Ternopil

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Ternopil
Тернопіль
Ternopil coat of arms
Ternopil (Ukraine)
Ternopil
Ternopil
Basic data
Oblast : Ternopil Oblast
Rajon : District-free city
Height : 320 m
Area : 59.0 km²
Residents : 218,000 (2017)
Population density : 3,695 inhabitants per km²
Postcodes : 46000-46499
Area code : +380 352
Geographic location : 49 ° 33 '  N , 25 ° 35'  E Coordinates: 49 ° 33 '0 "  N , 25 ° 34' 48"  E
KOATUU : 6110100000
Administrative structure : 1 city , 7 villages
Mayor : Sergi Nadal
Address: вул. Листопадова 5
46000 м. Тернопіль
Website : http://www.rada.te.ua/
Statistical information
Ternopil (Ternopil Oblast)
Ternopil
Ternopil
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Ternopil ( listen ? / I , Ukrainian Тернопіль ; Polish and German Tarnopol , Russian Тернополь Ternopol ) is a city in western Ukraine and the capital of Ternopil Oblast with around 220,000 inhabitants. Audio file / audio sample

View of the city and the Ternopil pond in 2012
View of the city center in 2017
Location of the city in the Polish voivodeship of the same name , which existed until September 17, 1939

The city is a place of pilgrimage and was home to many Jewish , Polish and German residents until the middle of the 20th century .

geography

Ternopil is located in Eastern Galicia on the Podolian Plate 132 km east of Lemberg and is traversed by the Seret, a tributary of the Dniester .

The city is directly subordinate to the Oblast Administration of Ternopil Oblast . It is the capital of Ternopil Raion , but not part of it. After the end of World War II, several villages around were incorporated, these include Kutkiwzi ( Кутківці , Polish Kutkowce , incorporated 1958), Pronjatyn ( Пронятин , Polish Proniatyn , incorporated 1985) and Sahrebellja ( Загребелля , Polish Zagrobela ).

On November 14, 2018, the city became the center of the newly founded municipality of Ternopil ( Тернопільська міська громада Ternopilska miska hromada ), which also includes the 7 villages of Hljadky ( Глядіки ), іраваза ( Глядziки ), іраваза ( Глядziки ), Краваза ( Куядziки ), Kurаваза ( Кваваза ), Ковалваза ( Ковалваза ), Краваза ( Ковакики ), Kurаваза. , Pleskivtsi ( Плесківці ), Chernychiw ( Чернихів ) and Wertelka ( Вертелка ).

history

Ternopil was founded in 1540 under the name Tarnopol by the Grand Hetman of the Crown , Jan Amor Tarnowski , as a Polish military base and fortress. In 1548, King Sigismund of Poland granted Tarnopol city rights. From 1548 to 1772 the place belonged to the Ruthenian Voivodeship , which was an administrative unit of the Kingdom of Poland from 1434 to 1569 and an administrative unit of Poland-Lithuania from 1569 to 1772 (see also aristocratic republic ).

From 1772 to 1867 the city was - with an interruption in the years 1809 to 1815 as a result of the Peace of Schönbrunn - in the Austrian Empire , from 1867 as part of the Austro-Hungarian Crown Land of Galicia . In 1850 it became the seat of the Tarnopol District Commission . This existed together with the district court established in 1867 until 1918. In the initial phase of the First World War , Tarnopol was occupied by the Russian 8th Army in the course of the Battle of Galicia in August 1914 . From September 6 to 19, 1915, heavy fighting broke out again outside the city gates. On July 25, 1917, the city was retaken from the Central Powers during the Tarnopol offensive .

After the First World War

After the collapse of the Danube Monarchy at the end of the First World War in November 1918, the city was briefly part of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . In the Polish-Ukrainian War , Poland occupied the last parts of the West Ukrainian People's Republic in July 1919. On November 21, 1919, the High Council of the Paris Peace Conference awarded Eastern Galicia to Poland.

In 1921 Tarnopol became the capital of the Polish Tarnopol Voivodeship . In September 1939 the city, like all of Eastern Galicia, was occupied by Soviet troops as a result of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact and incorporated into the Ukrainian Soviet Republic under the name Tarnopol ( Тарнополь ) . This was followed by the forced collectivization with the formation of collective farms and deportations to Siberia. In 1939 the city had over 34,000 inhabitants, of which approx. 18,000 were Jews.

In the course of the war against the Soviet Union , German troops occupied the city in the first days of July 1941. A pogrom broke out in Ternopol on July 4th . Ukrainian militias and probably also Polish and Ukrainian civilians, with the help of SS Einsatzgruppe C , rounded up, abused and killed Jewish residents in the city prison, where the Soviet secret police NKVD had massacred political prisoners before they left. The SS certified that the Wehrmacht had a “pleasantly good attitude towards the Jews.” Shortly afterwards, the German occupiers set up a ghetto . The city was incorporated into the General Government in August 1941 under the name Tarnopol . The ghetto and its residents were liquidated in 1943, and large parts of the Jewish population were massacred, taken to labor camps or the Belzec extermination camp .

In March and April 1944, the city , which was declared a “ Festes Platz ” by the Germans, was almost completely destroyed when it was retaken by the Red Army through artillery shelling and attack aircraft. The Ternopil Castle (Ukrainian Старий замок Staryj samok ) was badly damaged. The old synagogue from the 17th century , which was set on fire after the German invasion, was finally destroyed.

On August 9, 1944, the city was renamed Ternopol / Ternopil.

Development since 1945

Around 1960 around 500 Jews lived in the city. Russians and Ukrainians were increasingly settled under Soviet rule . The castle was reconstructed and placed under monument protection. In 1991 Ukraine became independent. The population distribution in 2007 was as follows: of the approximately 217,500 inhabitants, 91.2% were Ukrainians, 7.1% Russians, 0.5% Poles, 0.3% Belarusians, 0.3% Jews and 0.5% other nationalities.

The construction of the city took decades and was largely carried out in the Soviet style. Therefore, today's cityscape is a mixture of old and new. a. also the character of “socialist architecture” typical of cities in all former Eastern Bloc countries . This particularly applies to the sleeping quarters on the outskirts.

Even if Ternopil is picturesquely located on a large lake, it is largely uninteresting for Western European tourists due to the previous war destruction. Polish tourists interested in the Polish history of the city occasionally visit the city.

Medical and technical universities have been attracting numerous students from Africa and Arabic-speaking countries with teaching in English in recent years.

Political Affiliation

Since 1550 Ternopil belonged to the following states

Education and culture

Ternopil is home to four universities or higher education institutions: Pedagogical University, National Economic University, Technical University, National Medical University and other cultural institutions such as B. the Shevchenko Drama Theater, a puppet theater and the Oblast Philharmonic Orchestra . Art galleries, museums and a large market complete the picture. Worth seeing are u. a. the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross from the 17th century, the Nativity Church from the 17th century and the former Dominican church from the 18th century.

Economy and Infrastructure

traffic

Ternopil is an important transport hub. It is particularly important for rail traffic as an important transit and transshipment point. The city therefore has a relatively large train station, which was completely renovated and modernized a few years ago. The international highways M 12 and M 19 intersect in the city and the national high road N 02 leads from here to Lviv.

Sports

In the city there is the football club FK Nywa Ternopil, which plays in the Druha Liha .

Personalities

Town twinning

Ternopil has the following city ​​partnerships : Batumi ( Georgia ), Chorzów , Radom , Tarnów , Elbląg (all in Poland ), Yonkers ( United States ), Sliven ( Bulgaria ).

literature

  • Ternopiler Encyclopedic Dictionary (TES) (Тернопільський енциклопедичний словник). 4 volumes, Ternopil '2004–2010 ( online ). (Ukrainian)
  • Uljana Guglevyč-Vančura (ed.), Ternopil '. Istoryčni narysy. Ternopil ', Džura, 2016, ISBN 978-966-185-130-5 (Ukrainian)
  • IM Duda: Ternopil '. 1540-1044. Istoryko-krajeznavča chronika. Č. I. Ternopil '2010, ISBN 966-692-789-6 . (Ukrainian)
  • Ljubomyra Bojzun: Ternopil 'u plyni lit. Ternopil '2003, ISBN 966-8017-50-1 . (Ukrainian)

Web links

Commons : Ternopil  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Population as of July 1, 2017 (Ukrainian)
  2. ↑ Відповідно до Закону України "Про добровільне об'єднання територіальних громад" у Тернопільській області на територіях Зборівського району та Тернопільської міської ради Кобзарівська , Куровецька, Малашовецька та Чернихівська сільські ради Зборівського району рішенням від 2, 12, 13 і 14 листопада 2018
  3. ↑ Giovanni Battista Antonio Bartolomeo Rizzi Zannoni: Karta Podola, znaczney części Wołynia, płynienie Dniestru od Uścia, aż do Chocima y Ładowa, Bogu od swego zrzodła, aż do Ładyczyna, aż do Ładyczyna, Pogranicze Woziekzyna, Braziekłgouskie, Ruskiekgo, Beziewicgoii Beziewicgoii . In: Carte de la Pologne. Divisée par provinces et palatinats et subdivisée par districts. Construite d'après quantité d'Arpentages, d'Observations et de Mesures prises sur les Lieux . Paris 1772 ( digitized version of the Silesian Digital Library).
  4. ^ Reichsgesetzblatt of October 8, 1850, No. 383, page 1741
  5. ↑ Volodymyr Kubijowytsch gave the following figures for January 1, 1939: 37,500 inhabitants, of which 7,200 were Ukrainians, 14,880 Poles, 14,730 Jews and 150 Germans. According to IM Duda, Ternopil '. 1540-1044. Istoryko-krajeznavča chronika. Č. I. Ternopil '2010, 223, the unquoted Kubyjowytsch's article Ternopil' in the Enc. Ukrainoznavsta 8 (1976/2000) 3177 follows.
  6. ↑ Bogdan Musial "Counterrevolutionary elements are to be shot." The brutalization of the German-Soviet war in the summer of 1941 , Berlin, Munich 2000, pp. 235ff and 128.
  7. ^ Gerd Fricke: Fester Platz Tarnopol 1944, Freiburg im Breisgau 1986, p. 70.
  8. ↑ Karl-Heinz Frieser (Ed.): The German Empire and the Second World War . Volume 8: The Eastern Front 1943/44. The war in the east and on the secondary fronts. DVA, Munich 2007, ISBN 3-421-06235-8 , pp. 425-431.
  9. ↑ Maria and Kazimierz Piechotka: Heaven's Gates. Masonry synagogues in the territories of the former Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth. Pages 154-155. Polish Institute of World Art Studies & POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, Warsaw 2017, ISBN 978-83-949149-5-0 .
  10. ↑ УКАЗ от 9 августа 1944 года Об уточнении наименований городов: Тарнополь, Черновицы, Камерьска
  11. ^ Cf. I. Duda, Article Ternopil ', in: Ternopol's'kyj. enc. slovnyk III (2008) 403. V. Unijat, Art. Jevreï na Tern., in: Ternopol's'kyj. enc. slovnyk I (2004) 563 the numbers for the oblast: 1979: 949, 1989: 693, 2001: 167, 155 of the latter lived in cities. The last census was in 2001. The 2001 results can be found on this page . According to this, the Ternopil Oblast was at the top of all oblasts with the Ukrainian population of 97.8%.