Birgit Hogefeld

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Birgit Elisabeth Hogefeld (born July 27, 1956 in Wiesbaden ) is a former terrorist . She was a member of the Red Army Faction (RAF) and is considered one of the leading figures of her third generation . From 1985 she was involved in various attacks, was arrested in 1993 and sentenced in 1996 to life imprisonment for multiple murders, among other things , from which she was released on parole in June 2011 - as the last imprisoned RAF member .

socialization

Birgit Hogefeld is the daughter of Marianne and Josef Hogefeld. Her father was close to the communists during the Nazi era and felt “abused” by the regime, but he did not offer any resistance. Her therapist Horst-Eberhard Richter saw this as a “motivational factor” for her RAF career, as Anne-Kathrin Griese called it. Michael Sontheimer described her life as "exemplary for many young leftists" in the early Federal Republic. In retrospective reflections, Hogefeld himself described that since her childhood she had felt a "void of meaning" in view of the dominance of "material values ​​and consumption" in the economic miracle society and that "something unspoken should be hidden", namely the German Nazi past , which resulted in a " Bell of dullness, narrowness and silence ”, the generational “ demarcation from the parents ”and the“ experience of powerlessness and the feeling of immutability ”. Hogefeld began "with a diffuse attitude of 'doing something'" ( Jan Philipp Reemtsma ) for student co-administration, in autonomous youth centers and socially disadvantaged areas with Turkish young people as well as in fare demonstrations. The death of RAF member Holger Meins during a hunger strike in custody in 1974 was decisive for their politicization after participating in protests against the Vietnam War as "one of the central decisions for my life" . She gave up all activities in social projects and began "to deal with isolation torture, dead tracts, the systematic extermination of political prisoners":

“Most of the people who know it will never forget the image of Holger Meins dead - certainly also because this emaciated person bears so much resemblance to concentration camp inmates, to the dead of Auschwitz. ... For me it became a central challenge, with a deeply moral question, namely whether everything I knew about Nazism until then and my deep rejection, combined with the accusation against the majority of the generation before us, hadn't done anything about it to have whether all this was just hollow chatter and I am basically just as ignorant and cowardly of such crimes or whether I take sides against them. "

Jan-Philipp Reemtsma called this parallelization in his analysis “clichéd” and by no means obvious, Gerd Koenen called the “replacement of every empirical reality by conjured images, ... a model of the whole peculiar idealism / unrealism of the RAF”. In retrospect, however, Hogefeld's consideration turned into a “question of my own identity, credibility and responsibility”. In 1975 she began to study law in Frankfurt am Main in order to be able to act as a lawyer against these prison conditions, but broke off in 1977 because of dealing with RAF lawyers. The musically gifted, who actually wanted to study music or become an organ builder , then gave organ lessons. From now on she was involved in supporting imprisoned RAF members at the Wiesbaden Red Aid , which her later partner Wolfgang Grams had co-founded and which Alexander Straßner calls the “recruiting pool for RAF cadres”.

Member of the RAF

Few details are known about her RAF career; she went underground in 1984, like her partner Wolfgang Grams, and was assigned to the RAF's command level for the next nine years until she was arrested in 1993. According to Jan-Philipp Reemtsma, she chose “a way of life that brought experiences of power like no other”.

Far less is known about the third generation of the RAF, to which Hogefeld belonged as one of the “leading figures” than about their predecessors who were active in the 1970s; the apparently manageable size command unit left no fingerprints, did not drive any conspicuous cars, clearly separated the apartments from the weapons depots and isolated itself from the support scene - which is why hardly any information leaked out. The extent of Hogefeld's involvement is also unclear. In a public letter to Eva Haule , she mentioned that Wolfgang Grams was "one of those who rebuilt them in the summer of 1984 after the arrest of 7 comrades and when the RAF was effectively broken up." Hogefeld himself died in the underground - according to Andres Veiel's own information - heavier than Grams, who supported them as a calm antipole; they remained undetected by avoiding eye contact and dressing as inconspicuously and bourgeois as possible. In August 1985, Hogefeld was an accomplice in the murder of the US soldier Edward Pimental and in the bomb attack on Rhein-Main Air Base and in various other attacks in the following years (see the section on court proceedings for details ). In February 1987, Hogefeld and Grams were searched for for the first time by a search message from the Tagesschau on television, after posters with pictures of the alleged RAF members were posted nationwide as early as 1985. Even underground, Hogefeld and Grams continued to grapple with the German Nazi past; they spent a whole day at the Hadamar Killing Center Memorial . Such experiences, so Hogefeld in retrospect, “ultimately gave them the strength to carry on”. They did not have a positive idea for a future society, but were driven by "(destruction), attack, undermining of the pig system".

From the end of the 1980s and especially after the collapse of the Eastern Bloc in 1989, according to Hogefeld's statements, the RAF began to think about a reorientation and a "rapprochement with the legal left", which in April 1992 resulted in a rejection of violence against people whose co-author is Hogefeld. Over the next few months, Hogefeld and Grams sought contact with people who had nothing to do with the RAF in order to gain distance from their own view of the world, including the actor Matthias Dittmer . They considered exit scenarios and a return to a normal life with family.

arrest

On June 27, 1993, Hogefeld was arrested by the police during the GSG-9 mission in Bad Kleinen . Immediately before that, she had spent a few days with Klaus Steinmetz , an undercover agent for the Rhineland-Palatinate Office for the Protection of the Constitution. This managed to win the trust of the RAF command level. From the beginning of the 1990s he had met with Hogefeld and Grams several times and drove Wolfgang Grams' parents to meet them. Steinmetz had reported the meeting to the authorities, whereupon they planned a large-scale access. Hogefeld was arrested in the underpass of the Bad Kleinen train station and taken to the forecourt in handcuffs; She was initially left in the dark about the further events. The GSG-9 officer Michael Newrzella was shot dead by the escaping Grams during a subsequent exchange of fire. According to the results of the public prosecutor's investigation, Grams committed suicide, while Hogefeld assumes that Grams will be executed by GSG-9 officers. Hogefeld was brought to the State Criminal Police Office in Wismar and the next day flown in a helicopter to the Federal Prosecutor's Office in Karlsruhe .

The letters and tapes found in Hogefeld's rucksack in a locker at Wismar train station prove contact with a number of people, some of whom could only be assigned to the RAF or their command level through this.

Legal proceedings

After the prosecutor Schwerin completed their investigation into the GSG-9 mission in January 1994 and the federal government had presented a final report in March 1994, the trial of Hogefeld in was State Security Division of the Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt am Main opened on 15 November 1994th In the indictment of the Attorney General at the Federal Court of Justice , she was charged with :

  • Complicity in the murder of US soldier Edward Pimental in 1985: Hogefeld had lured the young soldier out of a Wiesbaden discotheque with the prospect of a love affair. He was killed by a shot in the back of the head in the Wiesbaden city forest at night. The judges came to the conclusion that the murderer's only motive was to get his ID. Birgit Hogefeld was silent about her own involvement, but called the act in her closing words “horrific and deeply inhuman”.
  • Accomplishing murder in two cases in unity with attempted murder in two cases as well as causing an explosive explosion ( bomb attack on Rhein-Main Air Base with two dead and 23 injured, including two seriously injured, 1985). With the Edward Pimentals ID obtained a few hours earlier, a male RAF member parked and detonated a car with 126 kilograms of explosives on the base of the base the following day. In the explosion, the face and stomach of a soldier and the skull of a US civilian employee were torn open by splinters; both died a little later. A German civilian employee and another US soldier survived, mutilated. According to a written report, Hogefeld signed the purchase contract for the used car under a false name. The car salesman's signature and testimony proved her complicity, the Senate said.
  • Mittäterschaftlich attempted murder in two cases ( assassination attempt on the then Financial Secretary Hans Tietmeyer and his driver in 1988); Hogefeld's contribution to the crime was seen in the rental of the Tata car, which was proven by a written report.
  • Accompanying causing an explosive explosion in the act of destruction of buildings ( explosives attack against the JVA Weiterstadt 1993), which can be attributed to her through a letter from her mother and textile fibers in the vehicle that can be assigned to her.
  • Accomplishment in the shooting of GSG-9 officer Michael Newrzella by Wolfgang Grams, because - although she was already arrested at the time of the shot - Grams' contribution was attributable to her because both had agreed to shoot each other free in the event of an arrest attempt and thus a joint Act plan existed ( § 25 Abs. 2 StGB ).
  • Membership in a terrorist organization .

In contrast to most of the other RAF members, Hogefeld did not choose a “political” defense strategy, but adhered to the conventions of the Code of Criminal Procedure and did not accept the allegations. During the process, Hogefeld made some statements in which she dealt with the RAF and her own person and situation. During the trial she began to question her own previous history, named in the closing words “a lot in our history [the RAF] as a wrong track”, saw “catastrophic mistakes” and asked the RAF members who were still active to explain the resolution. Your declaration “significantly promoted” the RAF's declaration of dissolution in March 1998.

According to Andres Veiel, Hogefeld's self-critical analysis cost her the support of other RAF members and the supporter scene while she was in custody, and earned her the charge of treason and ingratiation. On the other hand, she had received sympathy from the majority of the media, which in turn prompted the Federal Prosecutor's Office "to consolidate the image of the unscrupulous, murderous terrorist with ever new accusations".

On November 5, 1996, the Hogefeld Higher Regional Court found guilty on all counts - with the exception of the allegation of complicity in the killing of Michael Newrzella in Bad Kleinen. From the individual penalties for the acts was a total sentence is a life-long imprisonment , said the Senate spoke in connection with the murder of Pimental of "inhuman attitude" and the "particular gravity of the fault," noted.

The judgment was partially overturned in February 1998 - with regard to the charge of the attack on the Weiterstadt prison. The 3rd Criminal Senate of the Federal Court of Justice referred the proceedings back to the Higher Regional Court of Frankfurt am Main for a new hearing and the formation of a new total sentence. There the proceedings regarding the Weiterstadt attack were discontinued and on June 29, 1998 a total fine of the same amount as before was pronounced. The Federal Court of Justice rejected the appeal against this on January 5, 1999.

Imprisonment

During her imprisonment, Hogefeld began studying literature and social psychology at the Distance University in Hagen , which she completed in 2007. Her master's thesis dealt with the novel Der Vorleser by Bernhard Schlink . Then she began to work on a dissertation on "Grotesque structures and cultural memory in German-language literature of the third generation".

In May 2007, Federal President Horst Köhler refused to grant Birgit Hogefeld's petition for clemency and announced that he would decide on it later. At that time she was in the Frankfurt-Preungesheim correctional facility . In July 2008 the Frankfurt Higher Regional Court rejected an application to suspend the remaining sentence. A regular release from prison is possible in 2011 at the earliest. When choosing the point in time, Birgit Hogefeld had distanced herself from the RAF while in custody. The psychiatrist who supervises her, Horst-Eberhard Richter, wrote in 2004: “She has fully awakened from the delusional self-alienation. Awareness of reality and the world of emotions have long been intact again. ”The expressiveness and meaning of their self-reflective distancing from the RAF is, however, controversial; Jan Philipp Reemtsma critically questioned Hogefeld's transformation, rejected Richter's assessments as too empathic and too personally involved, and interpreted Hogefeld's involvement with Richter in such a way that she saw him as “her true judge”. Alexander Straßner takes a “middle position” between the two positions: “Between the systematic fading out of reality and his own insight into the lack of actionism practiced”, he sees Hogefeld's retrospective reflection.

At the beginning of October 2009, Birgit Hogefeld was moved to open prison . She took up a job as a volunteer. President Koehler finally rejected Hogefeld's petition for clemency in May 2010. In June 2011, Hogefeld was released from custody as the last arrested RAF member. The remainder of her prison sentence was suspended for five years . She continues to be silent about the actual execution of the acts and those involved.

reception

In 1996, while in custody, Birgit Hogefeld met Patrick von Braunmühl, the son of RAF victim Gerold von Braunmühl , and two of his brothers. She described to them the general abstractness of the selection of victims, but was not prepared to give concrete information about the commission of the acts; there was no further meeting. This encounter was taken up in 2007 in Anne Siemens ' book For the RAF he was the system, for me the father through the perspective of the members of the RAF victims and in 2015 in Hubertus Siegert's documentary Beyond Punishment , which deals with transitional justice .

Hogefeld's texts from the 1990s were the starting point for director Andres Veiel to deal with the third generation of the RAF; it was “new” that “someone from the RAF ... said me. There were small cracks in the concrete language ”. The film Black Box BRD (2001), which tells the life paths of Wolfgang Grams and Alfred Herrhausen at the same time, emerged from this discussion . Hogefeld, whom Veiel had frequently visited in detention as a volunteer supervisor, withdrew her willingness to participate in the film when it became clear that Herrhausen would also be treated prominently - because if her picture appears next to his, “a connection between the crime will be constructed, which is not given that way, for which she has not been convicted, ”said Veiel, while Andreas Platthaus suspected that she feared a negative effect for a possible appeal for clemency. But she worked on the book of the same name for the film, which appeared in 2002 and provides information about her family, socialization and world of ideas. In addition to the family members of Braunmühls, Herrhausen's eldest daughter Bettina also dealt with Hogefeld. She is convinced that Hogefeld "developed away from terrorism" "to the conviction that this path was a wrong one for herself and in general." Bettina Herrhausen spoke out in favor of Hogefeld not "sticking to one point , to which [she] is no longer. "

Christoph Hein portrays Hogefeld 2005 in the novel In his early childhood a garden as the friend of the protagonist - modeled after Wolfgang Grams - in the figure of Katharina Blumenschläger, a name that Der Spiegel as "teasing", Der Standard as "clumsy []" Heinrichs Bölls have designated the lost honor of Katharina Blum . In Frank Witzel's novel The Invention of the Red Army Fraction by a manic-depressive teenager in the summer of 1969 from 2015, the protagonist experienced a similar influence as a teenager to Birgit Hogefeld, who was about the same age. In the sense of a “speculative realism” he is asked in one episode about his presumed acquaintance with Hogefeld, since both are said to have taken organ lessons at the Herz-Jesu-Kirche in Wiesbaden-Biebrich at the same time as young people . The focus is on the intense preoccupation of both with the photo of Holger Meins, who was laid out, and his proximity to religious art.

Texts, letters, conversations

  • Letters from Birgit Hogefeld to Helmut Pohl (beginning of November 1993) and Brigitte Mohnhaupt (November 16, 1993), in: ID -Archiv im IISG (ed.): “We have more questions than answers”: RAF. discussions 1992–1994. Edition ID-Archiv, Berlin and Amsterdam 1995, ISBN 3-89408-044-2 (PDF) , pp. 265–267 and pp. 296–301.
  • ID archive (publisher): Birgit Hogefeld. A completely normal procedure ... process declarations, letters and texts on the history of the RAF. Berlin 1996.
  • Birgit Hogefeld: On the history of the RAF. In: Try to understand the history of the RAF. The example of Birgit Hogefeld. Psychosozial, Gießen 1996, ISBN 3-930096-87-0 , pp. 19–58 ( excerpt , expanded new edition under literature).
  • Gerd Rosenkranz : We were very German. In: Der Spiegel , October 13, 1997, pp. 169–174 (conversation with Birgit Hogefeld).

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hans Holzträger: Josef Hogefeld (January 16, 1921 - July 25, 1990). In: New ways . Vol. 85, 1991, issue 6, p. 182 f. (PDF) .
  2. ^ Anne-Kathrin Griese: The family look. Andres Veiel Black Box BRD & Christoph Hein A garden in his early childhood . In: Inge Stephan, Alexandra Tacke (Hrsg.): NachBilder der RAF. Böhlau, Cologne et al. 2008, ISBN 978-3-412-20077-0 , pp. 165–180, here pp. 168 f.
  3. ^ A b Stefan Berg, Michael Sontheimer : Terrorists: Last Chance. In: Der Spiegel , February 13, 2010.
  4. ↑ a b Birgit Hogefeld: On the history of the RAF. In: Try to understand the history of the RAF. The example of Birgit Hogefeld. Psychosozial, Gießen 1996, pp. 19–58, excerpt from the online newspaper “trend”.
  5. ↑ a b c Birgit Hogefeld: "Much in our history can be seen as a wrong path". The defendant's closing words. In: Hans-Jürgen Wirth (Ed.): Hitler's grandchildren or children of democracy? The 68 generation, the RAF and the Fischer debate. Psychosozial, Giessen 2001, ISBN 3-89806-089-6 , pp. 195-236; Online excerpt on Nadir (Internet portal) . Gudrun Schwibbe deals with this text in detail: “We must finally tackle our history ourselves” - justification and responsibility in the context of the “history of the RAF”. In: Rolf Wilhelm Brednich (Ed.): Narrative cultures. Contributions to cultural studies narrative research. Hans-Jörg Uther on his 65th birthday. Campus, Berlin / New York 2009, pp. 85–99.
  6. ↑ Jan Philipp Reemtsma: What does understanding the history of the RAF mean? In: Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF. 2nd Edition. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-936096-54-5 , pp. 100–142, here p. 106 (PDF).
  7. ↑ a b c d Birgit Hogefeld: Process declaration of July 21, 1995. In: Nadir , November 20, 1996.
  8. ↑ Jan-Philipp Reemtsma: What does understanding the history of the RAF mean? In: Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF. 2nd Edition. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-936096-54-5 , pp. 100-142, here pp. 103 f. (PDF).
  9. ↑ Gerd Koenen: The red decade. Our little German cultural revolution 1967–1977. 5th edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 407.
  10. ↑ a b Alexander Straßner: The third generation of the "Red Army Fraction". Formation, structure, functional logic and disintegration of a terrorist organization. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-14114-7 , also dissertation, University of Passau, p. 96 .
  11. ↑ a b c Gerd Rosenkranz : We were very German. In: Der Spiegel , October 13, 1997.
  12. ↑ Majid Sattar : RAF: Birgit Hogefeld and the "third generation". In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , May 7, 2007.
  13. ^ So the findings of the Federal Prosecutor's Office and the GDR State Security, even if Hogefeld denied in the trial that he had come to the RAF in February 1984. Alexander Straßner: The third generation of the “Red Army Fraction”. Formation, structure, functional logic and disintegration of a terrorist organization. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-14114-7 , p. 97 .
  14. ↑ Steffen Kailitz : Political Extremism in the Federal Republic of Germany. An introduction. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-531-14193-7 , pp. 115–118.
  15. ↑ Jan Philipp Reemtsma: What does understanding the history of the RAF mean? In: Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF. 2nd Edition. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-936096-54-5 , pp. 100–142, here p. 113 (PDF). Gerd Koenen calls Hogefeld's subsequent justification a typical case of the “always deeply moral self-empowerment ” of the RAF; ders .: The red decade. Our little German cultural revolution 1967–1977. 5th edition. Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 2011, p. 408.
  16. ↑ Gudrun Schwibbe: “We must finally tackle our history ourselves” - justification and responsibility in the context of the “history of the RAF”. In: Rolf Wilhelm Brednich (Ed.): Narrative cultures. Contributions to cultural studies narrative research. Hans-Jörg Uther on his 65th birthday. Campus, Berlin / New York 2009, pp. 85–99, here p. 85.
  17. ↑ Alexander Straßner: The third generation of the "Red Army Fraction". Formation, structure, functional logic and disintegration of a terrorist organization. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-14114-7 , (preview) .
  18. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , p. 211.
  19. ↑ Alexander Straßner: The third generation of the "Red Army Fraction". Formation, structure, functional logic and disintegration of a terrorist organization. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-14114-7 , also dissertation, University of Passau, p. 97 .
  20. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , p. 175 f.
  21. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , pp. 176, 203.
  22. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , pp. 176, 209.
  23. ↑ a b Gudrun Schwibbe: “We must finally tackle our history ourselves” - justification and responsibility in the context of the “history of the RAF”. In: Rolf Wilhelm Brednich (Ed.): Narrative cultures. Contributions to cultural studies narrative research. Hans-Jörg Uther on his 65th birthday. Campus, Berlin / New York 2009, pp. 85–99, here p. 86.
  24. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , pp. 270-273.
  25. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , pp. 274 f.
  26. ↑ Alexander Straßner: Perceived world civil war. Red Army faction in Germany. In: ders. (Ed.): Social revolutionary terrorism. Theory, ideology, case studies, future scenarios. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-531-15578-4 , pp. 209-236, here pp. 226 f. For Hogefeld's position see this: "Much in our history is to be seen as a wrong path". The defendant's closing words. In: Hans-Jürgen Wirth (Ed.): Hitler's grandchildren or children of democracy? The 68 generation, the RAF and the Fischer debate. Psychosozial, Giessen 2001, ISBN 3-89806-089-6 , pp. 195-236; Online excerpt on Nadir .
  27. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , p. 275.
  28. ↑ Alexander Straßner: The third generation of the "Red Army Fraction". Formation, structure, functional logic and disintegration of a terrorist organization. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, p. 99 ; Terrorists: Field Post from the Underground. In: Der Spiegel , August 30, 1993.
  29. ↑ Ingo Preißler: The trial against the RAF member Birgit Hogefeld once again puts the unanswered questions about Bad Kleinen into light: Everything speaks for life. In: Berliner Zeitung , November 15, 1994.
  30. ↑ To this Andreas Mehlich: The defender in the criminal proceedings against the Red Army faction. Political justice and political criminal defense in the light of the freedom of the lawyer. Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-8305-3101-2 , also dissertation, University of Hanover, 2011/12, especially pp. 88–90 , and Pieter Bakker Schut : Stammheim. The trial of the Red Army faction. Neuer Malik, Kiel 1986, ISBN 3-89029-010-8 , also a dissertation, University of Utrecht, 1986, under the title Political Defense in Criminal Matters .
  31. ↑ List of the process declarations by Alexander Straßner: The third generation of the "Red Army Fraction". Formation, structure, functional logic and disintegration of a terrorist organization. Westdeutscher Verlag, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-531-14114-7 , p. 409 , with proof of printing. See also the private collection of the journalist Walter Kuhl with texts and links: Trial against Birgit Hogefeld. Reporting. In: Waltpolitik (private website), last updated on November 20, 2014.
  32. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , pp. 276-278.
  33. ↑ Three times for life and one acquittal. In: Rhein-Zeitung , November 6, 1996, last updated on June 12, 1998.
  34. ↑ Federal Court of Justice partially overturns judgment against RAF terrorist Birgit Hogefeld. Communication from the press office of the Federal Court of Justice No. 24/1998. In: Legal Internet Project Saarbrücken , March 19, 1998.
  35. ^ Judgment against RAF terrorist Birgit Hogefeld is final. Press release No. 3. In: Bundesgerichtshof.de , January 19, 1999.
  36. ↑ a b Wolfgang Gast: Ex-RAF member Hogefeld: Overnight in the cell. In: taz.de , April 11, 2010.
  37. ↑ Thorsten Winter: Gießen: publisher wants to employ former terrorist Hogefeld. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , June 18, 2007.
  38. ^ RAF: Petition for clemency rejected. In: Die Zeit , May 7, 2007.
  39. ↑ Tanja Stelzer: RAF: The weapons of women. In: Die Zeit , October 1, 2007.
  40. ↑ Hogefeld remains in custody at least until 2011. In: Stern , July 29, 2008.
  41. ↑ Horst-Eberhard Richter: What does it mean to understand the RAF? In: the daily newspaper , October 27, 2004.
  42. ↑ Jan Philipp Reemtsma: What does understanding the history of the RAF mean? In: Rudi Dutschke, Andreas Baader and the RAF. 2nd Edition. Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-936096-54-5 , pp. 100–142, quotation p. 101 (PDF). Again, Gudrun Schwibbe is critical: Tales of being different. Left Terrorism and Alterity. Waxmann, Münster 2013, ISBN 978-3-8309-2892-8 , p. 266 f.
  43. ↑ Alexander Straßner: Biographical portrait of Birgit Hogefeld. In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy. Vol. 15, 2003, pp. 209-222, here p. 217.
  44. ↑ Köhler again rejects Hogefeld's pardon. In: HAZ.de , May 17, 2010 ( DPA report).
  45. ↑ Johannes Korge with material from the DPA : Ex-RAF member Hogefeld released from custody. In: Spiegel Online , June 21, 2011.
  46. ↑ Frank Jansen : Remaining sentence on probation: Former RAF terrorist Hogefeld is released. In: Der Tagesspiegel , June 10, 2011.
  47. ↑ Butz Peters : Third RAF Generation: Return of the Undead. In: Spiegel Online , January 23, 2016.
  48. ^ Anne Siemens: For the RAF he was the system, for me the father. The other story of German terrorism. Piper, Munich 2007, p. 266 f .; Michael Sontheimer : RAF debate: "There was no effective strategy against the RAF". In: Spiegel Online , one day , November 14, 2007; José García: Beyond Punishment. In: TexteZumFilm.de ; Rudolf Worschech: Critique of Beyond Punishment. In: epd Film , May 13, 2015.
  49. ↑ “Black Box BRD”: What is it that fascinates you about the RAF, Mr. Veiel? In: Der Tagesspiegel , May 22, 2001.
  50. ↑ Annette Schäfer: Conversation with Andres Veiel. In: Black-Box-BRD.de .
  51. ^ Thomas Moser: Political Literature: Andreas Veiel. Black Box BRD. In: Deutschlandfunk , December 23, 2002; Andreas Platthaus: Terrorism as a montage work of art. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , January 27, 2003.
  52. ^ Andres Veiel: Black Box BRD. Alfred Herrhausen, Deutsche Bank, RAF and Wolfgang Grams. 2nd Edition. DVA, Stuttgart, Munich 2002, ISBN 3-421-05468-1 , p. 278.
  53. ^ Klaus Hammer: Individual Stories in Contemporary History. To the prose work of Christoph Hein after the fall of the Wall. In: Carsten Gansel , Markus Joch, Monika Wolting (eds.): Between memory and foreignness. Developments in German and Polish literature after 1989. V & R unipress, Göttingen 2015, pp. 57–70, here pp. 64 f.
  54. ^ Wolfgang Höbel : Kohlhaas in Bad Kleinen. In: Der Spiegel , January 24, 2005; Klaus Zeyringer : The violence, the family, the oath. In: Der Standard , February 11, 2005.
  55. ↑ Claudia Paul, Thomas Koch: Frank Witzel receives the German Book Prize 2015 for his novel "The invention of the Red Army Fraction by a manic-depressive teenager in the summer of 1969". Press release with the reasons given by the jury. In: Deutscher-Buchpreis.de , October 12, 2015 (PDF, 134 kB) .
  56. ^ Frank Witzel: The invention of the Red Army faction by a manic-depressive teenager in the summer of 1969. Novel. Matthes & Seitz Berlin, Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-95757-077-2 , pp. 39–43. See for example Leo Postl: Reading with Frank Witzel: Altar boy, V-belt and RAF for the unresolved limbo between fact and fiction . In: Frankfurter Neue Presse , January 19, 2016.
personal data
SURNAME Hogefeld, Birgit
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hogefeld, Birgit Elisabeth (full name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German terrorist of the Red Army faction
DATE OF BIRTH July 27, 1956
PLACE OF BIRTH Wiesbaden