Nodding thistle
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Nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans ) |
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The nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans ), also known as muskrat thistle , is a species of the genus ring thistle ( Carduus ) within the sunflower family (Asteraceae).
description
Vegetative characteristics
The nodding thistle is a branched, biennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 30 to 100 centimeters. The alternate leaves have a strongly reinforced leaf edge and are both in a native rosette and distributed on the stem . The stem leaves form "wings" on the stem.
Generative characteristics
The nodding thistle is notable for its almost spherical, cup-shaped inflorescences with a diameter of 2 to 6 centimeters . The bracts above the egg-shaped flower base are constricted and then usually provided with a rigid, bent-back spike tip. The flower heads contain over 100 tubular flowers with a sweet smell . The five purple petals have grown together to form a tube about 1.5 centimeters long. The five stamens usually do not protrude beyond the corolla tube. The pink to lilac-colored stylus on the tip clearly towers above the corolla.
The achenes are ribbed, about 4 millimeters long and have a pappus .
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.
ecology
The nodding thistle is a semi-rosette plant, i. H. in the first year it forms a rosette, in the second year an inflorescence stem and after fruit formation it dies.
The tips of the leaves serve as condensation points for additional water extraction in dry locations and as protection against grazing animals. The latter can be important mainly because of the low productivity in very dry locations.
The nectar rises in the 1 cm long corolla tube. Insect visits are abundant, especially long-nosed bumblebees and butterflies . Hover flies eat the pollen . The flowering period is from July to September.
The achenes have a hygroscopic pappus : They are umbrella fliers, watery ones (in damp weather). The spread is also possible by ants or when working on the fruit heads by thistle finches . The fruits are very rich in oil. The fruit ripens from September to October.
All thistles are important nutrient plants for grain-eaters , they are therefore also "useful" ruderal plants and recommended for wild plant gardens.
This particularly beautiful and eye-catching species of thistle often spreads on poor pastures when the cattle population is too high for the area. Then the remaining plants are deeply grazed and often the ground is wounded. This creates ideal conditions for the growth of thistles, which cattle spurn.
Occurrence
The nodding thistle is particularly widespread in the Mediterranean region. The entire distribution area includes southern, eastern and central Europe, Ireland, Great Britain, North Africa, western Asia, the Caucasus , central Asia, Siberia, China and Mongolia. In Northern Europe, Southern Africa, North America, Australia, New Zealand and Chile it is a neophyte. In the Allgäu Alps, it rises in the Tyrolean part on the way from Elbigenalp to the Hermann-von-Barth-Hütte up to an altitude of 1480 meters. The actual nicked thistle ( Carduus nutans subsp. Nutans ) is native to the Pannonian Floral Province and occurs there scattered; in the rest of Austria it is naturalized and rare.
The nodding thistle can be found quite often in open weed communities, on paths, rubble and loading areas, on embankments, in overcrowded poor grass , on warm, mostly calcareous soils . The pointer values according to Ellenberg indicate them as a sun plant , nitrogen pointer and association character of the donkey thistle societies ( donkey thistle Onopordum acanthium L. ).
Systematics
The species name Carduus nutans was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , p. 821 . A synonym for Carduus nutans L. is Carduus phyllolepis Willk. The widespread Carduus nutans is extremely rich in shape in terms of the size of the inflorescences and the design of the bracts and their hairiness. There are numerous subspecies of Carduus nutans :
- Common nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans L. subsp. Nutans )
- Alpine nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans subsp. Alpicola (Gillot) Chass. & Arènes ): It occurs in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Italy.
- Carduus nutans subsp. falcatoincurvus P.H.Davis : It occurs in Turkey.
- Carduus nutans subsp. granatensis (arbitrary) O.Bolòs & Vigo : It occurs in Spain.
- Carduus nutans subsp. leiophyllus (Petrović) Stoj. & Stef. : It occurs in Central and Southern Europe, in Eastern Europe and Western Asia.
- Carduus nutans subsp. maurus (Emb. & Maire) Greuter : It occurs in Morocco .
- Carduus nutans subsp. micropterus (Borbás) Hayek : It occurs in Italy and on the Balkan Peninsula.
- Carduus nutans subsp. numidicus (Coss. & Durieu) Arènes : It occurs in Algeria .
- Carduus nutans subsp. perspinosus (Fiori) Arènes : It occurs in Italy.
- Broad-scaled nodding thistle ( Carduus nutans subsp. Platylepis (Rchb. & Saut.) Nyman ): It occurs in France, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia .
- Carduus nutans subsp. platypus (Lange) Greuter : It occurs in Portugal and Spain.
- Carduus nutans subsp. scabrisquamus Arènes : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia , Italy, Sardinia, Croatia, Albania and Greece.
- Carduus nutans subsp. siculus (Franco) Greuter : It occurs in Sicily .
- Carduus nutans subsp. subacaulis Arènes : It occurs in Morocco.
- Carduus nutans subsp. taygeteus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek : It occurs in Italy, on the Balkan Peninsula, in the Aegean Sea and in Turkey.
- Carduus nutans subsp. trojanus P.H.Davis : It occurs in Turkey.
Common names
For the nodding thistle, the other German-language trivial names exist or existed, sometimes only regionally : Eseldistel ( Silesia ), Lusedizel and Hunnedizel ( Göttingen ).
General
The nodding thistle was 2008 flower of the year .
swell
- Nodding thistle. In: FloraWeb.de.
- Carduus nutans L. s. st. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora .
- Distribution in the northern hemisphere from: Eric Hultén, Magnus Fries: Atlas of North European vascular plants. 1986, ISBN 3-87429-263-0 at Den virtuella floran. (swed.)
Web links
- Nodding thistle . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
- Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria .
- Thomas Meyer: Thistle data sheet with identification key and photos at Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia ).
Individual evidence
- ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp. 962 .
- ↑ Profile of the Botanical Garden of the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. ( Memento of the original from August 3, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Carduus nutans at Euro + MedPlantBase by Werner Greuter.
- ↑ Carduus nutans on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
- ↑ Erhard Dörr, Wolfgang Lippert : Flora of the Allgäu and its surroundings. Volume 2, IHW, Eching 2004, ISBN 3-930167-61-1 , p. 636.
- ^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 941 f .
- ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hannover 1882, page 80. ( online ).
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