Bavarian popular uprising

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Bavarian popular uprising is the name of an uprising against the Austrian occupation in 1705 and 1706, during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713 / 14). After Elector Max Emanuel was expelled during the War of the Spanish Succession, Bavaria was occupied by troops from Joseph I , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire . The Bavarian people rose up against the imperial occupation; Henric L. Wuermeling speaks of the “first revolution in modern history”. It lasted around 75 days from the beginning of November 1705 to January 18, 1706.

The event with the greatest aftereffect in the collective memory was the Sendlinger Murder Christmas .

Coat of arms of Bavaria 1703
The Sendlinger Bauernschlacht 1705 , detail from the fresco by Wilhelm Lindenschmit the Elder. Ä. at the old parish church in Sendling .
1728 Homann Map of Bavaria, Germany - Geographicus - Bavariae-homann-1728

prehistory

During the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1713 / 14), the French and Bavarian troops were defeated by the Allies in the Battle of Höchstädt in 1704 . For France the battle meant a turning point, for the smaller partner Bavaria the military end. Max Emanuel was given an imperial ban and went to Brussels under French protection, where he had already resided in the 1690s as governor of the Spanish Netherlands . The reign of the Wittelsbachers temporarily went into the hands of the Bavarian Electress Therese Kunigunde . In the spring of 1705, however, Emperor Leopold I died . His son and successor Joseph I occupied the Bavarian Oberland and the residential city of Munich and also had taxes increased dramatically. In the autumn of 1705 a compulsory eviction was ordered throughout the electorate.

First uprisings

As a consequence, there were first uprisings and acts of violence by the men affected by the forced eviction in the Upper Palatinate , Lower Bavaria and the area around Tölz , which already coined the slogan for the following revolts: "Liaba bairisch steam [die], als Kaiserlich verdeam [ spoil] ”. With the spread of the revolts, officers, nobles , civil servants and craftsmen increasingly took over the leadership of the rebels and gave the revolutionary efforts the goal of taking over the rent offices of Bavaria. First Burghausen was besieged, which surrendered to the rebels on December 16, 1705, as was Braunau shortly afterwards . These two cities thus became the military and political centers of the insurrectionary movement. The entire area between Danube and Inn was conquered and the uprising spread to the Bavarian Forest and Kelheim an der Donau. The first democratic structure of modern Europe, the so-called Gmein der Bürger und Bauern or the “ Braunau Parliament ”, also emerged in Braunau .

Sendlinger Murder Christmas

Blacksmith von Kochel in Kochel am See

The highlight and at the same time the turning point is probably the Sendlinger Murder Christmas , during which the rebels from the Bavarian Oberland were defeated and completely wiped out by troops of Emperor Joseph I in Sendling on the night of December 25, 1705 . The number of those killed in this battle on the Bavarian side is put at around 1,100 men, on the other side it is estimated at around 40. Some of the insurgents were killed after they had surrendered. The battle was preceded by the insurgents' attempt to take the Bavarian capital, Munich .

Braunau Parliament

The state defense congress met in December 1705 in Braunau am Inn, which was then still in Bavaria . Long before the French Revolution and early German parliamentarism, representatives of the four estates of the nobility, clergy, bourgeois and peasants met on December 21, 1705 in the town quarter of Baron von Paumgarten at the Breuninger inn in Braunau am Inn. Not until the battle of Aidenbach on January 8, 1706 ended with the complete defeat of the popular uprising and around 4,000 fallen on the Bavarian side. This led to the collapse of the uprising against Joseph I.

List of Bavarian freedom fighters in the Unterland

A "list of the main ringleaders in the westward peasant uprising, Unterlands" names 15 names:

  1. “The butcher from Höchenwarth, called Khurtz”, today: Hohenwart near Emmerting , Altötting district
  2. "The landlord's son from Engelsperg, so dermally as a pöckh in the Graf Warttenberg market spot in Düssling", today: Engelsberg , district of Traunstein, and Tüßling , district of Altötting
  3. "Würth von Schilting", presumably: Schildthurn , Rottal-Inn district
  4. "Würth von Hürsching", presumably: Hirschhorn in Wurmannsquick , Rottal-Inn district
  5. "Würth von Imb", Ibm in Eggelsberg , Braunau district
  6. "The so-called old Hofpaur von Wuehrlach lives half an hour from Braunau"
  7. "The Naglstetter in the Kriesbach Court of Braunau", today: Kriebach in Hochburg-Ach , Braunau district
  8. "(Same) the red-paired Schwaiger, court Braunau", also Hochburg-Ach, district of Braunau
  9. "Schiennkhhueber zu Mitterndorf Court Braunau", today: Mitterndorf in Hochburg-Ach, Braunau district
  10. "The Neuhauser to Hochburggericht Braunau", today: Stronghold in Hochburg-Ach, Braunau district
  11. "The so-called Maindlsperger dess Ambts Eggelsperg", today: Eggelsberg, Braunau district
  12. "The Plündtgannser used Congress Secretary in Braunau", Georg Sebastian Plinganser from Postmünster , Rottal-Inn district
  13. "The main rebel Meindl sambt the Würth von Schweigsroidt", Johann Georg Meindl from Weng im Innkreis , Braunau district, landlord of Schweigersreith, Maria Schmolln , Braunau district
  14. "The vest Comissari Fux", Matthias Agidius Fuchs
  15. Hoffmann, Johann Hoffmann , born in Pleystein , Upper Palatinate, settled in Tann , district of Rottal-Inn at the beginning of the Bavarian popular uprising

Battle of Aidenbach

The well-equipped Imperial professional soldiers marched into the Bavarian Unterland (Lower Bavaria) after their victory outside Munich. They reached Aidenbach on the morning of January 8, 1706.

3,000 to 7,000 poorly equipped Bavarians from the lowlands faced an imperial professional army of around 1,300 soldiers. In the battle of Aidenbach 2000 to 3000 Bavarians were cruelly massacred, while the losses of the imperial army are only estimated at around 300 soldiers.

Johann Hoffmann , the leader of the Landesdefension in the battle of Aidenbach, was able to escape, but was later seized and beheaded in Braunau am Inn in 1706/7.

Collapse of the Bavarian popular uprising

On January 11, 1706, a deputation from the National Defense Congress traveled to Salzburg for peace negotiations . In addition to Mayor Franz Dürnhardt, it included the Barons von Paumgarten and von Prielmayr , Mayor Georg Ludwig Harter von Burghausen and the farmer Franz Nagelstätter. On January 13th, Schärding , on the 16th of Cham , on the 17th of Braunau was handed over to the imperial family and on January 18th, 1706 Burghausen surrendered as the last town that was still in the hands of the Landesdefension . The popular uprising was crushed.

Defregger: Blacksmith von Kochel

The most important leaders of the Bavarian popular uprising are the shooters von Aidenbach, Georg Sebastian Plinganser and Johann Georg Meindl . The real role model for the blacksmith von Kochel was probably Balthasar Riesenberger, blacksmith from Bach, who demonstrably participated in the slaughter of Sendling. The Bavarian people probably made that Schmiedbalthes von Kochel out of himself, who was characterized by strength, loyalty and courage.

aftermath

The Imperial Administration in Bavaria under Maximilian Karl Graf zu Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rochefort subsequently chose a more moderate course. The forced recruitment was discontinued and the tax demands lowered, so that Bavaria was able to recover at least to a modest extent during the nine years that followed under imperial rule.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The son of the court judge - Gmeiner Verlag. Retrieved April 28, 2019 .
  2. ↑ Herwig Slezak: He led the peasants into battle: "The son of the court judge". Retrieved August 6, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Joseph Pamler: The battle near Aidenbach on January 8th, 1706. From the handwritten chronicle of Aidenbach. sn, Passau 1859, digitized version (PDF; 15.59 MB) ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.staatliche-bibliothek-passau.de
  4. ↑ The history of the Vilstal