Fritz Kurt Hauschild

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Fritz Kurt Hauschild (born December 8, 1908 in Chemnitz , † January 13, 1974 in Leipzig ) was a German chemist , doctor and pharmacologist . He became particularly well known for the introduction of pervitin into medical practice and as the author of the first and to date (2014) most extensive German-language textbook on pharmacology after the Second World War .

Life

Hauschild's father was a general practitioner. From 1928 the son studied chemistry and medicine in Göttingen , Munich and Leipzig . In 1932 he passed the diploma examination in chemistry and in 1934 the medical state examination. That same year he was with that of the Leipzig pharmacologist Oskar Gros (1877-1947) supervised work to pharmacology and chemistry of Curins , an ingredient of arrow poison Tubocucare , Dr. med. PhD . He received an assistant position at the Leipzig Pharmacological Institute. In 1937 he moved to the United Chemical Factories H. Temmler in Berlin . There he developed the methamphetamine , chemically a Phenylalkylamine pharmacologically a sympathomimetic agent to which a brand protected Pervitin . He made it the subject of his habilitation thesis on the chemistry and pharmacology of phenylalkylamines . The Berlin pharmacologist Wolfgang Heubner supervised the habilitation . In 1941 Hauschild took over the management of the pharmacological department of the ASTA works in the Bielefeld district of Brackwede for a short time . In 1942 and 1943 he worked at Fritz Külz of Pharmacology at the University of Frankfurt , then at Fritz Eichholtz of Pharmacology at the University of Heidelberg , where he soon but as infantry -Doctor convened was. He returned to the Heidelberg Institute in 1945 after World War II . On June 1, 1945, he joined the Communist Party of Germany . After the death of his father, from March to June 1947 he took care of his medical practice in Greiz in Thuringia .

On July 1, 1947, he took over the construction of a pharmacological department at the Deutsche Hydrierwerke in Rodleben in the Soviet occupation zone , today a district of Dessau-Roßlau . The plant belonged to the Henkel Group and was doing chemical research on sulfonamides , but their pharmacological testing was outsourced. In the meantime, the plant was nationalized as VEB DHW Rodleben . Tensions soon arose with management, but Hauschild advised the hydrogenation plant until the 1970s. From 1948 to 1949 he took a lectureship with Friedrich Holtz at the Pharmacological Institute of the University of Halle-Wittenberg . In 1949 he followed Ludwig Lendle (1899–1969) to the chair of pharmacology at the University of Leipzig . In his application he had written: “I think the whole situation is almost fateful and would of course be happy to achieve the final goal of my work in the form of an appointment to Leipzig. where I hopefully started my pharmacological activity at that time. ”From 1954 to 1956 he also had a teaching position at the newly founded Medical Academy Magdeburg , where he was in charge of planning and construction of the Pharmacological Institute. In 1961 he resigned from the SED after disputes about a new institute building in Leipzig that had never been built. In 1963, under the direction of Volker Görisch (1928–1994), a toxicology working group was set up and the institute was renamed the Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology .

Seriously ill since the late 1960s, Hauschild made an application for early retirement in Leipzig in 1972 . Volker Görisch wrote: “In his last months he offered the tragic image of a highly intelligent man who defends himself with all available willpower against the recognition of his own suffering. There was also greatness in that, which deserves respect. ”His successor in Leipzig was Martin Müller (* 1928), who had completed his habilitation in 1963 at Hauschild.

research

Pervitin

By far the most momentous research success by Hauschild was the development of pervitin - momentous to this day, considering the abuse as a drug , especially as a stimulant , under many names such as "crystal meth". The pharmacological group of sympathomimetics, to which methamphetamine and other phenylalkylamines belong, had been worked on many times since the beginning of the 20th century, for example in England in 1910 by the chemist George Barger and the pharmacologist Henry Hallett Dale . In the United States in 1933 the chemically related amphetamine , which was one methyl group poorer, was marketed as "amphetamine". The Temmler-Werke patented the production of methamphetamine in 1937 . Hauschild examined it both in animal experiments and in self-experiments - he took 5 mg and found the stimulation to be milder but longer lasting than with amphetamines. The first report appeared in the Klinische Wochenschrift in September 1938 . “The general picture of poisoning with Pervitin is dominated by peculiar central phenomena in all animal species. 1-2 minutes after administration of the lethal dose , e.g. B. With the rat, the animals get restless, excitedly run back and forth, clean themselves and sniff everything. This excitement becomes more and more intense, the animals are constantly busy, they often spin around in circles for hours 'dancing', sometimes they eat their paws and abdominal wall with excitement so that they bleed profusely. "Three months later, in in the same magazine under the heading New specialties (including nutritional preparations and secret drugs) read: “ Pervitin : 1-phenyl-2-methylaminopropane. (Oral as a circulatory and psychological stimulant.) H .: Temmler-Werke, Berlin. "

In the same year, Pervitin was tested on students by the physiologist Otto Friedrich Ranke at the Institute for General and Defense Physiology of the Military Medical Academy in Berlin and was soon widely used and abused for fatigue, not least in the military. It found its way into Heinrich Böll's letters from his time as a soldier. On September 6, 1939, Böll wrote from the Winkelhausen barracks in Osnabrück : “Dear parents and siblings! <...> There are five of us lying in a room that is almost as big as our living room. Radio or loudspeaker, which is operated centrally, is also available. The music is sometimes really a great consolation for me (by the way, don't forget Pervitin, who does a wonderful service especially after nights with an alarm). ”On November 9th, 1939 also from Osnabrück:“ The service is tight and you have to understand if I later only write every 2 - 4 days. Today I mainly write about Pervitin ! ”On May 2nd, 1940 from Osnabrück:“ Maybe you could get me some more Pervitin for my supply? ”On July 19th, 1940 from Bromberg , Poland:“ I'm dead tired and now want to call it a day. If possible, send me some more Pervitin and Hilhall or Kamil cigarettes soon; also a pair of underpants. I still have enough paper. Many warm greetings in gratitude, Your Heinrich. "

In 1940 Hauschild published a broad study of the pharmacodynamics of phenylalkylamines, i.e. their effects in the body, and in 1941 a broad study of their pharmacokinetics , i.e. their fate in the body. Along with Barger, Dale, Peter Holtz , Hermann Blaschko , Heribert Konzett and others, he is one of the researchers who developed the pharmacology of this class of substances in the first half of the 20th century and thus entered the history of catecholamine research - the catecholamines , such as adrenaline , are the most important endogenous phenylalkylamines - have enrolled. A test of the interaction of adrenaline with aliphatic amines , carried out in Heidelberg and published in 1948, and a test of adrenochrome , a decomposition product of adrenaline, carried out in Leipzig and published in 1961, were aftermaths.

Others

Hauschild's job opportunities in the Soviet zone of occupation and the later German Democratic Republic were limited. The pharmacological research served the "self-supply" of the GDR with drugs and the export to the Eastern European countries. Medicines from the GDR hardly played a role in the western pharmaceutical market. "Despite considerable efforts," said Hauschild himself, "pharmacological research in the GDR clearly lagged behind the world standard". It is "inhibited by overloading with inappropriate administrative and planning activities. The procurement of numerous, z. Sometimes aids, devices, chemicals etc. that are of little value also lead to an intolerable wear and tear of time and manpower.

Works on the complexing agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid , interactions between adenosine and a theophylline derivative , the corrosive effects of hydrogen peroxide , the toxicity of the neuroleptic chlorpromazine and antidotes in the case of poisoning with phosphoric acid esters come from Leipzig .

After an investigation Hauschilds about the usefulness of branched-chain fatty acids to varicosclerosation 2-hexyldecanoic was from the Hydrierwerken as Devaricin ® commercialized. It was also “bactericidal and anesthetically effective”. Hauschild was also involved in the development of the phenothiazine diethazine , Thianthan ® as an antihistamine . Finally, he headed the pharmacological investigation of Trapidil , protected for the hydrogenation works as Rocornal ® , a remedy for coronary heart disease , "the only GDR preparation successful in western countries". It is used clinically to this day and its molecular mechanism is investigated.

The textbook

That of Hans Horst Meyer and Rudolf Gottlieb wrote Factory Experimental Pharmacology as the basis for drug treatment , called the "Meyer Gottlieb" was, most recently in its 9th edition, 876 pages long, published 1936th Then, in 1939, the Heidelberg pharmacologist Fritz Eichholtz published his textbook on pharmacology as part of a general pathology for general practitioners and students . After the Second World War, between 1947 and 1957, five editions appeared, the last, 9th edition, 605 pages long. In addition, the pharmacology as the theoretical basis for a rational pharmacotherapy by the Copenhagen pharmacologist Knud Ove Møller (1896–1973), 744 pages, and in 1951 the pharmacology by the Edinburgh pharmacologist John Henry Gaddum , 408, was translated from foreign languages, namely in 1947 from Danish Pages.

The first new genuinely German-language post-war textbook was published by Fritz Hauschild in 1956 in the GDR, Leipzig Thieme publishing house : Pharmakologie und Basis der Toxikologie , 1106 pages. In the bibliography he names both the "Meyer-Gottlieb" and the books by Eichholtz, Møller and Gaddum. West Germany lagged behind. In 1964, a short textbook on pharmacology by Gustav Kuschinsky and Heinz Lüllmann , 331 pages, was published by Thieme-Verlag in West Germany, i.e. Stuttgart . In the foreword and in the bibliography, Møller's book is mentioned, but not that of Hauschild from the East German Thieme branch. The “Meyer-Gottlieb” and the books by Eichholtz and Gaddum are also missing. Finally, in 1965, Wolfgang Forth , Dietrich Henschler and Walter Rummel founded their general and systematic pharmacology and toxicology , 606 pages. You do not provide any information about predecessors.

The superiority of Hauschild's book in terms of detail is underscored by the fact that many sections are in small print. With Volker Görisch, Hauschild also published a short version of Introduction to Pharmacology and Drug Prescription in 1964 , 399 pages, the "first edition of which was out of print just a few days after publication". The big book had four editions (most recently 1973), the small two (most recently 1968).

Professional policy

In 1956, Hauschild played a key role in founding a working group of pharmacologists from industry and universities in the GDR, renamed the GDR Pharmacological Society in 1967 and GDR Society for Pharmacology and Toxicology in 1973 . He was a member of the Central Advisory Committee for the Drug Trade and the Pharmacopoeia Commission of the GDR and co-editor of the journals Die Pharmazie and Medicamentum .

Honors

Hauschild was awarded the GDR National Prize in 1957 and the Patriotic Order of Merit in 1959 . In 1963 he received the Purkinje Medal of the Czechoslovak Medical Society. Since 1964 he was a full member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin .

literature

  • Gerhard Bonhof, Herbert Lewrenz: About Weckamine (Pervitin and Benzedrine). Springer-Verlag , Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg 1954.
  • Peter Illes, Ingrid Kästner: Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig. In: Athineos Philippu (Ed.): History and work of the pharmacological, clinical-pharmacological and toxicological institutes in German-speaking countries. Pp. 430-452. Berenkamp-Verlag, Innsbruck 2011. ISBN 978-3-85093-180-9 .
  • Jürgen Lindner, Heinz Lüllmann: Pharmacological institutes and biographies of their directors. Editio Cantor, Aulendorf 1996, ISBN 3-87193-172-1 .
  • Michael Oettel, Klaus-Henning Chemnitius: Industrial pharmacology and toxicology in the GDR and in the new federal states of Germany (excluding the Dresden pharmaceutical plant). In: Athineos Philippu (Ed.): History and work of the pharmacological, clinical-pharmacological and toxicological institutes in German-speaking countries. Pp. 864-874. Berenkamp-Verlag, Innsbruck 2011. ISBN 978-3-85093-180-9 .
  • Stephen Snelders, Toine Pieters: Speed ​​in the Third Reich: Metamphetamine (Pervitin) Use and a Drug History From Below . In: Social History of Medicine . 24, No. 3, 2011, pp. 686-699. doi : 10.1093 / shm / hkq101 .
  • Peter Steinkamp: Pervitin (Methamphetamine) Tests, Use and Misuse in the German Wehrmacht. In: Wolfgang U. Eckart : Man, Medicine and the State: The Human Body as an Object of Government Sponsored Medical Research in the 20th Century. Franz Steiner Verlag , Stuttgart 2006. ISBN 978-3-515-08794-0 , pp. 61-71.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Fritz Hauschild: To the pharmacology and chemistry of the Curins . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 174, No. 5-6, 1934, pp. 742-754. doi : 10.1007 / BF01878403 .
  2. ↑ F. Hauschild: On the pharmacology of 1-phenyl-2-methylaminopropane (Pervitin) . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 191, No. 2-4, 1939, pp. 465-481. doi : 10.1007 / BF01998844 . U. Meyer cites this article (see literature) as a habilitation thesis despite the difference in the title.
  3. ↑ Illes and Kästner 2011.
  4. ^ Meyer 2005.
  5. ↑ H. Bönisch, E. Schlicker, M. Göthert, W. Maier: Psychopharmaka - Pharmacotherapy of mental illnesses. In: K. Aktories, U. Förstermann, F. Hofmann and K. Starke (eds.): General and special pharmacology and toxicology. 11th edition, Munich, Elsevier GmbH 2013. ISBN 978-3-437-42523-3 , pp. 293-327.
  6. ↑ G. Barger and HH Dale: Chemical structure and sympathomimetic action of amines. In: The Journal of Physiology 1910, 41, pp. 19-59. PMC 1513032 (free full text)
  7. ↑ Bonhof and Lewrenz 1954 and Snelders and Pieters 2011th
  8. ↑ Animal experiments on a perorally effective central analeptic substance with peripheral circulatory effects . In: Clinical weekly . 17, No. 36, 1938, pp. 1257-1258. doi : 10.1007 / BF01780551 .
  9. ↑ Anonymous: New specialties (including nutritional preparations and secret medicines) . In: Clinical weekly . 17, No. 48, 1938, p. 1711. doi : 10.1007 / BF01766615 .
  10. ↑ Steinkamp 2006 and Snelders and Pieters 2011.
  11. ↑ Jochen Schubert (Ed.): Heinrich Böll. Letters from the war 1939–1945. Kiepenheuer & Witsch , Cologne 2001. ISBN 3-462-03022-1 .
  12. ↑ F. Hauschild: On the pharmacology of phenylalkylamines . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 195, No. 6, 1940, pp. 647-680. doi : 10.1007 / BF01862660 .
  13. ↑ F. Hauschild: Oral effectiveness, degradation and chemical constitution in the ephedrine-adrenaline series . In: Clinical weekly . 20, No. 15, 1941, pp. 363-365. doi : 10.1007 / BF01771434 .
  14. ↑ F. Hauschild, H. Landbeck: The effect of some aliphatic amines on the frog perfusion preparation . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 205, No. 2-3, 1948, pp. 203-209. doi : 10.1007 / BF00244814 .
  15. ↑ K. Graupner, F. Hauschild, C. Oppel: About an antagonistic effect of adrenochrome on the adrenaline blood pressure effect in white rats . In: Natural Sciences . 48, No. 7, 1961, pp. 224-225. doi : 10.1007 / BF00597493 .
  16. ↑ Oettel and Chemnitius 2011th
  17. ^ Meyer 2005.
  18. ↑ Fritz Hauschild, Günther Dentzer: On the effect of the calcium and magnesium bound to ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid . In: Clinical weekly . 33, No. 19-20, 1955, pp. 495-496. doi : 10.1007 / BF01467025 .
  19. ↑ F. Hauschild, V. Görisch: Some effects of adenosine in combination with β-oxypropyltheophylline . In: drug research . 7, 1957, pp. 623-624.
  20. ↑ F. Hauschild, R. Ludewig, H. Mühlberg: About the "caustic" effect of hydrogen peroxide . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 235, No. 1, 1958, pp. 52-61. doi : 10.1007 / BF02151285 .
  21. ↑ H.-H. Wellhöner, H. Hartmann, F. Hauschild: On the mechanism of reflex respiratory arrest after intravenous injection of chlorpromazine . In: Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archive for experimental pathology and pharmacology . 240, No. 3, 1960, pp. 224-233. doi : 10.1007 / BF00244840 .
  22. ↑ F. Hauschild, M. Maschhour, R. Schmiedel, WD Wiezorek: Novel N, N′-substituted bis (4-hydroximinoformylpyridinium) -dihalides as reactivators for alkyl phosphate-inhibited cholinesterase . In: Experientia . 19, No. 12, 1963, p. 628. doi : 10.1007 / BF02151285 .
  23. ↑ F. Hauschild: Branched-chain fatty acids and venous obliteration . In: drug research . 3, 1953, pp. 87-90.
  24. ↑ H. Füller, F. Hauschild, D. Modersohn, E. Thomas: Pharmacology of 5-methyl-7-diethylamino-s-triazolo [1,5-a] pyrimidine (Trapymin, Rocornal ® ), a compound with coronary vasodilator effect . In: The Pharmacy . 26, No. 9, 1971, pp. 554-562. On the preceding pages 534–554 of Die Pharmazie , other authors deal in detail with the synthesis, analysis and biotransformation of the substance.
  25. ↑ F. Hauschild, D. Modersohn, H. Füller, E. Thomas: Rocornal ® - a new coronary drug . In: Medicamentum . 12, 1971, pp. 66-68.
  26. ^ Meyer 2005.
  27. ↑ Jürgen Stoschek: Koronartherapeutikum Trapidil: New facets of a classic . In: Deutsches Ärzteblatt 97, Heft 37, pp. A-2406 / B-2057 / C-1928, 2000.
  28. ↑ Sun-Don Kim, Ha-Neui Kim, Jong-Ho Lee, Won Jong Jin, Soon Jung Hwang, Hong-Hee Kim, Hyunil Ha, Zang Hee Lee: Trapidil, a platelet-derived growth factor antagonist, inhibits osteoclastogenesis by down -regulating NFATc1 and suppresses bone loss in mice . In: Biochemical Pharmacology . 86, No. 6, 2013, pp. 782-790. doi : 10.1016 / j.bcp.2013.07.015 . PMID 23928189 .
  29. ↑ Fritz Eichholtz. Pharmacology textbook as part of a general pathology for general practitioners and students. Springer-Verlag , Berlin, Göttingen, Heidelberg 1957.
  30. ↑ Knud O. Møller: Pharmacology as the theoretical basis of a rational pharmacotherapy. Translated by O. Walker. Benno Schwabe Co. Verlag , Basel 1947.
  31. ^ JH Gaddum: Pharmacology. Translated by Wilhelm Schröder. Dr. Dietrich Steinkopf Verlag, Darmstadt 1952.
  32. ^ Fritz Hauschild: Pharmacology and Basics of Toxicology. VEB Georg Thieme, Leipzig 1956.
  33. ↑ G. Kuschinsky, H. Lüllmann: Short textbook of pharmacology. Georg Thieme Publishing House. Stuttgart 1964.
  34. ↑ Wolfgang Forth, Dietrich Henschler, Walter Rummel: General and systematic pharmacology and toxicology. Bibliographisches Institut Mannheim, Vienna Zurich 1975. ISBN 3-411-01472-5 .
  35. ↑ Fritz Hauschild, Volker Görisch: Introduction to pharmacology and drug prescription theory. Revised reprint. With six color plates of poisonous plants, poisonous mushrooms and the adder , Edition Leipzig 1964.
  36. ^ Members of the previous academies. Fritz Hauschild. Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities , accessed on April 2, 2015 .
personal data
SURNAME Hauschild, Fritz Kurt
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German chemist, doctor and pharmacologist
DATE OF BIRTH December 8, 1908
PLACE OF BIRTH Chemnitz
DATE OF DEATH January 13, 1974
Place of death Leipzig