Ferrari 365

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Ferrari 365 is a family of models from the Italian car manufacturer Ferrari , which is equipped with twelve-cylinder engines. The family consists of a number of outwardly very different coupés and convertibles. All vehicles have 4.4-liter twelve-cylinder engines, some of which differ greatly from one another, regardless of their identical cubic capacity. Like no other model series from Ferrari, the models of the 365 series have been given nicknames by the trade press, which are now better known than the official names that go back to technical details. The best-known representatives are the 365 GTB / 4 and its open version 365 GTS / 4, which are often referred to as the "Ferrari Daytona". The most independent series is the mid-engined Coupé 365 GT / 4 Berlinetta Boxer.

The motors

All members of the 365 family are powered by twelve-cylinder V-engines with a displacement of 4390 cm³. The displacement of a single cylinder is 365 cm³. The name of the model family is derived from this value.

All front-engined models of the 365 family had an engine, the basic structure of which was based on a design by Gioacchino Colombo from 1947. Ferrari had extensively revised Colombo's twelve-cylinder for the 330 model family released in 1961 , in particular the engine block had been redesigned while maintaining the cylinder bank angle of 60 degrees. This 4.0 liter engine had the internal designation Tipo 209 . For the 365 series, which gradually replaced the 330 series from 1966, Ferrari increased the total volume to 4.4 liters. The engineers achieved the increase in displacement by enlarging the bore from 77 to 81 millimeters. The stroke, however, remained unchanged at 71 millimeters. On this basis, various variants were created that were tailored to the individual models of the 365 family:

  • The first 365 engine was named Tipo 217B . It had an overhead camshaft for each bank of cylinders and two valves per cylinder. Three double Weber carburettors (type 40DF) were used to prepare the mixture. Ferrari used wet sump lubrication for this variant. The engine output was given as 320 hp (235 kW). The Tipo 217B was used in the 365 California Spyder (1966).
  • A further development of this engine was the Tipo 245 . In contrast to the Tipo 217B, it had pressure lubrication. The engine also developed 320 hp (235 kW). The Tipo 245 was used in the 365 GTC and GTS as well as in the 365 GT 2 + 2 .
Ferrari Tipo 251
  • The Tipo 251 appeared in 1969. In contrast to the Tipo 217B and Tipo 245 , it had dry sump lubrication . Another special feature were the four overhead camshafts (two for each cylinder bank), which no other engine in the 365 family had so far. They were driven by two chains and controlled two valves per cylinder. Six downdraft twin carburettors from Weber (type 40DCN 20 or 21) were used to prepare the mixture. The compression was 8.8: 1. The engine's output was given as 352 hp (259 kW) at 7,500 revolutions per minute. Ferrari used the Tipo 251 in the 365 GTB / 4 "Daytona" and 365 GTS / 4. A high-performance version, which was used in the competition model 365 GTB / 4 Competizione, developed up to 450 hp (331 kW).
  • Another modification was the Tipo 101 AC , which like the Tipo 251 had two overhead camshafts and four valves per cylinder, but unlike this one, it was equipped with wet sump lubrication. Instead of downdraft carburetors, the Tipo 101 AC used six double flat-flow carburettors. The output was again 320 hp (235 kW). The engine was used in the 365 GTC / 4 "Il Gobbone" and from 1972 in the 365 GT / 4 2 + 2 notchback coupé .
  • The Tipo F102 A , which was used in the mid-engine sports car 365 GT / 4 BB “Berlinetta Boxer”, was completely independent . The engine had a cylinder bank angle of 180 degrees, to which the technically incorrect designation boxer can be traced back. It was equipped with two overhead camshafts for each cylinder bank and four valves per cylinder, had dry sump lubrication and four triple downdraft carburetors from Weber. The power was around 380 hp (279 kW).

The models

365 California Spyder

Ferrari 365 California Spyder

A prototype of the 365 California Spyder was presented as the first 365 variant at the Geneva Motor Show in spring 1966. As an exclusive upper-class vehicle, the convertible was the top model in the Ferrari range and in this respect succeeded the Ferrari 500 Superfast . It was tailored to the “elite clientele”, especially in North America.

The California Spyder took over the chassis ( Tipo 598 ) from 500 Superfasts, which remained unchanged in terms of the wheelbase (2650 mm) and the technology. The body was independent; Tom Tjaarda had drawn them for Pininfarina . It was received controversially. The twelve-cylinder V-engine ( Tipo 217B ) had a displacement of 4390 cm³ (bore × stroke = 81 × 71 mm) and made 235 kW (320 hp) at 6600 rpm with three double carburetors from Weber.

A total of 14 vehicles of the 365 California Cabriolet were built in 1966 and 1967, seven of which were delivered to customers in the USA.

365 GT 2 + 2 "Queen Mary"

Ferrari 365 GT 2 + 2

In autumn 1967 Ferrari presented the 365 GT 2 + 2 at the Paris Salon, the almost four-seater member of the 365 model family. It replaced the successful 330 GT 2 + 2 , which had been produced in around 1,100 units in three years, and Ferraris at the time had been the most successful single model. The 365 GT + 2 used an engine derived from the 365 California Spyder, which, like the 365 GTC, had pressure circulation instead of wet sump lubrication ( Tipo 245 ). The chassis was derived from the 330 GT 2 + 2, but had all-round independent suspension, coil springs and telescopic shock absorbers. The 365 GT 2 + 2 was Ferrari's first four-seater that was not equipped with a rigid rear axle. Automatic level control on the rear axle was also new. The body had been redesigned. Stylistically, it was considered a “mixture of tried and tested Ferrari elements.” The standard equipment was decidedly comfortable. It included power steering, air conditioning, power windows and a radio. With an external length of almost five meters, the 365 GT 2 + 2 was one of the longest Ferrari ever made. Because of the generous amount of space and the comfortable equipment, it was regarded by many as a “family Ferrari.” The long body of the 365 GT 2 + 2 and the unusual comfort of the car meant that the magazine “Road & Track” took it to the ship “Queen” Mary “compared. Not only did the 365 GT 2 + 2 never get rid of this nickname, this name is also much more common than the official one.

A total of 801 copies were made, which were distributed between chassis numbers 10791 to 14099. During the construction period, around half of Ferrari's total production was accounted for by the 365 GT 2 + 2. Its successor was the 365 GT4 2 + 2 .

365 GTC, 365 GTS

Ferrari 365 GTC

In 1968 the 365 GTC (GTC = "Grand Tourismo Coupe") and the 365 GTS were presented, which were the direct successors of the 330 GTC and 330 GTS that had been withdrawn from the range. However, neither was a new development in the true sense of the word, but rather a gentle facelift of the successful predecessor. The body of both cars goes back to the 500 Superfast. The two models were intended as a sporty (more) variant of the 365 GT 2 + 2 and the California Cabriolet and were sold over 170 times (including 20 Spiders).

  • Chassis number: between 11823 and 12795, over 150 365 GTC produced
  • Chassis no .: between 12163 and 12493, 20 365 GTS produced

365 GTB / 4 and GTS / 4 "Daytona"

Ferrari 365 GTB / 4 with pop-up headlights
Ferrari 365 GTS / 4
Ferrari 365 GTB / 4 Competizione

The fourth member of the 365 family was the Coupé 365 GBT / 4, which was presented in 1968 and received an open counterpart in 1969 with the designation 365 GTS / 4. This series received the name Ferrari Daytona from the press, following the 1967 Daytona 24-hour race , in which Scuderia Ferrari finished in first, second and third place with its prototypes 330P4 and 412P . The 365 GTB / 4 replaced the 275 GTB / 4 , which had only been in production for two years. It occupied the top position in Ferrari's model range and was the company's most powerful road sports car. Ferrari positioned the 365 GTB / 4, which followed the traditional front-engine layout, as a competitor to Lamborghini's mid-engine sports car Miura .

The 365 GTB / 4 took over the chassis of the 275 GTB / 4, but had an independent body made of sheet steel designed by Leonardo Fioravanti for Pininfarina. A stylistic peculiarity was the all-round front Plexiglas band, which merged flush with the bonnet and connected the two indicators protruding into the fenders. The front double headlights were installed behind the plexiglass covers. However, this design violated the US safety regulations that came into force in 1970, according to which a cover in front of the headlight lens was no longer permitted. From autumn 1970, Ferrari therefore installed pop-up headlights for all markets, which, when closed, also blended seamlessly into the front mask. A further developed version of the Colombo twelve-cylinder with the internal designation Tipo 251 served as the engine . In the essential basic features it corresponded to the engines that were also used in the other members of the 365 family. However, it had dry sump lubrication and four overhead camshafts (two for each bank of cylinders). He adopted these characteristics from the engine of the 275 GTB / 4. The engine was installed as far back as possible. The power transmission took place via a fully synchronized, manually shifted five-speed gearbox, which was positioned on the rear axle ( transaxle design). Tipo 251 developed 352 hp (259 kW) and was therefore slightly more powerful than the engine of the Lamborghini Miura 400P. The top speed was measured at 274.8 km / h.

In 1969 Ferrari presented the open version of the Daytona known as the 365 GTS / 4. Technically, the Spyder corresponded to the Berlinetta, and the essential body features were also adopted. However, with the exception of the first prototype from 1969, there was no copy of the Spyder that was equipped with the Plexiglas front of the early GTB / 4 models. Rather, all production models of the Spyder had pop-up headlights.

The Berlinetta and Spyder were built at Scaglietti. By 1973, 1284 coupés and 120 to 125 Spyder were built. Both versions are among the most sought-after Ferrari classics. The GTB / 4 achieve prices in the high six-digit euro range, the Spyder are significantly more expensive with purchase prices starting at around 2 million euros. Some vehicles have been used in films. The Daytona became particularly well known in the 1980s through the television series Miami Vice , in which a GTS / 4 was apparently used. In fact, the vehicle used was a US replica with Chevrolet Corvette technology.

From 1971 to 1973 Ferrari built a competition version with the designation 365 GTB / 4 Competizione based on the 365 GTB / 4 in a total of 15 copies . It was sold exclusively to private customers and was not used at the factory.

365 GTC / 4 "Il Gobbone"

Ferrari 365 GTC / 4 "Il Gobbone"

The Ferrari 365 GTC / 4 presented at the Geneva Motor Show in 1971 was designed as the successor to the 365 GT 2 + 2. Outwardly it was reminiscent of the 365 GTB / 4 “Daytona”, to which it was also related in technical terms. The body was designed by Filippo Sapino for Pininfarina. Because of its very rounded shape, it was nicknamed il Gobbone (The Hunchback) in the press .

Like the “Daytona”, the 365 GTC / 4 used the 4.4 liter Colombo twelve-cylinder engine with four overhead camshafts, but had a different carburetor system. Unlike the “Daytona”, the transmission was conventionally locked to the engine. Around 500 copies of the 365 GTC / 4 were built in 18 months.

For a long time the car was overshadowed by the sensational “Daytona” and is now sometimes referred to as the “forgotten Ferrari”. Its value on the classic market is well below that of the “Daytona”.

365 GT4 2 + 2

Ferrari 365 GT4 2 + 2, the unobtrusive company car

Another 2 + 2 model, the 365 GT4 2 + 2, made its debut at the 1972 Paris Motor Show. It replaced the 365 GT 2 + 2. Conceptually, the very simply designed coupé by Pininfarina was not aimed at sports car drivers, but rather at business people who wanted to drive a Ferrari but did not want to conjure up the eye-provoking appearance of the Daytona or its successor, the 365 GT / 4 BB.

Technically, the 365 GT4 2 + 2 corresponded to the "Il Gobbone", only the wheelbase was lengthened by twenty centimeters. In its four-year production period, only about 470 cars were made. The concept of the 365 GT4 2 + 2 worked: the car was later delivered with larger engines and even an automatic transmission and was built until 1989.

With a production time of 17 years, it and its direct successors (400 and 412 series) are among the longest-produced series in the automotive industry as a whole (the Ferrari 400 was built a total of 1,809 times during this time (models 400 GT, 400 Automatic, 400i and 400i Automatic), the 412 576 times.)

The production of the 365 GT4 2 + 2 is divided between chassis numbers 17083 to 18895. A total of around 470 vehicles were built.

365 GT / 4 Berlinetta Boxer

Ferrari 365 GT4 BB

First shown as a style study in 1971, the last exponent of the Ferrari 365 family, the 365 GT / 4 Berlinetta Boxer, appeared in 1973. Although the car was named 365, it did not have the same 12-cylinder engine as the models described so far: Ferrari had designed a new 12-cylinder engine after a long time. It had a displacement of 4390 cc and, unlike all its ancestors, was the first time not to have its cylinders in a classic V-shape. The engine developed 279 kW (380 hp) at 7500 rpm and had a maximum torque of 409 Nm at 3900 rpm. The maximum speed was 7700 rpm. From a technical point of view, however, it was not a real boxer engine , but a 180 ° V-engine , because it had a typical feature of the V-engines: the two connecting rods of each opposing cylinder sat on a common crank pin of the crankshaft . This allowed a significant reduction in the length of the engine, which was later used with more displacement in the successors of the 365 GT / 4 BB ( Ferrari 512 BB , from 1984 Ferrari Testarossa or 512TR and 512M).

The 365 GT / 4 Berlinetta Boxer replaced the Daytona as the top model and, despite Enzo Ferrari's concerns, followed the trend towards mid-engined sports cars. Ferrari's first experience with mid-engine sports cars was with the 250 LM racing car . After the success of this car at Le Mans, it shouldn't have been too difficult for the engineers to convince Enzo Ferrari of the advantages of the mid-engine concept.

Rear view

According to the factory, the 365 GT / 4 BB accelerated from zero to 100 km / h in 5.4 seconds and reached a top speed of 300 km / h. The car took 12.8 seconds to accelerate from 100 to 200 km / h. The car weighed 1160 kg dry and had a 120-liter tank that was appropriate for the high consumption. The body was again designed by Pininfarina , and here the "Pininfarina bead" was used even more as a stylistic element than on the Daytona or the 365 GT / 4 2 + 2: The entire lower part of the BB was in painted black. This made the car look even lower on the road. A single vehicle was delivered from the factory in the color Verde Germoglio (light green)

In 1976 the 365 GT / 4 BB was equipped with a 5 liter engine, slightly revised (more air intakes and four instead of six taillights) and named 512 BB in accordance with a new nomenclature . The last models of the 365 GT / 4 BB already received some of the body features of the successor (bonnets with more air intakes).

387 units of the 365 GT / 4 BB were produced.

Technical specifications

Ferrari 365 data sheet
Ferrari 365: California GT 2 + 2 GTC GTS GTB / 4 Daytona GTC / 4 GT4 2 + 2 GT / 4 BB
Engine: 12-cylinder V-engine (four-stroke), fork angle 90 ° 12-cylinder 180 ° V engine (four-stroke)
Displacement: 4390 cc
Bore × stroke: 81 × 71 mm
Performance at 1 / min: 235 kW (320 hp) at 6600 259 kW
(352 hp)
at 7500		 250 kW (340 hp) at 6800 279 kW
(380 hp)
at 7500
Max. Torque at 1 / min:  377 Nm at 5000 449 Nm at 5400 439 Nm at 4600 409 Nm at 3900
Compression: 8.8: 1
Mixture preparation: 3 downdraft twin carburettors Weber 40 DFI 6
downdraft twin carburettors Weber 40 DCN20		 6 flat-
flow twin carburettors Weber 38 DCOE		 4
downdraft triple carburettors Weber 40 IF3C
Valve control: 1 overhead camshaft per cylinder bank, chain 2 overhead camshafts per cylinder bank, chain
Cooling: Water cooling
Transmission: 5-speed gearbox, stick shift
Front suspension: Trapezoidal wishbone axle, coil springs
Rear suspension: Trapezoidal wishbone axle, coil springs
Brakes: Four-wheel disc brakes (27.2 / 27.38 cm diameter), brake booster ditto, diameter 28.8 / 29.7 cm
Steering: Worm steering Rack and pinion steering
Body: Aluminum, on lattice frame
Wheelbase: 2650 mm 2400 mm 2550 mm 2700 mm 2500 mm
Track width front / rear: 1440/1470 mm 1400/1420 mm 1440/1425 mm 1470/1470 mm 1470/1500 mm 1500/1520 mm
Dimensions: 4900 × 1780 × 1330 mm 4980 × 1790 × 1345 mm GTC: 4470 × 1670 × 1300 mm
GTS: 4430 × 1675 × 1250 mm		 4425 × 1760 × 1245 mm 4570 × 1780 × 1270 mm 4800 × 1800 × 1290 mm 4360 × 1800 × 1120 mm
Empty weight: 1320 kg 1480 kg 1300 kg 1200 kg 1280 kg 1450 kg 1500 kg 1160 kg
Top speed:  not specified 245 km / h 245 km / h 235 km / h 280 km / h 260 km / h 250 km / h 300 km / h
0-100 km / h: 5.4 s 5.4 s
Consumption (liters / 100 kilometers): not specified 17-22 pp not specified 20-23 pp 18-22 pp 18-22 pp 20-23 pp
Price (DM): approx. 80,000 (1967) 70,990 (1968) n / A n / A 78,435 (1973) 76,000 (1973) 89,675 (1973) 98,457 (1973)

Web links

Commons : Ferrari 365  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Matthias Braun, Ernst Fischer, Manfred Steinert, Alexander Franc Storz: Ferrari road and racing cars since 1946 , 1st edition Stuttgart 2006 (Motorbuch Verlag). ISBN 978-3-613-02651-3 , p. 147.
  2. ^ Matthias Braun, Ernst Fischer, Manfred Steinert, Alexander Franc Storz: Ferrari road and racing cars since 1946 , 1st edition Stuttgart 2006 (Motorbuch Verlag). ISBN 978-3-613-02651-3 , p. 149.
  3. ^ Matthias Braun, Ernst Fischer, Manfred Steinert, Alexander Franc Storz: Ferrari road and racing cars since 1946 , 1st edition Stuttgart 2006 (Motorbuch Verlag). ISBN 978-3-613-02651-3 , p. 220.
  4. ^ Matthias Braun, Ernst Fischer, Manfred Steinert, Alexander Franc Storz: Ferrari road and racing cars since 1946 , 1st edition Stuttgart 2006 (Motorbuch Verlag). ISBN 978-3-613-02651-3 , p. 152.
  5. ^ Matthias Braun, Ernst Fischer, Manfred Steinert, Alexander Franc Storz: Ferrari road and racing cars since 1946 , 1st edition Stuttgart 2006 (Motorbuch Verlag). ISBN 978-3-613-02651-3 , p. 154.
  6. ^ Matthias Braun, Ernst Fischer, Manfred Steinert, Alexander Franc Storz: Ferrari road and racing cars since 1946 , 1st edition Stuttgart 2006 (Motorbuch Verlag). ISBN 978-3-613-02651-3 , p. 241.
  7. ^ Matthias Braun, Ernst Fischer, Manfred Steinert, Alexander Franc Storz: Ferrari road and racing cars since 1946 , 1st edition Stuttgart 2006 (Motorbuch Verlag). ISBN 978-3-613-02651-3 , p. 147.
  8. ^ Brian Laban: Ferrari . 1st edition 2006. London (Parragon Books). ISBN 1-40547-015-1 , p. 66.
  9. ↑ a b c d Ferrari World Special - 50 Years of Ferrari , No. 2/1997
  10. ↑ Article The missing link , Ferrari World , issue 60, No. 1/2006
  11. ↑ a b c Ferrari website: 365 GT / 4 BB. - Technical specifications.
  12. ↑ Ferrari Workshop / Repair Manual 365GT4 / BB - BB512 - BB512i.
  13. ↑ Article The Fastest Cars in the World. In: auto motor und sport. Issue 9/1978.
  14. ↑ Video legend Ferrari - from the 246 Dino to the F50. Atlas Publishing House.
  15. ↑ Article in ams http://www.auto-motor-und-sport.de/news/einziger-ferrari-365-bb-in-verde-germoglio-11553475.htm  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info : The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Toter Link / www.auto-motor-und-sport.de