Franz Josef Schöningh

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Franz-Josef Schöningh (1958)

Franz Josef Schöningh (born July 25, 1902 in Paderborn ; † December 8, 1960 in Munich ) was a German publicist , publishing director and partner of the Süddeutscher Verlag . From 1935 he was editor and from 1939 until it was banned in 1941 as chief editor of the magazine Hochland . From 1942 to 1944 officiated Schöningh as Deputy District Chief of the German civil administration in Sambor and Tarnopol in occupied Poland. In 1945 he became a co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung and is considered the inventor of its Streiflicht column . From 1946 until his death he worked as editor of the re-founded magazine Hochland .

Life

The son of the publishing house book dealer Josef Schöningh and grandson of the publisher and newspaper founder Ferdinand Schöningh graduated from high school after attending elementary school and grammar school in Paderborn and then studied economics at the universities of Freiburg , Berlin and Munich . In Munich Schöningh became a member of the Catholic student association K.St.V. Rheno-Bavaria in KV . Schöningh stayed in touch throughout his life with members of this leading Catholic student association in Munich, with whom he felt very comfortable and which "went well with Schöningh's socialization". He won Hugo Lang , who held religious and socio-political meetings of the association in Ettal Abbey , as a contributor to the Hochland magazine from 1935 , for which the later abbot of the Benedictine monastery church St. Bonifatius in Munich still wrote after the magazine was re-founded in 1946. In 1926 Schöningh received his doctorate from Jakob Strieder with a contribution to German economic history of the 16th and 17th centuries. oec. publ. From 1928 to 1930 he stayed in Berlin to become an actor and had engagements in smaller roles at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm . In February 1932 Schöningh returned to Munich and, probably with the intention of doing his habilitation , became a research assistant for economic history at the University of Munich .

On June 3, 1929, he married Irmgard Wegner (December 5, 1908 - November 14, 1967) in Kassel, who had studied at the Munich University of Music. The only child from this connection, daughter Karen, was born on July 5, 1930 in Berlin. Just six weeks later, Irmgard separated from Schöningh and filed for divorce, which became final in 1932. In 1939 the couple married a second time and lived together again until 1941, the divorce took place in 1946. Irmgard Schöningh was a communist even before her first marriage. In 1946 she moved to the Soviet Zone and made a career in education and culture in the GDR .

time of the nationalsocialism

In his diary, the young Schöningh recorded how he assessed this period of National Socialist rule. On January 16, 1934 he noted:

“When will the feverish dreams of this people be over, when will the ghost figures dissolve into the nothingness that they are? When will this people shudder in the memory of these figures who rose from their wild dreams: sadistic goblins, howling wolf people, fools, Shakespearian fools, but without depth? When will this people rise from their bed of misery and hardship and shake off these nightmares. "

As a research assistant to Jakob Strieders, Schöningh worked on the exhibition “Die Straße”, which took place from June to September 1934 at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. The initiators of the exhibition were Adolf Hitler and Fritz Todt in his function as General Inspector for German Roads at the time. When Hitler and Todt visited the exhibition on August 9, Schöningh guided it through the historical departments on behalf of his university institute, as a report in the Münchner Neuesten Nachrichten the following day noted. On the same day, Schöningh made the following diary note about Hitler:

"Somnabuler. Without a relationship to things or people: an obsession that drives forward, pushes aside, destroys until it is shattered by iron resistance. There will never be an anecdote here. Complete solitude. Without mistrust only towards small people, hence desolate clashes as entourage. His way of constantly aiming for an unknown target is uncanny. So probably no end without tremors. One can only step aside with determination or run along. [...] I remember a children's locomotive that we ran in the playroom without tracks. She purred inexorably [...] until the spring ran out. "

It is not known why Schöningh did not finish the habilitation thesis he began in 1932. Until March 1, 1935, he remained employed as an assistant at the chair for economic history at Munich University. In the questionnaires on denazification , he justified his departure from the university by saying that he had taken this step “so that he would not have to swear an oath on Hitler”.

Editor of the magazine Hochland (1935–1941)

In 1935, Schöningh joined the editorial team of the Catholic Munich magazine Hochland under Carl Muth , which, based on Catholic thought, took a clearly distanced position on National Socialism and gave authors of inner emigration the opportunity to publish. From 1939 to 1941 Schöningh was the magazine's chief editor.

The attitude of the magazine Hochland to National Socialism is assessed differently. For Konrad Ackermann it was "the most important journal of intellectual resistance". All relevant employees had rejected the National Socialist regime, even if this was "a bit controversial" with Schöningh. At the same time, however, he points out that Schöningh's employees confirmed his rejection of National Socialism. Norbert Frei attests to the magazine that he has taken “a position that is clearly negative for the initiated”, which has not gone unnoticed by the regime. Rather, it seems as if the "- in later historiography often overrated - 'spiritual resistance' was left consciously" in order to channel an oppositional potential that was not considered too dangerous. The journalist Peter Köpf points out that the “war guilt lie” and the Anschluss of Austria were propagated in the magazine . The Hochland and its chief editor Schöningh were "national and definitely military in spirit", in keeping with the zeitgeist, but with quieter tones than elsewhere. In his contributions, Schöningh repeatedly positioned himself at a distance from the constitution of the Weimar Republic , whose party-state order of the corrective required a stronger weighting of Catholicism as a state-supporting force. Overall, according to Schöningh's biographer Knud von Harbou , Muth and Schöningh opposed the "Catholic worldview" to a zeitgeist supposedly shaped by liberalism and socialism. During National Socialism, both Schöningh and his predecessor until 1935 saw “a specific historiography as the most powerful weapon” “to damage Nazi ideology. The authors of the years mentioned did not shy away from even using contemporary historical analogies as a medium of criticism against the system and ideology. ” Hochland was finally discontinued in 1941 after several partial bans.

Deputy District Chief of Civil Administration in occupied Poland (1942–1944)

Schöningh now threatened to be drafted into the Wehrmacht . He escaped this fate by working for the German civil administration in occupied Poland . There he was from 1942 to 1944 in the district of Galicia of the General Government Deputy District Chief among his boss, District Chief Mogens von Harbou , first in the district Sambor , from March 1942 at the county Tarnopol . Mogens von Harbou was through his first wife Marie Luise von Hammerstein the son-in-law of the former chief of the army command, General Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord , Marie Luise was also a friend of Schöningh's wife Irmgard Wegner. Both women were close to the communist party. As Knud von Harbou reports, Hammerstein advised his father, "to put it briefly, at the beginning of the war to do this supposedly 'harmless administrative activity'". Schoeningh, who was hired to act as an intermediary, may have come to his position for similar reasons.

So far there have been almost only indirect, albeit plausible, indications of Schöningh's official involvement in criminal measures taken by the German occupation in eastern Galicia. This is due to the fact that, on the one hand, there have hardly been any files found on this, but the active role of the district chiefs in the "Jewish actions" is generally known and, on the other hand, extensive documents from Schöningh's possession are no longer available: At the end of the war, he had whole boxes of documents Brought to Germany and hidden on his estate near Deixlfurt . This was well known to members of Jordan's befriended family. When the occupation soldiers threatened to discover these boxes in May 1945, Schöningh is said to have said: “If they find that, I'll be delivered!” His estate still included a suitcase full of documents, but it was missing from the period between July 1942 and August 1943, when a particularly high number of injustices took place in his district by the occupying forces, every record. In order to be able to analyze the activities of his wife and then eleven-year-old daughter Karen Schöningh using the still available letter documents from January to March 1942, “reliable findings from the latest research on the Government General must be drawn upon by means of an analog source interpretation”.

Schöningh arrived in December 1941 as Harbou's guest in the city of Sambor. The city of Sambor had 20,000 inhabitants in 1939, of which around 8,000 were Jews. In the winter of 1941/42, since February 1942 under Schöningh as deputy district chief, all Jewish men fit for work were deported to forced labor camps , where they were used for road construction work. In a letter to his wife Irmgard on February 24, 1942, Schöningh wrote from Sambor:

“Today I was happy. Since M. [= Mogens von Harbou] entrusted me with the delicate resettlement of the Jews, trusting my fingertips, I just tackled it. Something like this is difficult when a third of the population consists of Jews, the city is conceivably built-up so that closed quarters are difficult, actually not at all, to be created. But for the same reason, the formation of purely non-Jewish quarters is also almost impossible [...] I have to tell you a few things, it would lead too far here; [...] the goal is achieved without cruelty, albeit with severity. "

On March 1, 1942, District Chief Mogens von Harbou and his deputy Schöningh moved to the twice as large Tarnopol. While the district chiefs were usually informed in advance about the planned "Jewish actions", this is questionable for Tarnopol. Here, according to the historian Dieter Pohl , "Sipo boss Müller seems to have kept the district chief Harbou away from the murders of the Jews, he insisted on his exclusive competence". Between September 1941 and June 1943, around 25,000 Jews were deported from the existing ghetto to the Belzec extermination camp . In addition to other "Jewish actions", 630 Jews, including the Jewish children from the local orphanage, were murdered by the security police in front of the destroyed synagogue on March 23, 1942 . Although Schöningh was not directly involved, it cannot have remained hidden from him. The civil administration and the security police basically worked together, particularly with regard to the deportations to extermination camps . Dieter Pohl describes the core feature of this cooperation as direct "murder actions by the security police and indirect extermination measures by the civil administration". As the deputy head of the district, Schöningh was responsible for maintaining contact with the police authorities; he was also responsible for the auxiliary police that had been specially created for the administrative executive and were recruited from “ ethnic Germans ”. He was also responsible for health care and the order of road traffic. Before the "Jewish actions", meetings between representatives of the security police and the heads of the civil administration usually took place, since evacuations of the ghetto represented a considerable interference in the economic life of the city. The district chiefs were responsible for defining the streets that were to be "cleared". In the event of mass shootings, the construction service or the auxiliary police had to dig pits. Schöningh, who was subordinate to the auxiliary police and construction services in Tarnopol, was structurally involved in these coordination processes in terms of his fields of activity.

In any case, in the so-called Schenk report of May 1943, which he had sent to the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) during Schöningh's service in Tarnopol, the SD subordinate to Heinrich Himmler had a few complaints about Schöningh and von Harbou, but he praised that

“Tarnopol district is not only the most important district of the district. […] Harbou […] and Schöningh […] have proven in their professional work, that is, in fulfilling the important tasks and leading the non-German population, that they have an above-average format. "

Many of Schöningh's statements about his time in Eastern Galicia have turned out to be deliberate lies or at least half-truths. However, the aforementioned Schenk report to the RSHA also contains a detailed description of an action by private resistance in favor of Jews by Schöningh and von Harbou, which at that time was punishable by the death penalty: According to this, Schöningh and Mogens von Harbou had the four-man Jewish in Tarnopol The family of Jindrich [Heinrich] Bronner not properly registered, but kept them from being accessed until they were able to flee to the Russian-occupied southern Carpathians. From there she reported to Schöningh in January 1943. Dan Georg Bronner, son of the escaped Jewish family, added further details to the information in the Schenk report in 2008.

Schöningh also alleged that he had "saved hundreds of people from deportation" by declaring them indispensable to the district's economy or unfit for forced labor . Regarding the latter, Schöningh's statement was confirmed in 1951 by the statement made by Dan Heinrich Bronner, who was rescued in 1942:

“I can testify that Dr. Schöningh, at risk of his own life, helped our fellow believers to escape the Gestapo henchmen "

This corresponds to the behavior of the regional rabbi in Munich Aaron Ohrstein on the occasion of his inaugural visit to Schöningh in 1948. At the time of Schöningh he had been a member of the local Jewish community council in Tarnopol. Ohrstein spoke to Schöningh about this time together and put Ernst Müller-Meiningen jr. , at that time a member of the political editorial team of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, informed about the deportation of the Jews of Tarnopol to the extermination camps. Ohrstein, however, did not bring charges against Schöningh either then or later. Rather, Ohrstein declared in 1951 that on the part of the Israelite religious community “there were no longer any concerns about Schöningh”.

After Schöningh's death, the veiling of his activities in eastern Galicia continued. In an obituary on the occasion of a requiem on December 13, 1960, it was said: "Active in the civil military administration, he used the forced leisure to prepare those tasks that awaited a solution after the expected catastrophe".

During his activity in Tarnopol, Schöningh worked as a journalist under the pseudonym Walter Vonnegut ; so his reports "On the lakes of Podolia" in December 1942 and "Podolische Winde" in March 1943 were published in the Frankfurter Zeitung . Schöningh's grandmother Johanna Lagemann was born Vonnegut . Her brother Clemens Vonnegut is the great-grandfather of the American writer Kurt Vonnegut and the scientist Bernard Vonnegut .

From January 1944 Schöningh was deployed to various posts after Eastern Galicia had been recaptured by the Red Army . Among other things, he worked from July to September 1944 as a representative for refugee issues at the German legation in Budapest , but even after the official termination of this activity he remained in Hungary until November. From there he returned to occupied Poland for a short time and made his way via Vienna , Hallein near Salzburg to Prien or to his hunting lodge, where, according to his daughter's diary, he was already staying in January 1945. American soldiers appeared there on April 28, 1945 . After Wilhelm Hausenstein , with whom Schöningh had been friends since the 1930s, the Americans asked the editor-in-chief of a new newspaper to be founded, he proposed Schöningh in his place. As a result, there was a meeting at Hausensteins in Tutzing in the spring of 1945 .

post war period

After the war, Schöningh became one of the founders of the Süddeutsche Zeitung alongside August Schwingenstein and Edmund Goldschagg . The representative of the American military authorities, Alfred Toombs, was initially skeptical about the granting of a license to Schöningh because of his work as chief editor at the Hochland magazine . According to Knud von Harbou's account, Thoombs (as he spelled the name) as head of the Intelligence Section of the Information Services Division in Bad Homburg was strictly against the granting of the license to Schöningh, but the reasons for this attitude could not be clarified. Whether he knew about Schöningh's activity as deputy district chief in Sambor and Tarnopol is unknown. The fact of the "purely formal burden because of his official position" would have been "sufficient for a license denial" according to the standards of the US Intelligence Service . In order to obtain the license, Schöningh submitted to the Allied military authorities a report, probably written between April and June 1945, on his activities in Tarnopol, in which he did not explicitly name his function as deputy district chief, but as "the task of a trusted private secretary" entrusted people who, in his function, had "no influence at all on the treatment of the Jews". The decision of the area manager of the Chief Press Control Section for the press in Munich and Upper Bavaria, Joseph Dunner , was decisive for the licensing to Schöningh . In this case, not only Hausenstein, but also Cardinal Faulhaber had used himself as an authority on Schöningh's integrity. At first Schöningh von Dunner was also intended for the position of editor-in-chief of the Süddeutsche Zeitung , but then Edmund Goldschagg was chosen because - according to Dunner - Schöningh "was not a type of editor-in-chief", but "certainly good for the cultural and political part of the newspaper was able to manage and devote himself to the feature section ”. Goldschagg was preferred to Schöningh as editor-in-chief because he “had clearer political ideas”.

In his first article, “Is it still worth living?” In the first edition of the SZ on October 6, 1945, he advocated the thesis of the “all too easily seduced German people”, which had been successfully suggested “that until Hitler came to power life in Germany was a hell ”, but as later excluded the German war of aggression and the extermination of the Jews . Schöningh was one of the inventors of the SZ column Streiflicht , which he used several times to proclaim a kind of “collective innocence” of the German people, for example when he wrote there on September 2, 1948: “This is how a people was led to the slaughter that like any other would have only wished for peace if one had not lied to it limitlessly. "

Which, under the alias Peter Grubbe submerged Kreishauptmann Claus Peter Volkmann he helped in 1946 when its journalistic fresh start. In the arbitration chamber proceedings against Joachim Nehring , Schöningh appeared as a witness for the defense in October 1950, which his own newspaper, however, withheld in its report on the trial. For selfish motives he participated in the hindrance of an effective education and issued letters of exoneration for Mogens von Harbou and his predecessor as district chief in Tarnopol, Gerhard Hager , on the stationery of the Süddeutsche Zeitung in October and November 1945 . After the suicide of his former superior in 1946, Schöningh cared for Harbou's widow Lili and her three children, including Knud von Harbou, and lived with her from 1950 to 1955. In the trial against the Ukrainian mayor of the small town of Trembowla , who had fled Ukraine with the Germans and had been accused of specific crimes against Jews in his community, the Munich District Court I in 1948 "particularly" followed Schöningh's testimony that the witnesses were "untrustworthy" and acquitted the functionary.

Parallel to his co-editing of the Süddeutsche Zeitung, he worked from 1946 as editor of the re-founded magazine Hochland , where he also wrote on topics such as Christian politics and conservatism . He won over younger authors for the magazine, including Joseph Ratzinger , Robert Spaemann , Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde and Hans Blumenberg. The article Böckenfördes Der Deutschen Katholizismus in 1933 , published in February 1961. A critical examination had been examined by Schöningh, who was already seriously ill, and approved for printing. The hotly discussed article provided an important impetus for research into contemporary Catholic history, especially in the Commission for Contemporary History founded in 1962 .

On August 28, 1949, Schöningh was one of the founding members of the German Academy for Language and Poetry (DASD). From 1954 he was an extraordinary member of the DASD.

In December 1960 Schöningh died of lung cancer in a Munich hospital .

Fonts

  • The Rehlinger of Augsburg. A contribution to the German economic history of the 16th and 17th centuries. 17th century . Schöningh, Paderborn 1927.
  • Friedrich List (= Coleman's little biographies; H. 29). Coleman, Lübeck 1933; Field post 1944.
  • Critic of the Church: Carl Muth. In: Critique of the Church. Kreuz-Verlag, Stuttgart 19XX, pp. 292-300.
  • Karl Ludwig Bruck and the idea of ​​“Central Europe”. In: Historical yearbook . Alber, Munich 1936, ISSN  0018-2621 [ZDB-ID 2562-8], pp. [1] -14.
  • Ketteler. In: highlands. Vol. 31 (October 1933), pp. 1-18.

literature

  • Konrad Ackermann: The resistance of the monthly Hochland against National Socialism. Munich 1965.
  • Knud von Harbou : Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography. Allitera, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-86906-482-6 . Excerpt online, pp. 249–276 (PDF; 10.1 MB).
  • Markus Roth : Gentlemen. The German District Heads in Occupied Poland - Career Paths, Rule Practice and Post-History. Wallstein, Göttingen 2009, ISBN 978-3-8353-0477-2 (= contributions to the history of the 20th century , volume 9; also dissertation at the University of Jena 2008).

Web links

Commons : Franz Josef Schöningh  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Siegfried Koß, Wolfgang Löhr (Hrsg.): Biographisches Lexikon des KV. 6th part (= Revocatio historiae. Volume 7). SH-Verlag, Schernfeld 2000, ISBN 3-89498-097-4 , p. 91.
  2. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 39 f.
  3. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 55 and p. 90 f.
  4. ↑ Ralf Stabel (Ed.): Palucca Schule Dresden. History and stories. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden 2000, ISBN 90-5705-157-5 , pp. 44, 54, 117.
  5. ↑ Bettina Hinterthür: Sheet music according to plan: The music publishers in the Soviet Zone / GDR - censorship system, central planned economy and German-German relations until the beginning of the 1960s (= contributions to the company's history, Volume 23.) Franz Steiner Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-515- 08837-7 , pp. 123-124.
  6. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 282 ff, p. 309.
  7. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 67.
  8. ↑ Munich Latest News from August 10, 1934.
  9. ^ Franz Josef Schöningh: Diary, unpublished, quoted in: Knud von Harbou: Weg und Abwege. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 69.
  10. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 80.
  11. ^ Konrad Ackermann: Hochland. Monthly for all areas of knowledge, literature and art. In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria . January 8, 2015, accessed February 25, 2015 .
  12. ↑ Konrad Ackermann: The resistance of the monthly Hochland against National Socialism . Kösel, Munich 1965, pp. 183, 29, 133.
  13. ^ Norbert Frei / Johannes Schmitz: Journalism in the Third Reich . Beck, Munich 1989, ISBN 3-406-33131-9 , p. 68.
  14. ↑ Peter Köpf: Writing in any direction. Goebbels propagandists in the West German post-war press. Ch. Links, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-86153-094-5 , p. 86 f.
  15. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 78. Knud von Harbou also refers here to research by the historian Felix Dirsch: Das "Hochland". A Catholic-Conservative magazine between literature and politics 1903–1941 . In: Hans-Christof Kraus (Hrsg.): Conservative magazines between the empire and dictatorship. Five case studies . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2003, ISBN 978-3-428-11037-7 , pp. 45-96 (see also the review in the historical review journal sehepunkte ).
  16. ↑ Quotation from: Knud von Harbou: ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 87.
  17. ↑ Hans Magnus Enzensberger: Hammerstein or the obstinacy. Suhrkamp, ​​Frankfurt 2008, ISBN 978-3-518-41960-1 , p. 316.
  18. ↑ Supplements and additions to Hammerstein or the obstinacy ( Memento of the original from June 22, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , P. 4. On the Suhrkamp website (PDF; 2.5 MB).  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.suhrkamp.de
  19. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, pp. 134-136.
  20. ↑ Helge von Jordan in November 2010, with the confirmation: "If you had found Schöningh's boxes, it would have been really dangerous for Schöningh". Quoted after Knud von Harbou: ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 313, fn. 136.
  21. ↑ Maria-Theresia von Seidlein: "For me the truth was important". In an interview, Maria-Theresia von Seidlein speaks for the first time about the Nazi past of her grandfather Franz Josef Schöningh. Interview with Joachim Frank and Hans Werner Kilz . In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger , May 25, 2013; almost word for word in: Berliner Zeitung No. 119 from 25./26. May 2013, p. 4 u. 5.
  22. ↑ a b Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 98.
  23. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 99 f.
  24. ↑ Dieter Pohl: National Socialist Persecution of Jews in East Galicia 1941–1944: Organization and implementation of a state mass crime. Series: Studies on Contemporary History , 50. Oldenbourg, Munich 1996 (also: Munich, Univ., Diss., 1994), ISBN 3-486-56233-9 , p. 285.
  25. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 123 f.
  26. ↑ Dieter Pohl: National Socialist Persecution of Jews in East Galicia 1941–1944: Organization and implementation of a state mass crime. Series: Studies on Contemporary History , 50. Oldenbourg, Munich 1996 (see also: Munich, Univ., Diss., 1994), p. 181.
  27. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 134 f.
  28. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, pp. 137, 146–151.
  29. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 148.
  30. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 153.
  31. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 148 (quotation) u. 263.
  32. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, pp. 262–263.
  33. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 320.
  34. ↑ Peter Köpf: Writing in any direction. Goebbels propagandists in the West German post-war press. Ch. Links, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-86153-094-5 , pp. 87 f., 258.
  35. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 141 f.
  36. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 178.
  37. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 143.
  38. ↑ Peter Köpf: Writing in any direction. Goebbels propagandists in the West German post-war press . Ch.links, Berlin, ISBN 3-86153-094-5 , p. 86.
  39. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 192.
  40. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, pp. 325-340, citations, pp. 328, 333; see also Joachim Käppner : The big lie of the gray men. SZ co-founder Franz Josef Schöningh and the Nazi era , Süddeutsche Zeitung , March 6, 2013, p. 13.
  41. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 191 f.
  42. ↑ Joseph Dunner: Given for the record. My life as a German and a Jew . Munich 1971, p. 95. Quoted from Knud von Harbou: ways and deviations. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 195.
  43. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 249 f.
  44. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 234.
  45. ^ Markus Roth: Herrenmenschen. The German district chiefs in occupied Poland . Göttingen 2009, p. 252.
  46. ↑ a b Markus Roth: Herrenmenschen. The German district chiefs in occupied Poland . Göttingen 2009, p. 284 f.
  47. ↑ Short biography on Gerhard Hager from Markus Roth: Herrenmenschen. The German district chiefs in occupied Poland . Göttingen 2009, p. 478.
  48. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 280 f.
  49. ^ LG Munich I, November 10, 1948 . In: Justice and Nazi crimes . Collection of German convictions for Nazi homicides 1945–1966, Vol. III, edited by Adelheid L. Rüter-Ehlermann, CF Rüter . Amsterdam: University Press, 1969, No. 99, pp. 429–439 Transfer of Jews for execution by Ukrainian police officers, hand-held shooting of Jews, participation in a deportation of Jews to the Belzec extermination camp, hunt for Jews in hiding and their extradition to the Gestapo ( Memento des Originals from November 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www1.jur.uva.nl
  50. ^ Konrad Ackermann: Hochland. Monthly for all areas of knowledge, literature and art . In: Historical Lexicon of Bavaria .
  51. ^ Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde: Biographical interview by Dieter Gosewinkel. In: Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde: Science, Politics, Constitutional Court. Berlin: Suhrkamp 2011, pp. 305–486, here: pp. 402 and 404.
  52. ↑ Michael Assmann, Herbert Heckmann (Ed.): Between Criticism and Confidence. 50 years of the German Academy for Language and Poetry. Wallstein-Verlag, Göttingen 1999, p. 413.
  53. ↑ Knud von Harbou: Ways and astray. Franz Josef Schöningh, the co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography . Allitera, Munich 2013, p. 301.
  54. ↑ Joachim Käppner: The big lie of the gray men. SZ co-founder Franz Josef Schöningh and the Nazi era. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , March 6, 2013, p. 13
  55. ↑ Jens Flemming: Silent Past. Knud von Harbou follows in the footsteps of the journalist and publisher Franz Josef Schöningh in his book “Weg und Abwege”. In: Literaturkritik.de , No. 5, May 2013
  56. ↑ Benedikt Wintgens: Review of: von Harbou, Knud: ways and deviations. Franz Josef Schöningh, co-founder of the Süddeutsche Zeitung. A biography. Edited by Maria-Theresia, Lorenz and Rupert von Seidlein. Munich 2013. In: H-Soz-u-Kult , June 12, 2013.
personal data
SURNAME Schöningh, Franz Josef
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Vonnegut, Walter (pseudonym)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German publisher
DATE OF BIRTH July 25, 1902
PLACE OF BIRTH Paderborn
DATE OF DEATH December 8, 1960
Place of death Munich