Claude Bourgelat

Vignette with a portrait of Bourgelat as the title copper of his work Traité de la conformation extérieure du cheval (4th edition, 1797, and following).

Claude Bourgelat (born March 27, 1712 in Lyon , † January 3, 1779 in Paris ) was a French author of specialist books on hippology and from 1764 until his death the leading royal official in the fields of horse breeding and veterinary medicine in France. As the founder of several veterinary training centers, he is one of the pioneers of veterinary teaching in Europe.

Originally working as a lawyer in Lyon, Bourgelat took over the management of the riding academy there in 1740. Four years later, his first publication appeared under the title Nouveau Newcastle , in which Bourgelat dealt with the art of riding . He gained wider fame with the Elémens d'hippiatrique , published in three volumes between 1750 and 1753 , followed by a series of writings on the morphology , anatomy and medical treatment of horses . As one of the main contributors to the Encyclopédie , Bourgelat contributed more than 235 articles for volumes five to seven published between 1755 and 1757. He stopped working after the Catholic Church had banned the work and his friend d'Alembert left.

His relations with the chairman of the royal censorship authority Malesherbes and with Henri-Léonard Bertin , the artistic director of Lyon and later general controller of finances, brought Bourgelat a number of lucrative state offices. During his time in Lyon, he was the royal censor and controller of the city's book trade . In 1764 he was appointed Inspector General of the French Schools of Veterinary Medicine and Commissioner General of the Royal Studs .

One of Bourgelat's greatest achievements was the founding of the world's first veterinary school in Lyon in 1761. Together with the École royale vétérinaire d'Alfort , also founded by Bourgelat, it influenced other institutions of its kind across Europe. His set of rules for veterinary schools, published in 1777 under the title Règlemens pour les Écoles royales vétérinaires de France , became a model for the organization of veterinary education in and outside France.

life and work

Origin, youth and education

View of Lyon in the 18th century.

Claude Bourgelat was born in Lyon in 1712 as the youngest child of the merchant Charles-Pierre Bourgelat and his second wife Geneviève, née Terasson . His father came from the small town of Bélesta in what is now the Haute-Garonne department and, after moving to Lyon (around 1682), rose from an accountant to one of the city's leading cloth merchants. In 1706 and 1707 Bourgelat's father was a member of the magistrate of the city of Lyon (échevin) and as such carried the title of écuyer . When Charles-Pierre Bourgelat died in 1719, he left behind a son from his first marriage and, in addition to Claude, three daughters from his second marriage. Claude's mother died four years later, so that Claude grew up with his maternal grandfather, the lawyer (procureur) Louis Terrasson , for the rest of his youth .

The time after the early death of his parents was marked by a protracted legal dispute over his father's fortune, which Claude led with his older stepbrother Barthélemy and his wife Françoise-Julien. When this dispute was finally settled in 1728, part of the legacy was consumed by the court costs.

The exact circumstances of Bourgelat's training are still not sufficiently certain. Most of his biographers follow a report by Louis Furcy Grogniers published in 1805, according to which Bourgelat first attended a Jesuit school, then began studying law in Toulouse , then worked as a lawyer in Grenoble , but turned away from this profession due to moral concerns and joined a musketeer regiment. Bourgelat's service with the royal musketeers is only supported by a document in the archives of the Département Rhône in which a soldier of the same name is mentioned; the information about his studies in Toulouse and his alleged work as a lawyer in Grenoble raise questions to this day.

Even if no evidence of studying in Toulouse has appeared so far, Bourgelat apparently had a legal education, because from 1733 his name was included in the list of lawyers in Lyon - an activity which he gave up again after a short time. According to a report by Philibert Chabert , his future successor as director of the École royale vétérinaire d'Alfort , Bourgelat is said to have drawn his decision as a consequence of a court case in which he had appeared as a prosecutor. Bourgelat led a lawsuit against a widow who was wrongly convicted by his actions and had to continue her life in poverty. Bourgelat could not bear the insight into the injustice that had occurred and therefore gave up his profession as a lawyer.

Activity at the Académie d'équitation and first publications

Appointed head of the Lyon Riding School

On July 29, 1740 Bourgelat took over the management of the riding academy (Académie d'équitation) in Lyon, where young aristocrats learned math, music, good manners and skills in handling weapons in addition to horse riding. It is unclear why he was appointed to this post. Bourgelat was just twenty-eight years old when he took office and at that time had nothing to show that would have qualified him for such a prominent position. The riding academy of Lyon was considered to be one of the best in the French kingdom, and the position of director of the academy must have been extremely sought-after. Bourgelat's biographer Marc Mammerickx suspects that he benefited from the intercession of influential friends of his family, including André Périchon, chief prosecutor of Lyon and namesake of Bourgelat's godfather, Claude Périchon, whose first name was Bourgelat.

Nouveau Newcastle

Four years after taking office, Bourgelat's first publication appeared under the title Le nouveau Newcastle , in which Bourgelat dealt with the art of riding . With the title, Bourgelat referred to the extremely successful standard work on equestrian teaching, first published in 1658, Méthode et invention nouvelle de dresser les chevaux (dt. The new way of riding horses) by the 1st Duke of Newcastle . With the addition nouveau (Eng. New), Bourgelat implicitly meant to the reader that his book was even better than the Duke's. This was a not uncommon practice at the time; Bourgelat's contemporary François-Alexandre-Pierre de Garsault also tried to build on the success of the Parfait maréchal (German: perfect stable master) of his role model Jacques de Solleysel with the title Nouveau parfait maréchal (Eng. New Perfect Stallmeister) . In the case of Bourgelat, however, this move was initially unsuccessful - it was only with the appearance of the second edition in 1747 that the Newcastle Newcastle became more widely known.

Elémens d'hippiatrique

Frontispiece and title of the first volume of the Elémens d'hippiatrique , Lyon 1750.

With his next publication, the first volume of the work Elémens d'hippiatrique (German components of equine healing), published in 1750 , Bourgelat turned to a new topic that would occupy him for the rest of his life. It was a scientific treatise on the morphology and anatomy of horses. This brought about a decisive change in Bourgelat's interests towards a discussion of equine medicine.

In the Elémens d'hippiatrique , Bourgelat transferred knowledge from the field of human medicine to that of equine medicine. He referred explicitly to the work of Jean-Baptiste Charmettons , a surgeon and anatomist from Lyon. As a further source, he cites the Anatomia del cavallo, infermita et suoi rimedii by the Italian Carlo Ruini from the 16th century, which had found widespread circulation, and via the detour of François Garsault's translation of a work on anatomy by Andrew Snape in France had become known. In particular, Ruini's tablets with anatomical studies of the horse had been reproduced in numerous works by other authors. Bourgelat heavily criticized Ruini and, as Mammerinckx suspects, this was in order to conceal the actual source of his knowledge of anatomy. Bourgelat emphasized his own research share by referring to autopsies on horses, which he carried out in Lyon. Although he emphasized that he wielded the scalpel with one hand and made sketches with the other hand, none of the anatomical tables in the Elémens d'hippiatrique came from his pen.

In 1751, the first part of the second volume appeared, in which Bourgelat dealt with osteology (bone theory), myology (muscle theory) and angiology (vascular theory). In 1753, the second part of the second volume on the anatomy of the horse's head and breast followed. In the first part of the second volume Bourgelat had announced further volumes in which he wanted to deal with the internal and external diseases of horses, with horse hygiene and the medication of horse diseases. These volumes were never published; nevertheless Bourgelat took up many approaches of the Elémens d'hippiatrique again in later works.

The Elémens d'hippiatrique formed the prelude to Bourgelat's impact outside France. A year after the last volume was printed, a translation into English by Richard Berenger appeared in London. In the same year Berenger also published a translation of the Newcastle Newcastle . In the academic world, Bourgelat's achievement was recognized by his acceptance as a corresponding member in the Académie royale des sciences (1752) and later also in the Prussian Academy of Sciences (1763).

Contributor to the Encyclopédie

Table on the cross gallop (Manège, Galop desuni du derriere à gauche et Galop desuni du derriere à droite) from the sixth volume of the Encyclopédie published in 1769 .

With the publication of the Elémens d'hippiatrique , Bourgelat had made a name for himself in the field of equine science. His admission to the Académie royale des sciences had also given him official recognition. All of this made him a suitable candidate to work on the Encyclopédie begun in 1751 .

A letter from Bourgelat, dated June 17, 1754, to the chairman of the supreme censorship authority and sponsor of the Malesherbes encyclopedia project shows that Bourgelat participated in the encyclopédie under his own name even before articles were published:

J'ay reçu déjà longtemps, Monsieur, les articles concernant le manège et l'hippiatrique qui vous ont été remis par M. Diderot et que vous m'avés fait l'honneur de m'envoyer. J'ay examiné avec encor plus de soin que je n'avois fait ceux qui sont renfermés dans les trois premiers volumes et je me trouve forcé de supprimer en entier l'ouvrage EN… et de travailler sur un nouveau plan. Dans quelques temps je communiqueray quelques articles nouveaux et d'autres que j'auray retouché.

Some time ago, Monsieur, I received articles on the fields of equestrian art and equine science which Monsieur Diderot gave you and which you kindly sent me. I examined them with even greater care than those of the first three volumes and saw myself compelled to discard and rewrite the entire Lemma area EN ... I will be sending you some of the new and revised articles in the near future.

Initially, Bourgelat was given the task of checking the articles of his predecessor Marc-Antoine Eidous and correcting them if necessary. From the fact that whole lemma areas did not stand up to his test , the decision evidently grew to entrust the subject area completely to him. In the foreword to the fifth volume of the Encyclopédie , published in 1755 , he was introduced as the new author of all entries on equestrian art, horse medicine and related topics:

L'Encyclopédie vient de faire une excellent acquisition en la personne de M. Bourgelat […]. Il veut bien nous thunder, à commencer à la lettre E, tous les articles qui concernent le Manège, la Maréchalerie et les Arts relatifs. […] Les conoissances profondes de M. Bourgelat, dans la matière dont il s'agit, nous répondent du soin avec lequel ces articles ont été faits; ils sont marqués d'un (e)

The Encyclopédie has made an excellent addition in the person of Monsieur Bourgelat […] From the letter E onwards, he will contribute all articles related to equestrian art, equine medicine and related arts. […] Monsieur Bourgelat's profound knowledge in this area underlies the care with which these articles are written; they are marked with (e).

Bourgelat had a particularly close relationship with d'Alembert . After this during a meeting of the Literary Society of Lyon (Société littéraire de Lyon) by the Jesuit C.-P. Tolomas had been attacked - among other things - for his statements on the French school system in the article Collège , Bourgelat publicly defended his friend d'Alembert. In connection with this he wrote to Malesherbes that Tolomas had “for five quarters of an hour vomited a torrent of insults against the Encyclopédie and all encyclopedists in very bad Latin ” and added: “I dedicate myself [to work on] the Encyclopédie with more joy than ever before ".

Bourgelat's enthusiasm for the Encyclopédie was reflected in more than 235 articles which he contributed to volumes five, six and seven. A broad study of his contributions is still pending , but it is certain that Bourgelat did not only deal with traditional horse topics such as gallop (Galop) or shoeing (Ferrure) , but also contributions on keywords such as epilepsy (Épilepsy) or fever (Fièvre) contributed.

Bourgelat's collaboration on the Encyclopédie ended with the completion of the seventh volume. In a letter to Friedrich Melchior Grimm dated May 1, 1759, Diderot suspected him of torpedoing the further printing of the work in Paris and, together with d'Alembert, planning to have the Encyclopédie published in Prussia under the protection of Frederick II . It is hardly surprising that Bourgelat ended his collaboration with the seventh volume, because in 1757 he was appointed inspector of the royal stud farms in the Lyon region and had to fear this position after the encyclopédie was entered in the Index Librorum Prohibitorum in 1759 Continuing to lose his cooperation again.

Royal censor and controller of the Lyons book trade

Last page of a letter from Bourgelat, dated July 22, 1771, to his sponsor Bertin , who secured him several lucrative official posts in the civil service.

His close relationship with Malesherbes earned Bourgelat the appointment of censor. As such, he was responsible for reviewing book manuscripts and granted or withdrawn - depending on the result of the examination - the royal printing privilege. Like his patron Malesherbes, Bourgelat did not exercise his office with the utmost rigor - one reason why Malesherbes gladly gave his protégé the works of his friends for examination.

Together with Henri-Léonard Bertin , who had made Bourgelat stud inspector in 1757 in his former function as director of Lyon, Malesherbes gave him the post of supervisor of the Lyon book trade at the beginning of 1760 (inspecteur de la librairie de Lyon) . As such, Bourgelat had the task of checking book shipments as well as supervising the town's publishers and printers.

Bourgelat's first official act was the hunt for a pamphlet directed against Madame de Pompadour . It has not been proven whether he was motivated by their former sponsorship of authors like Diderot or d'Alembert - the only thing that is certain is that Bourgelat devoted himself to his task with the utmost zeal. According to his own statement, he had the bookstores in Lyon searched every last corner, worked even at night and finally assumed that a Jewish bookseller could be the source of all evil. He relied on secret informants in his search for evidence and even considered a nightly raid on all of Lyon's Jewish homes.

He was more gentle with the works of leading philosophers and encyclopedists. When the Geneva publisher Gabriel Cramer tried to introduce the anonymous Traité sur la tolérance to Lyon in 1763 , Bourgelat had the work intercepted at customs - presumably because he did not know that the author was Voltaire . When d'Alembert intervened in the case at Voltaire's request, Bourgelat apologized to Voltaire. Then their relationship normalized and in the end they both exchanged a series of heartfelt letters.

Modern commentators do not hesitate to criticize this part of Bourgelat's biography. In his book The encyclopedists as individuals , published in 1988, Frank Arthur Kafker criticizes the hypocrisy and opportunism of Bourgelat: “There was more than a touch of hypocrisy and opportunism in Bourgelat”.

Establishment of veterinary schools

Claude Bourgelat's statue in Maisons-Alfort .

Bourgelat's biographer Marc Mammerickx sees the dialogical question-and-answer style of the Elémens d'hippiatrique, which is based on a teaching situation, as the first signs of Bourgelat's plan to found a school specializing in veterinary medicine. Bourgelat had already pursued the first plans to create such an institution in Lyon from 1750, but these ultimately failed due to resistance from the local city administration. Nonetheless, regular veterinary instruction was of economic and military interest for all of France. Four years before the end of the Seven Years' War , Henri-Léonard Bertin took over the post of French General Controller of Finance. He promoted Bourgelat's ideas because he attached a high economic and at the same time - as in the case of the horses required for the war effort - a political dimension to the control of animal diseases in cattle and horse husbandry. Rinderpest , in particular , led to large losses in Europe in the 18th century.

Lyon

The veterinary school of Lyon (from 1764 École royale vétérinaire de Lyon ) was founded as the first institution of its kind in the world by a decree of August 4, 1761 and was to open its doors on January 1, 1762. The first student did not appear until February 13, 1762. It was initially located in the modest premises of the Hôtellerie de l'Abondance in a suburb of Lyon. The students were accommodated in a neighboring inn, where they were also fed. Later on, bedrooms were set up in the school itself.

During his tenure, Bourgelat took care of questions of funding and school discipline down to the last detail and tried to attract foreign students to the institution. He found little time for his own lessons. Abilgaard, a Danish high school student, even reported that students were largely left alone in treating sick animals.

When he left for Paris in 1765 Bourgelat wanted to close the veterinary school in Lyon, but this failed because of Bertin's resistance. However, this did not prevent Bourgelat from taking his best students and two of the teachers, Honoré Fragonard and Philibert Chabert , to Paris. In the year V of the French Republic (1796) the school was relocated to its present location in the Deux-Amants monastery in Lyon.

Alfort

Bourgelat left Lyon with a plan to set up a veterinary school in Paris . In April 1765 he arrived in the French capital with a selection of his best students. The establishment of a veterinary science institution in the capital itself failed due to the resistance of the Paris blacksmiths' guild . That is why Bourgelat finally opted for the Alfort estate , which is located just outside the city, and bought it from Baron de Bormes.

Bourgelat headed the École royale vétérinaire d'Alfort (now École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort ) until his death in January 1779. Although Fragonard , who was responsible for teaching anatomy , and his later successor Chabert also officially carried the title of directors, Bourgelat did not allow them to have much influence. Bourgelat did not hold his own lessons - as his student Abilgaard reported, because this activity could not be reconciled with his now high rank.

In 1773, with the appointment of Chabert as Inspecteur général des études and Bourgelat's nephew Prost de Grange-Blanche as Inspecteur visiteur, two new functions were created at the school. Although Bourgelat was sharing his responsibility in Alfort with others for the first time, he remained in a dominant position of power, which he consolidated four years later with the publication of his Règlemens pour les Écoles royales vétérinaires de France .

Effect outside of France

The schools created by Bourgelat in France were the initial spark for the establishment of further veterinary training centers in Europe, the founders of which were often graduates from the schools of Lyon and Alfort. Institutions were established in Vienna in 1766, in Göttingen in 1771 and in Hanover in 1778. Johann Georg Naumann and Georg Friedrich Sick , the founders of the institution established in Berlin in 1790 , had both studied in Alfort. The first professor at the Thierarzney School , founded in Munich that same year, was Anton Will , who had spent part of his studies in Lyon.

Bourgelat developed further effects in and outside France through the Règlemens pour les Écoles royales vétérinaires de France (German rules for the royal veterinary schools of France) published two years before his death . From funding schools to maintaining the teaching discipline, the work describes different aspects of veterinary training. The Règlemens only appeared in a single edition, but later authors always served as a model. Today the work is a rich source on the history of the first veterinary schools.

Supervisor of the royal studs

Ideal representation of a horse based on Bourgelat's ideal of breeding. Proportions Géométrales du Cheval , panel from the first volume of the Elémens d'hippiatrique .

Since 1757 Bourgelat was responsible as commissaire-inspecteur des haras in the province of Lyonnais for the supervision of the royal horse breeding . His duties included checking the stallions , horse markets and stud farms in his district twice a year . This office was financially rewarding, but its importance was rather minor, since the Lyonnais was one of the smallest provinces in France. With the appointment on June 2, 1764 to the post of commissaire général des haras du royaume , his sponsor Bertin Bourgelat extended authority - with a few exceptions to provinces already assigned - to the entire kingdom. As the superintendent of the royal studs, Bourgelat was the highest French official in the field of horse breeding. The commissaires-inspecteurs of the provinces were subordinate to him and regularly reported to him in writing.

These provincial inspector posts were highly coveted and not infrequently occupied by representatives of respected French aristocratic families. It was therefore not surprising that Bourgelat encountered opposition when he took office. In a letter to Bertin dated December 9, 1766, he soberly summarized his situation:

MM. Rougane et de Fontenay sont les deux seuls inspecteurs du royaume qui veuillent bien me faire l'honneur de me reconnoitre

Monsieurs Rougane and de Fontenay are the only two inspectors in the kingdom who do me the honor of professing my own.

Just three months after his appointment, Bourgelat sent officials to the provinces to check the commissaires-inspecteurs . His shortlist addressed to Bertin only listed people whose loyalty he was absolutely certain. The new inspectors were a thorn in the side of the commissaires-inspecteurs , but this did not prevent Bourgelat from permanently establishing the new office.

Another innovation introduced by Bourgelat as part of his office as superintendent of the royal stud farms was the establishment of a school in Alfort for the training of commissaires-inspecteurs . The courses started in 1765 and had the added benefit of attracting more students to the Alfort Veterinary School. At the same time, Bourgelat also expanded his influence with this step, since he had the new commissaires-inspecteurs trained in his own way . He then recommended the most obedient among the students to Bertin, who filled vacant positions in the stud supervisor with them.

Bourgelat's influence on the development of horse breeding in France was not without criticism. His breeding ideal was the dressage horse, which from his point of view had the ideal body proportions. In order to achieve this ideal, Bourgelat propagated the increased cross-breeding of thoroughbred Arabs . After his death, he was therefore made the main culprit for the decline of native French horse breeds. However, Mammerickx points out to Bourgelat's apology that his positions had previously been represented by Jacques de Solleysel and the 1st Duke of Newcastle .

Income, sickness and death

In terms of the amount of income obtained from them, the post of commissaire général des haras du royaume was the most important of all the offices of Bourgelat. He received a wage of 11,000 livres and also had a royal coach, a coachman, a postilion and a secretary. Bourgelat's earnings during his time in Paris are estimated at around 30,000 livres annually. In contrast, none of the teachers in Alfort earned more than 1,500 livres, so it is hardly surprising that Bourgelat was perceived as greedy by some of his contemporaries.

Bourgelat's letters indicate that he was often sick. A gout disease meant that he could not move his right hand and feet for days and weeks. Therefore, between April and July 1763, he dictated all of his correspondence and then only put his signature on the letters. Bourgelat's complaint that he had been unable to move his feet and right hand for two years was, however, exposed by Mammerickx as a gross exaggeration. All letters from the years 1761 and 1762 are clearly from his hand.

At the end of December 1778, Bourgelat's health deteriorated rapidly. He died on January 3, 1779 at the age of 66. The location of his grave is unknown today.

List of independent writings and their reprints

Bourgelat's works have been translated into a number of other languages. Here: Title page of the beginnings of Vieharzney art (original title: Précis anatomique du Corps du cheval ), Danzig 1772

• Le nouveau Newcastle, ou, Nouveau traité de cavalerie, geometrique, théorique et pratique , Lausanne and Geneva 1744 (without naming the author), Paris ² 1747, Lyon ³ 1771, English in the translation by Richard Berrenger as A New System of Horsemanship … London 1754, Spanish in the translation of Don Francisco Layglesia as El Nuevo Newcastle… Madrid 1801.
• Elémens d'hippiatrique ou nouveaux principes sur la connoissance et sur la médicine des chevaux , Volume 1: Tome premier, contenant la connoissance du cheval considéré extérieurement, et un traité théorique et pratique sur la ferrure , Lyon 1750, Volume 2.1: Tome second, première partie, contenant un abbrégé hypostéologique, myologique et angéïologique , Lyon 1751, Volume 2.2: Tome second, seconde partie, contenant un précis anatomique de la tête et de la poitrine du Cheval , Lyon 1753, English translation of the volumes by Richard Berenger, London 1754, London ² 1771 (two volumes, supplemented by Xenophon's art of riding ).
• Art vétérinaire ou médecine des animaux , Lyon without year and naming of the author (probably 1761 or 1762), Paris ² 1767.
• Matière Médicale raisonnée ou Précis des Médicamens considérés dans leurs effets… , Lyon 1765, Lyon ² 1771 (not marked as second edition), Paris ³ 1793, Paris ⁴ IX (1800), Paris XIII (1805) and 1808, Italian in translation by Jacopo Odoardi in Opere veterinarie del sig. Bourgelat Belluno 1776–1779, Spanish in the translation by S. Malats and H. Estevez as part of Elementos de veterinaria Madrid 1793–1800, German as a teaching term for medicinischen matter, or description of the medicaments according to their effects Leipzig 1766, Danzig 1782.
• Précis anatomique du Corps du cheval , Paris 1766–1769 (under the title Élémens de l'Art vétérinair. Zootomie ou anatomie comparée à l'usage des Élèves des Écoles vétérinaires ), Paris 1769 (reprint of the first edition under a different title), Paris ² 1791–1793 (corrected and expanded new edition), Paris ³ VI and VII (1797 and 1798), Paris ⁴ 1807, Paris ⁵ 1808, Paris ⁶ 1808, German as the beginnings of Vieharzney art, or a short term for the dissection of the horse Danzig 1772 , Italian in the translation by Jacopo Odoardi in Opere veterinarie del sig. Bourgelat Belluno 1776–1779, Spanish in the translation by S. Malats and H. Estevez as part of Elementos de veterinaria Madrid 1793–1800.
• Traité de la conformation extérieure du cheval , Paris 1768–1769, Paris ² 1775, Paris ³ 1785 (not marked as third edition), Paris ⁴ 1797 (revised, corrected and expanded), Paris ⁵ XI (1803), Paris ⁶ 1808, Paris ⁸ 1832, Italian in the translation by Jacopo Odoardi as the third volume of Opere veterinarie del sig. Bourgelat Belluno 1777, German in the translation by Joh. Knobloch as Mr. Bourgelat's instruction on the knowledge and treatment of horses Prague and Leipzig 1789–1790, Spanish in the translation by Hipolito Estevez as Elementos de veterinaria. Exterior del Caballo (Volumes 5 and 6) Madrid 1794. There is also a translation into Dutch that Mammerickx was unable to prove beyond doubt.
• Essai sur les appareils et sur les bandages , Paris 1770, Paris ² 1813, Italian in the translation by Jacopo Odoardi in Opere veterinarie del sig. Bourgelat Belluno 1777, German as an experiment on bandages and the most appropriate surgical devices for external diseases of horses and quadruped animals ... Berlin 1801 (see the review in Allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung 4 (1803), p. 117– 119, available online via the digitization server of the Thuringian University and State Library Jena).
• Essai théorique et pratique sur la ferrure , Paris 1771, Paris ² XII (1804), Paris ³ 1813, Italian in the translation by Jacopo Odoardi as Opere veterinarie del sig. Bourgelat… Saggio teorico e pratico sulla ferratura Belluno 1777.
• Règlemens pour les Écoles royales vétérinaires de France , Paris 1777

In addition to the works mentioned, there are other writings that are ascribed to Bourgelat and that are not included here. Some of them have only survived in the form of translations into other languages. Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , pp. 65-105, gives a complete overview of Bourgelat's works as of 1971 . Each of the entries there is commented in detail.

literature

swell

A complete edition of Bourgelat's correspondence does not yet exist; the largest part was published by Léon Moulé between 1911 and 1919 in the Bulletin de la Société centrale de médecine vétérinaire :

• Léon Moulé, Correspondance de Claude Bourgelat, fondateur des écoles vétérinaires , in: Bulletin de la Société centrale de médecine vétérinaire, Paris 1911, pp. 342–347, pp. 388–396, pp. 548–553; 1912, pp. 58-64, pp. 115-120, pp. 187-199, pp. 216-232, pp. 516-520; 1916, pp. 67-80, pp. 91-104, pp. 279-294, pp. 315-326, pp. 365-374; 1917, pp. 209-214, pp. 249-253, pp. 289-302, pp. 329-334, pp. 363-366; 1918, pp. 171-176, pp. 222-224, pp. 258-264, pp. 299-304, pp. 316-336, pp. 361-400, pp. 512-520; 1919, pp. 46-48, pp. 101-103, pp. 127-135, pp. 155-167, pp. 223-231, pp. 265-271.

The originals are in the Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris, in the archives of the individual veterinary schools, in various département archives (primarily Rhône ) and city archives such as that of Lyon . The whereabouts of other parts of the correspondence - such as the correspondence with his students mentioned by Bourgelat himself or the one with d'Alembert - is unclear.

Representations

• Hugues Plaideux: La descendance de Claude Bourgelat , in: Bulletin de la Société française d'histoire de la médecine et des sciences vétérinaires 12 (2012) pp. 161–176 ( online ).
• Hugues Plaideux: L'inventaire après décès de Claude Bourgelat , in: Bulletin de la Société française d'histoire de la médecine et des sciences vétérinaires 10 (2010), pp. 125–158 ( online ).
• Bourgelat, Claude , in: Frank Arthur Kafker: The Encyclopedists as individuals: a biographical dictionary of the authors of the Encyclopédie , Oxford 1988, ISBN 0-7294-0368-8 , pp. 67-71 (there also references to further literature) .
• Marc Mammerickx: Claude Bourgelat: avocat des vétérinaires , Bruxelles 1971.
• Richard Tagand: Claude Bourgelat, écuyer lyonnais, 1712–1779 , in: Revue de médecine vétérinaire , 1959, pp. 888–897.
• Alcide Railliet , Léon Moulé: Histoire de l'École d'Alfort , Paris 1908 ( online at the Bibliothèque Interuniversitaire de Médecine, Paris).
• Louis Furcy Grognier: Notice historique et raisonnée sur C. Bourgelat, Fondateur des écoles vétérinaires; ou l'on trouve un aperçu statistique sur ces établissemens , Paris [u. a.] 1805.

Web links

Commons : Claude Bourgelat  - Collection of Images

• List of Bourgelat's contributions to the Encyclopédie with links to the full text about the ARTFL project.
• 15 digitized works by Bourgelat ( Memento of October 30, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) at the École Nationale Vétérinaire de Lyon (French, PDF)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Richard Tagand, Claude Bourgelat, écuyer lyonnais, 1712–1779 , in: Revue de médecine vétérinaire 1959, pp. 888–897, provides the most detailed overview of Bourgelat's family relationships.
2. ↑ Grognier, Notice historique , p. 210 writes: “Claude Bourgelat, après avoir fait d'excellentes études chez les jésuites, étudia le droit et fut reçu avocat de l'Université de Toulouse; il suivit le barreau du Parlement de Grenoble, s'y fit remarquer, gagna une cause injuste, rougit de son triomphe, et quitta pour toujours le métier d'avocat. Il entra dans les mousquetaires. ”, Quoted here from Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 29.
3. ↑ Tagand, Claude Bourgelat , S. 894th
4. ↑ Cf. on this Mammerinckx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 29f.
5. ↑ Railliet / Moulé, Histoire de l'École d'Alfort , p. 7.
6. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , S. 34th
7. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 187 on this: “Pour compléter sa formation en anatomie, Bourgelat a étudié les écrits de Ruini sur le cheval. Il a fort critique Ruini pour cacher sa source de documentaire. "
8. ↑ "à mésure que d'une main j'ai découvert avec le scalpel ce que je cherchois, j'ai tracé de l'autre sur le papier ce que j'ai trouvé", Elémens d'hippiatrique , Volume 2.1, S. XLIII.
9. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 35
10. ↑ Frank A. Kafker: Notices sur les auteurs of dix-sept volumes de "discours" de l'Encyclopédie. Research on Diderot et sur l'Encyclopédie. 1989, Volume 7, Numéro 7, p. 133
11. ↑ Moulé, Correspondance de Claude Bourgelat , in: Bulletin de la Société Centrale de médecine vétérinaire 1917 S. 289th
12. ↑ Quoted here from Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 42.
13. ↑ The term “Maréchalerie” is given here in the narrowing sense with which Bourgelat understood it. Cf. the Elemens d'hippiatrique , Volume 1, p. 5, as well as the explanation Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 38.
14. ↑ "[Tolomas] vomit pendant cinq heures quart d'en très mauvais latin un torrent d'injures contre l'Encyclopédie et tous les Encyclopédistes" Moulé, Correspondance de Claude Bourgelat , in: Bulletin de la Société Centrale de médecine vétérinaire 1917 P. 294f.
15. ↑ "je me livre a l'encyclopédie avec plus de plaisir que jamais" Moulé, Correspondance de Claude Bourgelat , in: Bulletin de la Société Centrale de médecine vétérinaire 1917, S. 294f.
16. ↑ Kafker, The encyclopedists as worth individuals , S. 68th
17. ↑ Kafker, The encyclopedists as individuals , pp. 68f.
18. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , S. 46th
19. ↑ Kafker, The encyclopedists as worth individuals , S. 69th
20. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 37
21. ^ Saturnin Arloing , Le berceau de l'enseignement vétérinaire , Lyon 1889, p. 44.
22. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , S. 52nd
23. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , S. 54th
24. ↑ Moulé, Correspondance de Claude Bourgelat , in: Bulletin de la Société Centrale de médecine vétérinaire 1916 S. 288th
25. ↑ ^{a b c} Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 59.
26. ↑ ^{a b} Kafker, The encyclopedists as individuals , p. 70.
27. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , S. 61st
28. ↑ Mammerickx, Claude Bourgelat , p. 104f.

This article was added to the list of excellent articles on April 26, 2008 in this version .