respectively, the proceedings against Besser and Forberg were discontinued or interrupted due to officially certified incapacity to stand trial. Company commander Kreuzer was also accused of complicity in 40,000 murders. In August 1971, the police major and SS-Sturmbannführer Kreuzer was found guilty by the court and sentenced to seven years in prison for aiding and abetting the mass murder of Babyn Yar. In addition, according to the verdict, he was involved in the murders of Berdychiv , Khorol , Slavuta , Shepetovka , Sudylkow and Vinnitsa . The Regensburg district court was responsible locally, since the police battalion 45 belonged to the police regiment Russia South and its commander, René Rosenbauer, lived in Regensburg. The proceedings against Lieutenant Colonel Rosenbauer, who was in command of the above. Regiment held, was stopped in advance due to inability to negotiate.

None of the officers of the Wehrmacht who had participated in the preparation, implementation or cover-up of the massacre ever had to answer in court.

Memory politics

The Babyn Yar massacre has long remained largely unknown to the general public. The New York Times reported about it on November 29, 1943. In the Soviet Union , however, knowledge of the massacre was manipulated and suppressed by the government. The first Soviet press release about the massacre in the Izvestia newspaper on November 19, 1941 stated that the victims of Babyn Yar were exclusively Jews. But Stalin had already started a campaign against the Soviet Jews during the war. To admit that the National Socialists mainly murdered Jews as a group would also have meant for the Soviet government to recognize the existence of Jews as a separate group in Soviet society. The involvement of collaborators should also not be mentioned. The official report on the massacre published at the end of February 1944, six months after the liberation of Kiev, led by Nikita Khrushchev , spoke of the victims only as Soviet citizens, without mentioning the fact that Jews had been murdered in a targeted manner. The publication of a black book by Wassili Grossman and Ilja Ehrenburg on the murder of the Jews was censored and extradition was prevented.

Valentin Andreevich Galotschkin : Babin Yar , 1964
Yevgeny Yevtushenko, author of a poem Babi Yar (2009)

In the thaw after Stalin's death in 1957 , the Ukrainian Central Committee discussed plans for a memorial, but decided that it would be better to build a sports stadium over the site of the massacre. After an open letter from the writer Viktor Nekrasov and a petition from citizens, the Ukrainian government announced that a park with a monument should now be built in Babyn Yar. Khrushchev himself made sure that the plans were not followed up. Instead, construction of a dam began in 1960 and mud and water were pumped into the gorge from a nearby quarry. After heavy rains and an accident in the nearby brick factory, the dam broke on March 13, 1961 and flooded suburbs in northern Kiev. According to the New York Times , 145 people were killed. Conversely, however, it also corresponded to Khrushchev's lurching course that the publication of the poem Babi Yar by Yevgeny Yevtushenko was allowed on September 19, 1961.

Construction work at Babyn Yar continued, as did public anti-Semitic attacks. In the mid-1960s, the Jewish cemetery, which had served as a gathering point during the massacre, was leveled in order to build a television tower there. From 1966, however, tolerated memorial marches began with thousands of participants. Finally, in 1976, a memorial was inaugurated, but it did not mention that those killed were mainly Jews. On September 29, 1991, the Jewish monument " Menorah " in the Babyn Yar Park ( Дорогожичі Dorohoschytschi metro station ) was opened to the public. In the following years more monuments were erected, so that the historian Andrej Kotljarchuk speaks of a competition for victims.

Speech by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin

On the occasion of a two-day visit to Ukraine, which Yitzchak Rabin made on September 12 and 13, 1995 with his wife Leah , the Rabins also visited Babyn Yar. In his speech there, Rabin remembered the dead with the following words:

“Here in Babyn Yar, the men of Sonderkommando A4 destroyed the dreams of young children and the hearts of their parents whom they tried to protect with their own bodies. Here the roar of gunfire drowned out the screams of tens of thousands of Kiev Jews and many other victims. And here in this hellhole ended the story of a great Jewish world - the world of Ukrainian Jews, from whose midst emerged the first dreamers of Zion , the best Jewish poets and writers, the great pioneers and trailblazers of Zionism . "

- Quoted from Leah Rabin

Literary reception

On the 20th anniversary of the massacre, the Russian poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko wrote the poem Babiy Yar , the first two verses of which read as follows (with a translation by Paul Celan ):

«Над Бабьим Яром памятников нет.
Крутой обрыв, как грубое надгробье. »

"Nad Babjim Yarom pamyatnikow net.
Krutoi obryw, kak gruboje nadgrobje. "

“Above Babiy Yar, there is no monument.
A steep slope - the one uncut tombstone. "

With his poem Yevtushenko achieved world fame in 1961. In his own country it led to fierce cultural-political disputes, as he first commemorated the mass murder of Kiev Jews in 1941 in the Soviet Union and combined the accusation against the German crime with official anti-Semitism in his own country, which meant that the victims were refused a memorial. After the text had initially been circulated as samizdat , Yevtushenko first read the poem publicly in Moscow in September 1961. On September 13, 1961, it appeared in the Soviet literary magazine Literaturnaja Gazeta . The dispute intensified due to the setting of the poem in 1962 by the composer Dmitri Shostakovich in the Adagio of his 13th Symphony in B flat minor, Op. 113 . According to Frank Grüner, no other artistic adaptation of the Babiy Yar theme has met with such lively interest as Shostakovich's premiere of the symphony on December 18, 1962 in Moscow's Tchaikovsky Conservatory , alongside Yevtushenko's poem .

Already in 1944 Ilya Ehrenburg remembered the victims of Babiy Yar in a poem. In the thousand-page black book published by him and Wassili Grossman on the criminal mass extermination of Jews in the Soviet Union in 1941–1945, the first text deals with the murder of the Jewish population in Kiev; Babi Yar .

In the documentary novel Babiy Yar - The Gorge of Sorrows, Anatoly Kuznetsov reported on this massacre from close quarters and based on the testimonies of survivors. The mass murder is also depicted in the novel The Well-intentioned by Jonathan Littell .

Katja Petrowskaja , the winner of the Ingeborg Bachmann Prize 2013, addresses in the text she read, Maybe Esther, the shooting of her Jewish great-grandmother in Kiev in 1941. He tells of the attempt by those born later to postpone the murder by telling stories. On the occasion of the 70th anniversary in 2011, the author remembered the massacre in her report Walk in Babiy Yar .

  • Memorial menorah for murdered Jews

  • This memorial on the corner of Frunze Street and Peter-Paul Street across from Kurenewskij Park shows the bronze sculpture of a Jewish (?) Boy who reported the notice posted on September 26 with the order to gather the Jewish population of Kiev for the purpose of “resettlement “On September 29th.

  • Memorial to the victims of the Kurenivka mudslide in 1961

  • Memorial at a site of mass shootings in February 1943 between kindergartens east of Grekowa Street and high-rise residential buildings with a church in honor of the icon "Softening the Evil Hearts" in the background

  • Poplar avenue in Babyn Yar Park, which is located on the border between the historical districts of Syrez and Kureniwka in the north and Lukjaniwka in the south

  • Photo collage of the memorial for the writer Anatoly Wassiljewitsch Kuznetsov on Frunze Street with a reproduction of the announcement from September 26, 1941 in Ukrainian (artist: Volodymyr Shurawel)

  • Memorial for inmates of the Syrez concentration camp shot in 1943 with a steel helmet, an officer's peaked cap and a soccer ball, alluding to the game of death on August 9, 1942, in front of the apartment block at 8a Schtusseva Street

  • A memorial to Olena Teliha and other Ukrainian nationalists shot in 1942, built in 1992

Movie and TV

Several films have been made about the crime, including:

Exhibitions

"Mass shootings. The Holocaust between the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea 1941–1944 ”. Topography of Terror . Berlin. September 28, 2016 to March 19, 2017.

See also

literature

  • Ilja Altman : victim of hatred. The Holocaust in the USSR 1941–1945. With a foreword by Hans-Heinrich Nolte. Translated from the Russian by Ellen Greifer. Muster-Schmidt, Gleichen / Zurich 2008, ISBN 978-3-7881-2032-0 . (Russian original edition: Жертвы ненависти. Холокост в СССР, 1941–1945 гг. - Schertwy nenawisti. Cholokost w SSSR 1941–1945 “, Moskva 2002, review H-Soz-u-Kult , October 24, 2008).
  • Klaus Jochen Arnold : The conquest and treatment of the city of Kiev by the Wehrmacht in September 1941. On the radicalization of the occupation policy. In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen 1999 (58), 23–63.
  • Patrick Dempsey: Babi-Yar. A Jewish catastrophe. PA Draigh, Measham 2005, ISBN 1-904115-03-9 .
  • Karl Fruchtmann : The pit. Screenplay for a film. Donat, Bremen 1998, ISBN 3-931737-44-6 .
  • Wassili Grossman , Ilja Ehrenburg (ed.): The black book. The genocide of the Soviet Jews. Rowohlt Verlag, Reinbek near Hamburg 1994, ISBN 3-498-01655-5 ; Chapter Kiev; Babi Jar , pp. 43–58 (witness reports from 1945, 1946/47 prepared for printing by L. Oserow).
  • Vladyslav Hrynevych, Paul Robert Magocsi (eds.): Babyn Yar. History and Memory . Duch i Litera, Kyiv 2016, ISBN 978-966-378-470-0 (also in Ukrainian; collection of articles: conference contributions from 2016).
  • Stefan Klemp : "Not determined". Police Battalions and the Post War Justice. A manual. 2nd Edition. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2011, ISBN 978-3-8375-0663-1 , p. 63 f.
  • Anatoli Wassiljewitsch Kuznetsov : Babi Yar. A documentary novel. People and World, Berlin 1968.
    • newly edited and translated from Russian by Irina Nowak. With an afterword by Benjamin Korn. Matthes & Seitz, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-88221-295-0 .
  • Vitaliy Nakhmanovych (ed.): Babyn Yar. Memory against History's Background . Laurus, Kyiv 2017, ISBN 978-617-7313-02-0 (catalog for the exhibition in the Kiev Historical Museum; Ukrainian, English).
  • Dieter Pohl : The Einsatzgruppe C 1941/1942. In: Peter Klein (Ed.): The Einsatzgruppen in the occupied Soviet Union 1941/42. Memorial and Educational Center House Wannsee Conference, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-89468-200-0 , pp. 71–87.
  • Richard Rhodes: The German Murderers. The SS Einsatzgruppen and the Holocaust. Bastei-Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2002, ISBN 978-3-404-64218-2 , see in particular pp. 262-275.
  • Hartmut Rüß: Who was responsible for the Babij Yar massacre? In: Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen , 1998, 57, pp. 483–508 (On the role of the Wehrmacht).
  • Hartmut Rüß: Kiev / Babij Jar. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II. Primus, Darmstadt 2003, ISBN 3-89678-232-0 , pp. 102-113.
  • Harald Welzer : perpetrator. How normal people become mass murderers. S. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-10-089431-6 . (In particular chapter Killing Work - The Implementation. )
  • Erhard Roy Wiehn (ed.): The Schoáh of Babij Jar. The German Sonderkommando massacre of the Jewish population of Kiev in 1941. Fifty years later in memory. Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 1991, ISBN 3-89191-430-X . (Collection of articles)
  • Wolfram Wette: “You have to shoot!” In: Die Zeit , No. 48/2001; about the Babiy Yar massacre.

Web links

Commons : Babi Yar  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ Hartmut Rüß: Kiev / Babij Jar. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II. Primus, Darmstadt 2003, p. 102.
  2. ↑ Wolfram Wette : The Wehrmacht. Enemy images, war of extermination, legends. Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-596-15645-9 , pp. 115-128.
  3. ↑ Hartmut Rüß: Kiev / Babij Jar. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II. Primus, Darmstadt 2003, p. 103.
  4. ↑ Hamburg Institute for Social Research (Ed.): Crimes of the Wehrmacht: Dimensions of the War of Extermination 1941–1944. Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-930908-74-3 , p. 161.
  5. ^ Ernst Klee : The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Second updated edition, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8 .
  6. ↑ Wolfram Wette: The Wehrmacht. Enemy images, war of extermination, legends. Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-596-15645-9 , pp. 118f.
  7. ↑ Wolfram Wette: The Wehrmacht. Enemy images, war of extermination, legends. Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-596-15645-9 , p. 119.
  8. ↑ Laura Notheisen: On the Holocaust in the Ukraine - Babyn Yar and the 1005 campaign as reflected in the interrogation reports Hartung-Gorre, edition: 2020, ISBN 978-3866285545 , p. 14.
  9. ↑ Yuri Radchenko: Babyn Yar: A site of massacres, (dis) remembrance and instrumentalization New Eastern Europe, October 11, 2016, accessed June 13, 2020 archived version
  10. ↑ VR Nakhmanovytsch: Bukovyns'kyj Kurin i masovi rozstril Jevrejiv Kyyeva voseny 1941 r. Ukrajinskyj istorychnyj zhurnal 2007. - No. 3 (474). - pp. 76–97, accessed June 13, 2020 archived version , automatically translated version
  11. ↑ Hartmut Rüß: Kiev / Babij Jar. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II. Primus, Darmstadt 2003, p. 102.
  12. ↑ 75 years of the Babi Yar massacre The victims have names. In: one day , accessed September 29, 2016.
  13. ↑ Andreas Hilger : Let justice take its course . In: Norbert Frei (ed.): Transnational politics of the past. How to deal with German war criminals in Europe after the Second World War. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2006, pp. 180–246 ISBN 978-3-89244-940-9 , p. 180.
  14. ↑ Bafij-Jar procedure at the LG Vienna. Nachkriegsjustiz.at, accessed January 15, 2015.
  15. ↑ Wolfram Wette: The Wehrmacht. Enemy images, war of extermination, legends. Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-596-15645-9 , p. 117.
  16. ↑ Wolfram Wette: The Wehrmacht. Enemy images, war of extermination, legends. Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-596-15645-9 , p. 125.
  17. ↑ Babyn Jar on Deathcamp.org, accessed January 17, 2015.
  18. ↑ Marc von Lüpke: Survivors of the Babi Yar massacre: I fell on corpses. Der Spiegel , September 29, 2016.
  19. ↑ Andreas Hilger: Let justice take its course. P. 181 ff.
  20. ^ The Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Indictment, War Crimes, Volume I, p. 53; Meeting on February 14, 1946.
  21. ^ Ernst Klee: The dictionary of persons on the Third Reich. Who was what before and after 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Second updated edition, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 978-3-596-16048-8 , p. 123.
  22. ↑ Stefan Klemp : Not determined. 2005, p. 124.
  23. ↑ Wolfram Wette: The Wehrmacht. Enemy images, war of extermination, legends. Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-596-15645-9 , p. 127.
  24. ↑ Jacqueline Cherepinsky: The Absence of the Babi Yar Massacre Popular from memory. In: Victoria Khiterer, Ryan Barrick et al. David Misal (Ed.): The Holocaust. Memories and History. Cambridge Scholars Publ., Newcastle upon Tyne 2014, p. 150.
  25. ↑ Jacqueline Cherepinsky: The Absence of the Babi Yar Massacre Popular from memory. In: Victoria Khiterer, Ryan Barrick et al. David Misal (Ed.): The Holocaust. Memories and History. Cambridge Scholars Publ., Newcastle upon Tyne 2014, p. 152.
  26. ↑ Jeff Mankoff: Babi Yar and the Struggle for Memory, 1944-2004. In: Ab imperio, 2/2004, p. 396.
  27. ↑ a b Jacqueline Cherepinsky: The Absence of the Babi Yar Massacre Popular from memory. In: Victoria Khiterer, Ryan Barrick et al. David Misal (Ed.): The Holocaust. Memories and History . Cambridge Scholars Publ., Newcastle upon Tyne 2014, pp. 143–174, here pp. 152 f.
  28. ↑ Jeff Mankoff: Babi Yar and the Struggle for Memory, 1944-2004. In: Ab imperio, 2/2004, p. 393-415, here p. 397 f.
  29. ↑ Andrej Kotljarchuk: The Memory of the Roma Holocaust in Ukraine: Mass Graves, Memory Work and the Politics of Commemoration. In: Tea Sindbæk Andersen, Barbara Törnquist-Plewa (Ed.): Disputed Memory. Emotions and Memory Politics in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (= Media and Cultural Memory / media and cultural memory 24). De Gruyter, Berlin 2016, pp. 149–174, here p. 160.
  30. ↑ Jacqueline Cherepinsky: The Absence of the Babi Yar Massacre Popular from memory. In: Victoria Khiterer, Ryan Barrick et al. David Misal (Ed.): The Holocaust. Memories and History. Cambridge Scholars Publ., Newcastle upon Tyne 2014, p. 157 f .; Andrej Kotljarchuk: The Memory of the Roma Holocaust in Ukraine: Mass Graves, Memory Work and the Politics of Commemoration. In: Tea Sindbæk Andersen u. Barbara Törnquist-Plewa (Ed.): Disputed Memory. Emotions and Memory Politics in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. De Gruyter, Berlin 2016, p. 162.
  31. ↑ Jacqueline Cherepinsky: The Absence of the Babi Yar Massacre Popular from memory. In: Victoria Khiterer, Ryan Barrick et al. David Misal (Ed.): The Holocaust. Memories and History. Cambridge Scholars Publ., Newcastle upon Tyne 2014, p. 158.
  32. ↑ Jacqueline Cherepinsky: The Absence of the Babi Yar Massacre Popular from memory. In: Victoria Khiterer, Ryan Barrick et al. David Misal (Ed.): The Holocaust. Memories and History. Cambridge Scholars Publ., Newcastle upon Tyne 2014, p. 159 f.
  33. ↑ Jeff Mankoff: Babi Yar and the Struggle for Memory, 1944-2004. In: Ab imperio, 2/2004, p. 399.
  34. ↑ Jeff Mankoff: Babi Yar and the Struggle for Memory, 1944-2004. In: Ab imperio, 2/2004, p. 407 f.
  35. ↑ Jacqueline Cherepinsky: The Absence of the Babi Yar Massacre Popular from memory. In: Victoria Khiterer, Ryan Barrick et al. David Misal (Ed.): The Holocaust. Memories and History. Cambridge Scholars Publ., Newcastle upon Tyne 2014, p. 162; Andrej Kotljarchuk: The Memory of the Roma Holocaust in Ukraine: Mass Graves, Memory Work and the Politics of Commemoration. In: Tea Sindbæk Andersen u. Barbara Törnquist-Plewa (Ed.): Disputed Memory. Emotions and Memory Politics in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. De Gruyter, Berlin 2016, p. 162.
  36. ↑ Andrej Kotljarchuk: The Memory of the Roma Holocaust in Ukraine: Mass Graves, Memory Work and the Politics of Commemoration. In: Tea Sindbæk Andersen u. Barbara Törnquist-Plewa (Ed.): Disputed Memory. Emotions and Memory Politics in Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe. De Gruyter, Berlin 2016, p. 163.
  37. ↑ Leah Rabin: I continue on his way. Memories of Yitzchak Rabin. Droemer Knaur, 1997, ISBN 3-426-26975-9 , p. 371. - The so-called “Sonderkommando A4” by Rabin is correctly called “Sonderkommando 4a”; see Hartmut Rüß: Kiev / Babij Jar. In: Gerd R. Ueberschär (Ed.): Places of horror. Crimes in World War II. Primus, Darmstadt 2003, p. 102.
  38. ↑ Евгений Евтушенко: Бабий Яр. Библиотека Максима Мошкова, accessed December 31, 2013 .
  39. ↑ “Babij Jar” in four German versions . In: Die Zeit , No. 3/1963.
  40. ↑ Unfamiliar proximity. Celan as a translator . German Schiller Society, Marbach am Neckar 1997, p. 191.
  41. ↑ Recitation: Yewtuschenko, performance of the 13th Symphony by Kurt Masur and the New York Philharmonic on YouTube .
  42. ↑ Frank Grüner: The tragedy of Babiy Yar in Soviet memory. Artistic memory versus official silence. In: Frank Grüner, Urs Heftrich, Heinz-Dietrich Löwe (eds.): Destroyer of Silence. Forms of artistic memory of the National Socialist race and extermination policy in Eastern Europe. Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2006, pp. 57–96, p. 88.
  43. ^ In the later book publication, Maybe Esther. Erzählungen , Suhrkamp, ​​Berlin In 2014 the text found its place at the end of the 5th chapter.
  44. ^ Jens Bisky : Bachmann Prize Winner Katja Petrowskaja. Still underage in German. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung of July 7, 2013.
  45. ↑ On the anniversary of the massacre: “Walk in Babiy Yar”. on faz.net.
  46. ^ Sven Felix Kellerhoff : Babyn Jar massacre. Thousands of murders as everyday life - and amusement . Welt Online , September 29, 2016; accessed October 14, 2016.

Coordinates: 50 ° 28 ′ 16.9 ″  N , 30 ° 26 ′ 57.9 ″  E