Beram
| Beram | |||
|
|||
| Basic data | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| State : |
 Croatia
|
||
| County : |
 Istria
|
||
| Municipality : | Pazin | ||
| Height : | 321 m. i. J. | ||
| Residents : | 250 (2004) | ||
| Telephone code : | (+385) 052 | ||
| Postal code : | 52000 | ||
| License plate : | PU | ||
| Structure and administration | |||
| Community type : | settlement | ||
 Beram from the north-east |
|||
Beram ( Italian Vermo , German outdated Burgerdorf ) is a small town in the Croatian Istria County . It belongs to the municipality of Pazin and is located around five kilometers northwest of this town on the road to Poreč . Beram has about 250 inhabitants. The village is known for the Bible for the poor and the dance of death in the church of Maria im Fels .
The name of the place comes from pre-Roman times. Beram Castle was called Verm , from which the Italian place name Vermo originated. Berm was the German castle name from which the Slavic name Beram developed.
Geology and location
Beram is located in the gently rolling karst landscape of the Istrian plate. The place is located east of the valley of the Čipri brook , the extension of the Lim Valley ( Limska draga ), on a northern hill of Mount Càmus (365 m) at an altitude of 321 meters. Near Pazin in the Southeast are located in the northwest of Motovun , in the south of Sveti Petar u Šumi and along the coast to the west Porec .
history
Antiquity
A fortified settlement was already on the hill of Beram in the Bronze Age , probably more than 4000 years ago.
The area, especially the southern slope, is a large prehistoric necropolis of the Illyrians . In the 19th century in particular, numerous archaeological finds were made, some of which are several thousand years old. They are now in the Labin Museum, among other places . In 1882 one was bronze - Cista discovered with geometrical figures and birds. In addition, 172 burial urns from the Bronze Age have been found, suggesting that cremation was common at the time. No traces of burial could be found. The size of the place has hardly changed to this day.
middle Ages
Early middle ages
During the Roman occupation, Beram was probably not a Latin settlement as no finds have been made from this period. In the early Middle Ages , the settlement was surrounded by a double wall with a rectangular tower.
The Fojba River , which today plunges into the gorge of the same name, once continued to flow through the Beram Valley, which is part of the Lim Valley ( Limska draga ). Perhaps after the fall of the Roman Empire , soldiers were stationed here who guarded this important traffic route in order to block the traffic between central Istria and the sea.
At the end of the 6th century, Beram was invaded by Slavs who fought bloody battles throughout northeastern Istria. It seems that the village was completely destroyed in the process.
High and late Middle Ages
Beram was first mentioned in a document in 911 in a deed of donation from King Berengar to the Bishop of Trieste .
The affiliation of the Church of Beram changed frequently between the 12th and 14th centuries. In 1177 it was attached to the Church of Poreč along with other churches in the diocese . In 1230 the fief went to the Bishop of Trieste, which had already been decided in 1040. In 1333 the bishop handed it over to the pedestals of Trieste. In 1355, the bishop of Trieste, who in the meantime held the rights again, gave the fief to the bishop of Poreč .
In 1344 broke through the numerous raids ( " raids ") in Veneto , a war between the Venetians and the Count of Pazin, Albert IV. From. During the war, the count was taken prisoner. In order to be released, he had to swear to hand over the walls and the castle of Beram. In 1374 the Count of Pazin died. With that Beram went with the entire county to Austria, with the exception of the feudal rights of the church.
Modern times
Beram was badly damaged in the 16th century. In the years 1508 and 1509 the place was occupied by the Venetians after Austria under Maximilian I gave up without a fight in the war against the Venetians. In 1511 the Turks carried out some raids around Beram, which devastated and destroyed the area. The country was deserted by the war and the aftermath of the plague . Therefore, the Lords of Beram caused great immigration of the Mauro Walachians from the Balkans . Due to the increase in population, Beram had the status of a small town in 1578.
After the end of the Austro-Venetian War, Beram was largely at peace for several centuries. In the 17th century there was a permanent market in the place. In 1797 Istria fell to Austria after the Peace of Campo Formio and to France in 1805 in the Peace of Pressburg . After the reconquest in 1815, Istria was rejoined to Austria.
After the First World War , Istria belonged to Italy . After the Second World War , the area belonged to Yugoslavia . The Republic of Croatia declared its independence in 1991 and was recognized under international law on January 23, 1992.
population
In the 16th century, the population fell very sharply as a result of wars and the plague (see above). It increased significantly in the same century due to the immigration of the Mauro-Walachians from the Balkans , who included around 150 families.
In 2001 there were slightly more men (121) than women (113) among the total of 234 inhabitants. A slightly higher incidence between five and 14 years and between 30 and 45 years can be found in men. A larger proportion of women can be seen, especially among the five to 14 year olds. The total of 62 private households are mainly couples with children (40). Beram is shaped by Roman Catholicism , as is the higher-level municipality of Pazin, in which 88 percent of the population are Catholic.
| year | Residents |
|---|---|
| 1972 | 200 |
| 2001 | 234 |
| 2004 | 250 |
Culture
An extraordinary number of writings were written in Beram. This also includes several originals of Istria as well as some of the oldest works from the 13th and 14th centuries. Beram was one of the most important centers for Glagolitic writing . Students came to the place from large parts of Istria to learn the script.
The writings can be found in the form of public inscriptions , in books and on the walls of medieval churches. The most important works from Beram include illuminated (illustrated) Glagolitic manuscripts such as the collection of sermons from the 13th century and the richly painted missal from the 14th century. Several illuminated Glagolitic manuscripts from the 14th and 15th centuries from Beram are exhibited in the Slovenian National and University Library .
Significant places and buildings
In the center of the village is the main square with the Martinskirche and the tower. There is also a memorial to those who fell in World War II and a fountain. On the south side of the square, from which the streets radiate, is the birthplace of Vladimir Gortan , in which there is a small monument to him. A memorial ossuary is located in Podberam, on the other side of the road from Pazin to Poreč. It was built in 1951.
In the south of the village are the Mala Vrata (Little Door), which served as the entrance to the village in the earliest phase, as well as a remnant of the medieval fortress walls. Another holdover can be found in the west. There is also the Kalvarienberg from 1901. In the north, on the access road, there is a large stone cross .
Martinskirche
The Gothic parish church of St. Martin was built in 1431. The Glagolitic inscription on the baptismal font testifies to this . In 1910 the Catholic Church as it exists today was built together with the remains of the medieval church, consisting of a small nave and an apse , and thus a new nave was added. This is documented by an inscription on the facade. Therefore, the main structure of the church consists essentially of two parts; the Gothic sanctuary - as the older part behind the altar - and the newer part ( nave ) in front of it. Here, the ship of the older part is now considered the chancel and apse as sacristy used.
Architecture and interior design
In the outer wall of the entrance there are four pilasters of limestone . In between there are statues of two saints in the facade. Two columns with Corinthian capitals support the pediment above the entrance.
The separate bell tower stands about five meters from the church, is about 30 meters high and was built in 1903 on the foundation walls of an older tower. Its walls are made of limestone in a regular arrangement, from which the corner stones protrude slightly and are decorated with flowers. The tower has several cornices . The tower clock is placed under the second ledge . Above that, there are bi- arch windows (double-arched windows) on all sides of the tower . An octagonal section is set on it, on which the spire is located. There was once a mighty tower near the church, which was intact until the 17th century.
The chancel has a ribbed vault with a pointed triumphal arch . The ship has a flat beamed ceiling. In the church there are Gothic wall paintings from the 15th century and a late Gothic stone relief of Saint Martin . The altarpiece by Celestin Mato Medović was created in the 19th century and shows the connection between Berams and the Croatian regions at that time. There are also valuable silver objects and vestments from the 15th to 17th centuries in the church . In addition to some Glagolitic inscriptions in the baptistery, there are some manuscripts in Latin from the 14th and 15th centuries, the collection of sermons from the 13th century and the richly painted missal from the 14th century.
Frescoes
The Gothic wall paintings in the older part of the church, today's chancel, date from the time when the first building was erected. This makes the paintings older than the much better known frescoes in the church of Maria im Fels . They were created by two different artists. The triumphal wall was painted by a Friulian master of the Venetian school . The second painter designed the vault and the walls and is of Northern Italian origin.
A Byzantine iconographic image of the Virgin Mary and singing and music-making angels in the Trecento style are still preserved on the Triumphalwand . The latter originally belonged to the composition Glorification of Mary . In the paintings, the artist contrasts pale skin colors and strong colors of clothing as well as warm and cold tones.
On the vault are the symbols of the four evangelists and red cherubim ; Saints can be seen on the walls, including Saint Martin. Unlike the other artist, this artist uses balanced colors and highlights the modeling.
Church of Mary in the Rock
→ Main article: Mary in the rock
The pilgrimage church of Mary in the Rock or Holy Mary on the Stone Tablets ( Sveta Marija na Škriljinah ) was built in the 13th century. It is located about one kilometer northeast of Beram in the local cemetery. The church is best known for its 46 frescoes from 1474 by Vincent from Kastav .
literature
- Dario Alberi: Vermo - Beram in Istria. Storia, arte, cultura . Lint, Triest 1997. pp. 1453-1461. (Source for information without individual references; online at www.istriadalmazia.it ; PDF; 120 kB)
- Radovan Ivančević: Beram . Jugoslavija Publishing House, Belgrade 1965. Translation from Serbo-Croatian by Zora Keran.
Web links
- Beram . On: Pazin Tourist Board ( Turistička zajednica Grada Pazina ), April 23, 2007 (German).
- Vermo - Beram. Note di storia . On: istriadalmazia.it (Italian). (PDF file; 117 kB)
Individual evidence
The references relate to the statement immediately preceding. References that refer to several sentences up to the previous reference or the entire paragraph are marked with an asterisk ("*") at the end.
- ^ Gerhard Karl Lieb, Peter Čede: Istria - Changes in the cultural landscape since the beginning of the 20th century. Uni Graz, accessed on August 30, 2015 (available at Yumpu.com).
- ↑ a b Radovan Ivančević: Beram . Jugoslavija Publishing House, Belgrade 1965. Translation from Serbo-Croatian by Zora Keran. P. 3.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Turistička zajednica Grada Pazina ( Memento of the original dated February 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . On: tzpazin.hr .
- ↑ a b c d e Beram - Vermo. Cities, Towns and Hamlets . On: istrianet.org .
- ↑ Population by sex and age, by settlements, census 2001 at Crostat. *
- ↑ Households by family structure and family households, by number of members, by settlements, census 2001 at Crostat.
- ^ Population by religion, by towns / municipalities, census 2001 at Crostat.
- ↑ Population by sex and age, by settlements, census 2001 at Crostat.
- ↑ Egmont Strigl: Discover Istria: On the way between Poreč, Pula and Opatija . Trescher Verlag, 2004, ISBN 3-89794-048-5 . P. 230 ( scan from Google Books).
- ^ Radovan Ivančević: Beram . Jugoslavija Publishing House, Belgrade 1965. Translation from Serbo-Croatian by Zora Keran. P. 4. *
- ↑ a b Turistička zajednica Grada Pazina ( Memento of the original dated February 11, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . On: tzpazin.hr . *
- ^ Radovan Ivančević: Beram . Jugoslavija Publishing House, Belgrade 1965. Translation from Serbo-Croatian by Zora Keran. P. 4.
- ↑ a b Beram travel guide ( Memento of the original from March 22, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . On: travel tips-croatia .
- ↑ Beram - Vermo. Cities, Towns and Hamlets . On: istrianet.org . *
- ↑ a b c d Radovan Ivančević: Beram . Jugoslavija Publishing House, Belgrade 1965. Translation from Serbo-Croatian by Zora Keran. P. 6.
- ↑ a b Beram - Vermo. Churches and Cemeteries. Church of St. Martin . On: istrianet.org .
- ↑ Beram - Vermo. Churches and Cemeteries. Church of St. Martin . On: istrianet.org . *
- ^ Radovan Ivančević: Beram . Jugoslavija Publishing House, Belgrade 1965. Translation from Serbo-Croatian by Zora Keran. P. 5 f.
- ↑ a b c Radovan Ivančević: Beram . Jugoslavija Publishing House, Belgrade 1965. Translation from Serbo-Croatian by Zora Keran. P. 6. *
