Bonfeld
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Bonfeld
City of Bad Rappenau
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| Height : | 210 m above sea level NN |
| Area : | 11.51 km² |
| Residents : | 1847 (2009) |
| Population density : | 160 inhabitants / km² |
| Incorporation : | 1st November 1973 |
| Postal code : | 74906 |
| Area code : | 07066 |
Bonfeld is a village in the Heilbronn district in northern Baden-Württemberg that has belonged to the city of Bad Rappenau since November 1, 1973 . From the 15th to the early 19th century, the land rulership lay with the lords of Gemmingen , who built several castles there and whose construction activity still shapes the face of the town, which has around 1,800 inhabitants.
geography
Bonfeld is located in the middle of fields in the hilly landscape of the northeastern Kraichgau around six kilometers west of the Neckar and around three kilometers south of the main town of Bad Rappenau. To the south of the settlement zone of the village, the Böllinger Bach crosses the district, which flows into the Neckar near Neckargartach . Bonfeld includes the Obere Mühle and Untere Mühle residential areas on the Böllinger Bach , as well as the Eichhäuser Hof located on a hill to the south of it .
Neighboring towns of Bonfeld are, starting in the north, clockwise Bad Rappenau, Bad Wimpfen , Biberach , Kirchhausen and the Bad Rappenau districts of Fürfeld , Treschklingen and Babstadt .
history
Early history
In the Roman period (until 260 AD) there was already a villa rustica in Bonfeld , the remains of which were discovered during construction work in 1851/52, described in 1855 and transferred to the Lapidarium in Stuttgart in 1896. The once densely forested area belonged to the supply area of the Wimpfen fort in the valley . After the Romans withdrew, the area was loosely settled by Alamanni , and after the year 500 the Franks began to establish a more systematic settlement . Settlement finds from Franconian times in the 8th century come from the settlement villa Eichusa ( Eichhäuser Hof ) mentioned in a document from King Ludwig from the year 856 , which was located on the Eckberg south of the village and today cut through by the A 6 . Bonfeld itself is possibly identical to a settlement of Branfelde , which was documented as early as 765, but the earliest reliable evidence of the location dates from 1208, when an Otto von Bonvelt was mentioned as a witness in a document from Bishop Heinrich von Strasbourg. The place name possibly means tree field and could give clues to the cleared forest, or Bannfeld , the field of a landlord.
The gentlemen von Bonfeld were presumably Reichsministeriale and related to the gentlemen Frey von Treschklingen , who also owned goods in Bonfeld. While the Lords of Bonfeld died out in the 14th century, the Frey continued to have property there. In the early 15th century, the Lords of Helmstatt also acquired Bonfeld. A Raban von Helmstatt received the place with the exception of Frey's property in 1445 from the Hochstift Worms as a fiefdom , but sold half of the village to his cousin Konrad von Ehrenberg in 1451 . Nothing is known about the builders of the castle that already existed at that time.
Owned by the Lords of Gemmingen 1476–1803
In 1476, Hans der Rich von Gemmingen-Guttenberg bought the castle and village of Bonfeld through his son Pleikard († 1515). In 1483 Pleikard was also formally transferred to the fiefdom . In 1513 Bonfeld had about 350 inhabitants. With a contract dated February 1, 1518, Pleikard's sons, the brothers Dietrich († 1526), Wolf († 1555) and Philipp († 1544), shared the inheritance of their parents, with Dietrich in addition to Guttenberg Castle with all its affiliations, Bonfeld Castle and the village with affiliations and uses, in addition received ownership shares in seven other villages.
From 1564 to 1568, under Dietrich's son Philip the Wise (1518–1571), a Renaissance moated castle was built next to the medieval castle. 1570 Bonfeld received by Emperor Maximilian II. The market law . After the heirless death of Philip's son Weirich in 1574, the castle and town of Bonfeld came to Pleikard von Gemmingen (1536–1594), who in 1593 received high jurisdiction over the town from Rudolf II . In 1622 the place was sacked by Tilly's troops in the vicinity of the Battle of Wimpfen , and in 1634 it was sacked again by Swedish and imperial troops. After various branches of the family had died out, some inheritance divisions of the Gemmingen property in Bonfeld took place in the late 17th century, which in several cases were decided by lot. The property was soon split up, connected with other Gemmingen goods such as Guttenberg Castle or the Dammhof , and divided between the Gemmingen-Bonfeld and Gemmingen-Guttenberg branches. At times there were two offices and two officials on site before the Bonfeld in 1766 was completely owned by the Gemmingen-Guttenberg line. After the condominium was administered, an inheritance was divided in 1773, resulting in the upper and lower castle lines.
The Renaissance castle was devastated in the Thirty Years' War , largely demolished in 1718 and a mansion later called the Old Castle was built in its place under Franz Reinhard von Gemmingen . In 1748 Reinhard, Philipp and Karl Reinhard von Gemmingen began building the Upper Palace on the site of the medieval castle. From 1773 to 1775 the medieval church above the castle was replaced by a new early classical church. Ludwig Eberhard von Gemmingen-Guttenberg built the Lower Castle from 1784 to 1787 south of the Upper Castle on a filled lake area , while the Old Castle, located between the Upper and Lower Castle , was opened in 1718 in the dairy of the Upper Castle. Due to the lively construction activity in the 18th century (including a parsonage in 1752 and the Zehntscheuer in 1794), Bonfeld gained a completely new one with the large castle complex, which was adjoined by the castle gardens to the west and the rural village to the north-east, one of baroque and early classicism embossed face. In 1795 there were 932 inhabitants.
Independent community from the 19th century
The overlordship of the diocese of Worms ended in 1802. After the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, Bonfeld first fell to the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt and through the Rhenish Federal Act of 1806 as an independent place to the Kingdom of Württemberg , in which it initially became the Oberamt Kirchhausen , from 26 April 1808 belonged to the Oberamt Heilbronn . In 1822 the community acquired the former Gasthaus Rößle and used it as a town hall in the future. In 1860, the building was converted to make it more functional.
In the Württemberg period, Bonfeld initially had to endure billeting of soldiers and prisoners of war , especially during the wars of liberation from 1813 to 1815. The place had around 1150 inhabitants in 1814. The population peaked in 1845 with around 1450 inhabitants, but then fell sharply until shortly before the Second World War due to emigration and rural exodus. During the Baden Revolution , in May 1849, there were tumults in front of the Lower Palace , where some Baden officers in the wake of Friedrich , son of the Baden Grand Duke Leopold, had fled. The Baden artillery captain Großmann shot himself in the garden of the castle because of the disgrace of the dissolution of his troops.
From 1825 until his death in 1865, Johann Georg Haueisen lived in Bonfeld, a well-known Protestant lay theologian and revival preacher who belonged to the Hahn community . His grave is in the Bonfeld cemetery .
The purely agricultural market town was given its own post office from 1860 onwards, where postal coaches were sent twice a day. From 1875 onwards, the manorial estates were largely leased to the Heilbronn sugar factory. In 1897 Bonfeld received a water pipe. From 1907 Bonfeld was supplied by a line of the Kraftpost . As early as 1893, the community had decided to build a direct connection road into neighboring Fürfeld , which up to now could only be reached via detours. The construction of the road was delayed several times until 1924. In 1933 there were 916, in 1939 942 inhabitants were counted.
Recent past
Immediately after the Second World War, the Lower Palace , school, rectory and two private houses were occupied for around four months by around 950 former forced laborers who devastated the buildings. Between February and July 1946, Bonfeld was also assigned 225 refugees from the east to be taken in. The Lower Castle was completely destroyed by a major fire in 1956, its ruins were completely removed in 1971.
After the Second World War, Bonfeld also became an attractive place to live for commuters from the surrounding cities and communities, so that the population continued to grow. The expansion of the B 39 in 1965/66 and the opening of the section of the A 6 from Heilbronn to Mannheim in 1968 also contributed to the attractiveness of Bonfeld . During the construction of the motorway, which at the same time went hand in hand with extensive land consolidation , the course of the road to Fürfeld, built only a few decades earlier, was fundamentally changed. In 1969 a multi-purpose hall was opened in Bonfeld.
In the course of the district reform of Baden-Württemberg in 1973 , there were considerations in advance of a merger of Bonfeld with Fürfeld , Biberach and Kirchhausen , which were rejected by the Ministry of the Interior with the strong orientation of Biberach and Kirchhausen towards Heilbronn. Thereupon the integration into Bad Rappenau or Bad Wimpfen stood for election, whereby in a referendum in March 1972 a majority for Bad Rappenau resulted. Bonfeld was then incorporated into Bad Rappenau on November 1, 1973 and at that time had 1309 inhabitants. Shortly after the incorporation, the old town hall and the old schoolhouse were demolished. A modern replacement was built for the historic rectory, which was sold to privately, by 1974, and a new schoolhouse was also built in 1972.
Beginning in the 1960s, several new development areas were built north of the old town, the area of which is now larger than that of the old town. There is a small industrial park south of the village. The oldest commercial enterprise is a bus company founded in 1922, which is now based at the former Upper Mill. A brickworks that was closed in 1907 was once located in Gewann Ziegelhütte, and mineral water has been extracted there since 1983. In 2005 about 1800 people lived in Bonfeld.
Jewish community
→ Main article: Jewish community Bonfeld
Bonfeld is mentioned in the Wimpfener Judenordnung of 1598 , so that Jews probably lived in Bonfeld for a while. There is no record of a Jewish community until 1717, which built a small synagogue in 1780 and was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Heinsheim . In 1852 the community consisted of 131 people. The Bonfeld Jews formed an independent religious community after they had previously been a branch of the Massenbach / Massenbachhausen religious community. The Jewish community quickly lost its size as a result of emigration and emigration from the middle of the 19th century and numbered 53 in 1886, 44 in 1900 and 40 in 1933. In the course of the November pogroms in 1938 , the synagogue, which was later demolished, was mainly demolished by foreign SA people and several Jews were mistreated, one of which later died. About half of the Jewish community in Bonfeld was able to emigrate, the remaining 20 people perished during the deportation of German Jews in 1941/42.
politics
During the time of the imperial knighthood, the mayor was a wealthy citizen who was appointed by the local rulers to enforce their ordinances. From the transition to Württemberg at the beginning of the 19th century, the mayor was chosen by the residents. From 1928, the head of the municipality carried the title of mayor . After 1945 the American military government appointed the businessman Reinhard Volpp as mayor, who was elected by the population for six years in March 1948 and who was also mayor of Fürfeld until 1950 . He was followed in 1954 by Helmut Krügel. In the last mayoral election in Bonfeld in 1962, Krügel was confirmed in office for twelve years, which he could no longer fulfill because Bonfeld gave up his independence in 1973.
As a result of the false choice of suburbs introduced in Bad Rappenau , each district has a precisely defined number of seats in the municipal council. In Fürfeld there is also a local council, in the other incorporated suburbs such as Bonfeld there are no such bodies. A citizens' office is available for official business.
badges and flags
The blazon of the Bonfeld coat of arms reads: A blue sloping bar in gold, topped with three golden ears of wheat placed on a pole.
The community adopted the coat of arms on the basis of a proposal by the Württemberg archives department in 1938; no earlier coat of arms of Bonfeld is known. The blue post contained in the proposal of the Archives Directorate was replaced by a sloping left-hand bar . The ears of wheat should indicate the agricultural character of the place, the colors gold and blue are the Gemmingen colors. In 1939 Bonfeld adopted the flag colors yellow and blue. The coat of arms and flag were awarded to the community on February 22, 1963 by the Baden-Württemberg Ministry of the Interior.
Population development
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Attractions
- The Upper Castle is a representative building from 1748 in rural Baroque style, which is structured by corner pilasters, risalites and cornices. The spacious double staircase is adorned with stone vases on balustrades.
- The dairy at the upper castle still contains parts of the Renaissance castle and the castle building by Philip von Gemmingen from 1718. The water tower , a stair tower of the previous building around 1565, was restored in 1996. Inside there are frescoes and the dome is formed by a fan vault. Parts of the surrounding farm buildings also date back to the 16th century.
- Only a few farm buildings remain from the Lower Castle , especially the large fruit barn. The granary was built in 1928 by the Heilbronn sugar factory. In the castle park, which has been converted into a public park since the castle was blown up in 1971, several historical landmarks were set up, as well as the Bonfeld atonement cross from the 15th or 16th century with chiseled blacksmith's tongs.
- Another atonement cross from 1566 with the pictured scissors stood on the former long-distance route Wimpfen - Eppingen east of Bonfeld.
- In Schulstrasse near the castle grounds there are two massive tithe barns that were formerly owned by the local authority and the Wimpfen monastery. The former lordship barn was expanded for residential purposes.
Water tower from 1565
Former stately tithe barn
Granary
- The Evangelical Church of Bonfeld from 1774 is a Baroque building that replaced a previous building mentioned in 1413 and whose Baroque furnishings were largely removed during a renovation in 1957/58. At the church there is a war memorial from 1923 by Albert Volk from Weinsberg, which was extended in 1961 by Adolf Schmid from Konstanz to commemorate those who fell in World War II.
- The former rectory opposite the church is a half-timbered building from 1758.
- At the Bonfeld cemetery there are several historical tombs of the barons of Gemmingen-Guttenberg in the so-called Baronenviertel , as well as a plaque commemorating the Baden captain Grossmann, who shot himself in Bonfeld in 1849.
Main portal of the church with Gemmingen coat of arms
Interior of the Protestant church
Tomb of Hans von Gemmingen-Guttenberg
Grossmann memorial plaque
- There are other historical buildings in the village, in addition to various residential buildings with a core dating back to the 18th century, as well as the historic Gasthaus Krone , whose portal is dated to 1786 and which was awarded the Baden-Württemberg Monument Protection Prize in 2003. There are also other historic inns in Bonfeld, but most of them are now used as residential buildings. The former community bake house from 1841 now serves as a garage.
- The upper mill was mentioned as early as 1513 and was originally a ban mill for the local rulers. In 1709 the mill was renewed, in 1712 the lower mill was built downstream on the Böllinger Bach . Both mills have undergone various changes of ownership and renovations up to the present day. After the course of the Böllinger Bach was changed in the road construction around 1970, the Obere Mühle , which was no longer located next to the energizing water, was shut down.
- The Eichhäuser Hof is a former estate of the Lords of Gemmingen that was created around 1850, on which grain cultivation and livestock farming was carried out until the 1980s, and then fruit growing on a 30 hectare plantation. Remains of the portal from the Lower Castle , which burned down in 1956 and blown up in 1971, have been incorporated into the current garden design of the courtyard .
Portal detail of Gasthaus Krone
Portaildetail Bürgerhaus (Rappenauer Straße 12)
Upper mill
Main building of the Eichhäuser Hof
Regular events
From 2001 to 2012, the annual Folk Festival Folk im Schlosshof took place in Bonfeld's castle courtyard , and from humble beginnings it developed into the largest Irish folk festival in southern Germany. There u played a. The Levellers , The Dubliners , Battlefield Band and Colin Wilkie . The festival series ended in 2012 for personal reasons. It was succeeded by the Blacksheep Festival , which was announced for the first time in July 2014 and which in the future wants to offer a wider range of bands every year in a slightly different setting in the castle courtyard.
literature
- Bonfeld. Local history contributions from the past and present of a former imperial knighthood village. City of Bad Rappenau; Bad Rappenau 2000, ISBN 3-929295-62-8 .
- Gustav Neuwirth: History of the City of Bad Rappenau . City of Bad Rappenau, Bad Rappenau 1978.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Roland Franke: The place names of Bad Rappenau and the districts according to meaning and origin explained , in: Bad Rappenauer Heimatbote 8, 1996, pp. 36–38.
- ↑ Communications of the Württemberg Stat. State Office No. 4/5 of December 10, 1940: Results of the population and occupational census on May 17, 1939
- ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 465 .
- ↑ Source of the section coat of arms and flag : Eberhard Gönner: Wappenbuch des Stadt- und Landkreis Heilbronn with a territorial history of this area . Stuttgart, 1965 (Publications of the State Archives Administration Baden-Württemberg, 9). P. 60
- ↑ Hans-Heinz Hartmann: Historical network of paths, forgotten cultural monuments of our homeland. In: Our country. Home calendar for Neckar Valley, Odenwald, building land and Kraichgau. 2015. Verlag Rhein-Neckar-Zeitung GmbH, Heidelberg 2014. ISBN 978-3-936866-57-5 . Pp. 103-106.
- ↑ Detailed description of the creation of the memorial by Norbert Jung: 1914 - Albert Volk - War Memorials - 2014 , Heilbronn 2014, ISBN 978-3-934096-39-4 , pp. 5-13.
- ↑ http://www.blacksheep-festival.de
Web links
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