Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski

Kunowsky is a redirect to this article. For the moon crater named after Kunowski see Kunowsky (moon crater) .

Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski (born March 3, 1786 in Bytom , † December 22, 1846 in Kohlfurt ) was a judicial commissioner and class reformer, bridge builder, topographer and geologist, astronomer, theater syndic in Berlin and railroad syndic.

family

Georg Carl Friedrich was a son of the Protestant pastor Primarius George August Kunowski and his wife Johanna Christiane Charlotte, nee Henrici. He had several siblings, Sophie Auguste Henriette (* 1789), Georg August Eduard (1795–1870), and Georg Moritz (1802–1866). He had six children with his wife.

education

Kunowski attended high school in Schweidnitz , where his father Georg August held the position of royal district inspector. On May 11, 1803 he began studying, like his father, at the University of Halle at the law faculty. Friedrich had to leave the university in October 1806 after studying for a year and a half, after Napoléon broke it up after an exchange of fire with students. He first went back to Schweidnitz and experienced the siege and surrender of the fortress Schweidnitz by the French who had moved in there in his father's house. He went to Berlin in 1807 and lived there temporarily with his uncle Georg Friedrich Kunowski, war advisor and travel agent in the Prussian Ministry of Justice, who supported his studies until they graduated. Friedrich passed the first two legal exams there in quick succession.

During this time Kunowski fell in love with Luise Leopoldine Eleonore, the daughter of the war council. They married on August 12, 1812 and then lived together in Lewin in the county of Glatz .

Professional development

Council of Justice

In 1809 Kunowski was hired as an assessor at the city court in Schweidnitz. After passing the third exam in 1811, he was employed as an assessor at the Higher Regional Court in Glogau, which was responsible for western Lower Silesia. On February 19, 1813, the seat of the court was moved to Liegnitz , shortly before the outbreak of the wars of liberation .

In 1814 Friedrich got a job in Berlin, probably at the instigation of his uncle. The following was reported from Berlin on July 23rd: The previous Higher Regional Court Assessor Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski zu Liegnitz has been employed as Justice Commissioner and Notarius Publicus at the Royal Court of Justice .

On June 26, 1819, Friedrich was admitted as one of five to the bar at the Court of Auditors and Cassation Court for the Rhine provinces in Berlin. The court of cassation, located at Klosterstrasse 76, decided in the third and final instance on the confirmation or reversal of judgments. On February 11, 1823, he was appointed to the Judicial Commission Council and until 1834 he moved his main focus from the Supreme Court to the Berlin City Court.

In addition to his judicial work, he was involved as a lawyer in numerous important civil proceedings, such as

• the execution of the will and the associated guardianship over Prince Adolph zu Hohenlohe,
• the execution of the will of the Chancellor Prince Hardenberg;
• the resumption and initiation of the historical process of the von Schwerin family against the Prussian government due to the surrender of the Spantekow fortress in Pomerania, the conclusion of a contract on this with the state and a settlement of the family members among themselves
• the founding of some large iron and steel works in Silesia, namely the Laura-Hütte and the smelters of Winckler,
• the trial of the banker Wilhelm Christian Benecke von Gröditzberg (1779–1860),
• the negotiations between the creditors of the former Kingdom of Westphalia and the governments of Prussia and Hanover
• the Arthur Schopenhauer trial against Marquet

Legal class reformer

Kunowski and his colleagues have been committed to strengthening the legal status since 1841, especially with regard to adequate training and professional practice, which was previously regulated in the "General Court Rules of July 6, 1793".

The ethical improvements that were requested in the context of an extensive expert opinion requested in detail from the King's Minister in December 1841 describe the existing grievance in a nutshell:

1. "That we train judges, but not lawyers"
2. "That the best judge is seldom a good lawyer".

The suggestions for improvement were only partially implemented after the death of Kunowski in 1846 through the decree on the formation of a council of honor among the judicial commissioners, lawyers and notaries ”of April 30, 1847. Fully meet the proposed was professional ethical improvements lawyer finally introduced on July 1, 1878 Lawyers' Act introduced at Reich level. For his services in connection with the proposals for the professional law reform, laid down in the "December report" of 1841, Kunowski received the Red Eagle Order III from the king . Class with a bow.

Kunowski Bridge

During his work as a lawyer, he had his office in Berlin at Rochstrasse 1, which he had moved into in 1829. This also included the house on the south corner at Neue Friedrichstrasse  34 (from 1951 Littenstrasse ). The tenant and architect Johann Albert Roch (* 1786 in Breslau; † 1825 in Berlin) was involved in the Rochstrasse house for a while. In 1825, Roch built the street on behalf of Friedrich from private funds. For this purpose, a cast-iron vault bridge was built over the Königsgraben in the course of Rochstrasse at the confluence with today's Dircksenstrasse. As a north-south passage, it established the connection to the urban area. When it was completed on May 8, 1825, it was named Kunowski Bridge. When it was built, the builders were granted the right for eighty years to collect bridge fees for cars and people. The corresponding coins are still offered in antiquarian trade today. - The bridge was demolished in 1879 because the Königsgraben was filled in to build the Berlin light rail.

Topographer and geologist

Even in his youth, Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski was interested in natural sciences, especially geology and astrology, and attended additional lectures on geology (then: geognosy ) by the naturalist Steffens at the University of Halle . Here he met his fellow student, the future geologist and historian Karl Georg von Raumer (1783–1865), who encouraged him to do his own research in the field of genealogy and mineralogy in the province of Silesia. As part of his research, he collected minerals on hikes in the Sudetes, the Silesian Central Uplands and Mount Zubten near his hometown Schweidnitz.

With the editor Karl Konrad Streit (1757–1826) he agreed to publish the results of his research work continuously between 1810 and 1813 in the Schlesische Provinzialbl Blätter at the end of a total of 113 pages.

Karl Georg von Raumer used the knowledge about the minerals he collected in a geographical description of Silesia.

Kunowski later donated his extensive mineral collection to the Schweidnitz grammar school.

astronomer

When he moved to Berlin in 1814, the possibilities of geological research in the Sudetes were severely limited. Despite the professional challenges in his new position as judge and notary as well as the family obligations of a family of five, he began to fulfill his childhood dream of an astronomical activity.

He was on good terms with the director of the Royal Observatory in Berlin , Johann Elert Bode (1747-1826), who significantly shaped and influenced his astronomical ideas and indirectly induced him to purchase a very effective telescope from Fraunhofer in Munich, which Bode already had five Years earlier in 1815. The telescope had an achromatic telescope with 52 Parisian line aperture and accessories, 72 inch focal length (6 feet) and a comet eyepiece with 34x magnification and was installed in Kunowski's private house at Friedrichstrasse  28 in November 1820 .

Kunowski's telescope delivered better results, i.e. sharper images of the moon , Mars or comets , for example , than was possible in the observatory. Bode therefore increasingly visited the Kunowski observatory in order to realize his observations. A friendship developed between the two men. In 1821, Bode referred to Kunowski as his friend.

The previous pictures and drawings of the surface of the moon were made by Johann Hieronymus Schroeter at the end of the 18th century in his observatory in Lilienthal near Bremen with the help of lenses supplied by Joseph Fraunhofer. Kunowski initially planned to complete these images and to add to the areas that had not yet been drawn. But that, writes Kunowski, is tantamount to Herculean work, since the optical sharpness and light intensity of my telescope actually offer me innumerable objects that Schroeter neither described nor drawn, that very often I have the courage to draw and follow up probably the time as a hobby astronomer) is missing.

Kunowsky lunar crater, captured by Apollo 12

Bode published the results of Kunowski's observations in the yearbook for astronomy he edited . This includes the discovery of various moon craters , of which the Kunowsky crater bears his name in his honor. In addition to the knowledge about the surface of the moon, important discoveries have also been made on the planets. Georg Carl Friedrich was one of the first to use the Fraunhofer telescope to see details with the required sharpness. With the help of a telescope, he identified the changeable dark patches of Mars previously described as clouds as unchangeable Mars patches, which are characteristic of the typical dark structures at the equatorial zone , within an observation period of four months . With this, he was able to determine the rotation time of Mars with high precision for the first time, whereby the value he determined deviates from the actual value by only 43 seconds.

He made the drawings of Mars known in literature, but due to many professional and private commitments, due to time constraints, he did not map his observations and those of the moon. This is what the Berlin astronomers Johann Heinrich Mädler (1794–1870) and Wilhelm Beer (1797–1850) endeavored to do, who published the first map of Mars in 1831 and confirmed Kunowski's findings about the immutability of the Martian stains. The first lunar map developed based on the new findings followed in 1837.

Kunowski had a close professional and good personal relationship with Wilhelm Beer. Kunowski had piqued his interest in astronomy. For his later research, Beer set up his own observatory in his villa in the Tiergarten. Both were also active (see section: Syndic of the Königsstädtisches Theater Berlin ) as a partner in the management of the Königstädtisches Theater and later also worked as a syndic in various Berlin railway companies.

Halley's Comet

In addition to the planet Mars, Kunowski was also interested in observing comets, which was also a focus of his astronomical activities. In addition to the astronomers Johann Franz Encke (1791–1865), Gauß and Olbers, he was concerned with the determination of comet orbits. In the Astronomical Yearbook 1826, Bode reported that after an unsuccessful search for the comet named after Encke, on September 14, 1822, Kunowski informed him of the exact position and the course of its orbit. Encke followed Bode's death in 1826 as director of the Berlin observatory. Partly together with Encke, Kunowski made sensational observations in his private house with the Fraunhofer telescope, which was technically superior to the equipment of the observatory. The Astronomical News reports that both of them saw Encke's Comet on October 7, 1828. Encke also reported that Halley's comet Kunowski with its excellent telescope was rediscovered surprisingly early on the night of August 21st to 22nd, 1835 after 76 years of return, initially as a faint nebula. He was not yet visible in the observatory's comet finder. A day later Messrs Beer and Madler noticed him in their telescope. The comet was closest to the earth on November 16, 1835, then again on April 20, 1910 and February 9, 1986.

For professional reasons, Kunowski restricted his astronomical research in the following years due to judicial and, in particular, legal obligations in important processes. In addition, there was another field of activity that occupied him intensively for more than a decade.

Syndic of the Königsstädtisches Theater Berlin

The royal city theater

In addition to the two existing court stages, a third theater was to be built in Berlin, which was to be designed based on the model of the Viennese suburban theater founded in 1781 in Leopoldstadt and financed with private funds. The Prussian court reserved the right to grant a license to found such a theater . The idea behind this was that Berlin was anxious to ensure that the new Volkstheater stayed out of the repertoire of the two royal theaters in accordance with the concession.

On May 13, 1822, the decision to build the royal city theater on Alexanderplatz was made by cabinet order from Friedrich Wilhelm III. proclaimed. The concession was given to Karl Friedrich Cerf , who was previously unknown in Berlin , and was given responsibility for the construction and organization of this theater. This involved the retired actor Heinrich Eduard Bethmann (1774-1857) in his efforts to find suitable personalities for the theater project. Bethmann won Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski for this project.

For the establishment of the theater the establishment of an Actienverein was planned, through which the necessary funds for the financing and the maintenance of the theater should initially be obtained. For this purpose, Bethmann and Kunowski won a number of respected and wealthy Berlin citizens. On December 13, 1822, the statutes of this stock corporation were adopted, which took over the lease of Cerf for 99 years . From then on, Cerf was no longer involved in the management of the theater.

The Prussian court approved the financing concept, according to which a total of 120,000 thalers should be made available for the construction of the theater by issuing 400 shares . The sum was obtained within a few months. Kunowski himself had taken over a share of 6,000 Thalers. The order for the construction of the theater was given to Carl Theodor Ottmer (1800–1843), a student of the well-known Berlin architect Carl Friedrich Schinkel (1781–1841).

Including the two initiators Bethmann and Kunowski, a seven-member board of directors was elected to manage the business at the general assembly on September 23, 1822. Bethmann took over the special management of the theater administration, the Justice Commissioner Kunowski was entrusted with the "Direction of the Bureau Business" and the management of the society's syndicate . He was responsible for informing the public, managing correspondence, all legal transactions, handling discipline and checking new items against the concession. In addition to Bethmann and Kunowski, the committee had five members, namely the bankers Jakob Herz Beer and, after his death, Kunowski's good friend Wilhelm Beer (1797–1850), Wilhelm Christian Benecke von Gröditzberg (1779–1860), and Joseph Maximilian Fränckel (1887 –1857), Alexander Mendelssohn (1798–1871) and Johann David Müller . In April 1824 Bethmann resigned from the board of directors because of differences of opinion, especially with Kunowski. After that, Kunowski temporarily took over his offices and was thus responsible for the overall management of the company. At the same time he was given the role of theater censor, an accumulation of offices that was unusual for private theaters. Since then it has been suspected that he might have acted on behalf of Prince von Wittgenstein, the Prussian minister responsible for theater issues, but this was completely unfounded.

The theater was completed in the middle of 1824. The opening ceremony took place on August 4, 1824, in the presence of the king and his family. The expectations were extremely high, the rush huge, wrote Karoline Bauer in her memoirs. She herself gave the opening speech on the occasion of this event and received unqualified applause. The opening piece aroused enthusiasm among the audience, but was classified as rather simple.

The first season was marked by popular pieces from the Wars of Liberation and old, well-known antics. The program included " Minna von Barnhelm ", " Doctor and Pharmacist " by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf . As successful playwrights, Luis Angely and Karl von Holtei (1798–1880) were won over to the theater. Holtei (with the farce "Ein Trauerspiel in Berlin"), who has been a successful playwright at the theater since 1823, accepted the offer made to him by "his patron" Kunowski to assume the position of theater director and poet despite several competitive offers what was certainly enough for the benefit of the theater, at least within the first three years of his activities.

In the course of time, however, the restrictions imposed by the concession on the artistic activity of the Königsstädtisches Theater had an increasingly negative effect on motivation, the mood in the theater management and business success. In addition, there were constant disputes with Count Brühl, who, as general manager of the royal theaters, meticulously ensured that the royal city theater stayed within the limits of the theater license granted and did not interfere with the repertoire of the two royal theaters. All attempts to expand artistic freedom with the king were rejected. In this situation an attempt was made to seek competent external advice. On March 12, 1827, Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski asked Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to clarify the generic term opera buffa as follows : “The Königstädtische Theater is limited by the license granted to it by the King and is dependent on small plays and comedies, farce and Parody, of the melodrama, the smaller Singspiel insofar as it belongs to the opera buffa. ”Goethe knew Kunowski above all through his impressive research results in astronomy. Furthermore, Goethe was informed about the building project Königsstädtisches Theater, which interested him in detail. He was also familiar with Kunowski's publication Die Verwaltung des Königsstädtischen Theaters , Berlin 1826, which Goethe also addressed in his answer of April 28, 1827. Since Goethe was friends with Count Brühl, he asked Kunowski to understand that he did not want to interfere in the theater dispute. Incidentally, he was interested in the construction of the Königsstädtischer Theater, because the theater in Weimar had recently suffered a fire in 1825 and had to be renovated.

In this difficult situation in which the Königsstadt theater was at that time, a fortunate circumstance brought relief, at least temporarily: In Vienna , the Italian Opera, one of the suburban theaters , was closed for financial reasons. Kunowski learned that the artists working here had lost their jobs, including the well-known young singer Henriette Sontag (1803-1854). He commissioned Holtei to win her over for the royal city theater and to take her under contract. It appeared for the first time on August 3, 1825 in Berlin and caused storms of enthusiasm. Her singing talent caused sold-out events for two years. Long awaited, she came to Weimar on September 4, 1826 and visited Goethe there: “Demoiselle Sontag sang incomparably”, Goethe noted in his diary.

Holtei kept Goethe informed about various topics, including the performances at the theater as early as 1824. He tried to get Goethe's approval for the performance of Faust at the Königsstädtisches Theater. Count Brühl also knew how to prevent this. Holtei was not discouraged and wrote the Dr. Faust as a folk piece for the Königsstadt Theater in a melodrama "Faust", partly based on the Faust by Christopher Marlowe . This was first performed on January 10, 1829 at the Königstädtisches Theater under the title: Dr. Johannes Faust, the miraculous Magus of the North , folk melodrama, with music by Karl Blum.

After the initial Sunday euphoria, the problems of topic limitation became visible again. Kunowski pointed out at an early stage that the loss of Henriette Sontag would massively disadvantage the development of the theater because of the well-known quarrels. The king, represented by Count Brühl, maintained his negative attitude. The impending bankruptcy, which seemed inevitable after the departure of Sontag, took Friedrich Wilhelm III. of Prussia apparently in purchase. Henriette Sontag finally gave up. In 1827 she said goodbye to the ensemble and the Berlin audience after two years.

On May 14th, the shareholders declare the dissolution of the association. It actually took place on October 19, 1829. In his publication of 1830 "Circulare to the Lords Actionaire" Kunowski reports on the dissolution negotiations between the theater directorate, represented by Cerf, and the shareholders of the theater, whom he represented before the Berlin City Court which lasted from May 1829 to October 1830. Apparently even before the bankruptcy, Carl Friedrich Cerf had been rebuilt as a straw man in order to buy back the shares with the king's financial means. Cerf was then provided by the king with the entire share capital for reasons that were previously incomprehensible and appointed as administrator of the theater with a lifelong pension. He died in 1845. In 1851 King Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia ordered the theater to be closed.

Syndic of the Berlin-Hamburg Railway

Routing of the Berlin-Hamburg railway

In addition to his predilection for astronomy and his commitment to the Königsstädter Theater, Kunowski and Wilhelm Beer shared a common interest in infrastructure issues, specifically a functioning railway network that was being set up in Prussia. Beer was involved as in-house counsel in railway companies that maintained the connection between Berlin and Breslau, Magdeburg and Anhalt.

In 1840, Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski headed a railway project aimed at providing a fast connection between Berlin and Hamburg ( Berlin-Hamburg Railway ) and favored above all by leading trading houses in Berlin. A route to the right of the Elbe was ideally suited for this purpose, which was ultimately more suitable from a military point of view than the more densely populated left side. After a long tug-of-war, whether to the right or left of the Elbe, the king gave the committee responsible for the implementation of the project his approval for the planned project to the right of the Elbe.

Finally, the “General Assembly for the Constitution of the Berlin-Hamburg Railway Company” met in Schwerin and, under the leadership of Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski, adopted the company's statutes. The course of the railway line was legally defined in 1844. On February 28, 1845, the Prussian government granted permission for the construction, which began immediately afterwards. Sections of the route were opened between Berlin and Boizenburg / Elbe . The entire route was completed on December 15, 1846.

Shortly before, the connection between Berlin and Breslau had been put into operation, a project in which his old friend Wilhelm Beer was the deputy chairman. On his way to Lausitz together with his 19-year-old daughter Charlotte Wilhelmine Emma, ​​Kunowski decided to use this means of transport. On the route north of Kohlfurt, the rear axle of the two-axle mail car came loose. He was thrown out and died of a stroke.

Kunowski was buried in Cemetery I of the Jerusalem and New Churches in Berlin. The grave has not been preserved.

Memberships

The Society of Friends of Natural Science was founded in 1773 by Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm Martini . It had two meetings a month at 25 Französische Strasse and was limited to twelve members. The primary goal was to promote natural history . Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski was introduced by Bode as a lifelong honorary member in 1823.

Kunowski was present when the Society for Geography was founded by Berlin professor Carl Ritter on June 7, 1828. On this occasion he gave a lecture on the results of his observations of sunspots . He was a member of the society together with his brother Eduard, who later became the Prussian general of the infantry .

Since October 1834 Kunowski has been a member of the Monday Club founded by Pastor Schulthess in 1749 , which met monthly and with guests once a quarter in the prestigious English house at Mohrenstrasse  49. He was introduced by Prof. Encke, a friend of his, who had been a member of the Monday Club since 1826.

This circle consisted of a membership of 30 well-known personalities from the middle-class educated elite. He did not pursue any political goals. Instead, cheerful and impartial conversation was maintained.

In 1830 Kunowski became a member of the lawless society in Berlin , which was founded in 1809 with the aim of getting by without statutes and regulations, apart from rules for the admission of its members. They mainly belonged to the enlightened political and cultural elite.

Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski has been a member of the association four months after the zoo opened four months after the zoo was founded on December 1, 1844. At the first general assembly on June 2, 1845, he was elected to the board of directors and legal advisor of the association.

Aftermath

Kunowski was buried on December 29, 1846 in the Halle cemeteries. The grave was later forgotten and razed.

His astronomical laboratory was closed. His telescope was offered to the Prussian government for purchase. In 1847 the purchase was rejected due to allegedly empty state coffers. On July 7, 1853, the sale was made for 1500 Reichstalers through the responsible minister Karl Otto von Raumer for the physical cabinet of the Berlin University , whose director Prof. Dr. Magnus was.

Kunowski's brother, who later became General Eduard von Kunowski, helped the deceased's widow, Eleonore (1789–1862), with the practical handling of many estate matters despite his professional obligations. Kunowski's nephew Otto Friedrich Leopold von Kunowski (1824–1907), then only 23 years old, a qualified lawyer with a legal traineeship and later President of the Higher Regional Court in Breslau (1887), Real Privy Councilor and Excellency (1895) , made himself available for the extensive estate regulations .

The Kunowsky crater is named after him. A Mars crater 67 km in diameter that he discovered - with the coordinates 57.1 ° N and 9.7 ° W - was also named after him by the International Astronomical Union in 1973.

Publications

• Contributions to the topography and natural history of the Sudetes. in: Schlesische Provinzialblätter. Born in 1813.
• The Zobtenberg. there.
• The administration of the Königstädtisches Theater in relation to the pens. Court actor HL Bethmann. Berlin 1926.
• Opinion. in: Vossischen Zeitung. No. 186 of August 10, 1824.
• German Literature Archive, Marbach, Kunowski's letters to Cotta (Johann Friedrich Cotta von Cottendorf)
• Some physical observations of the moon, Saturn, and Mars. Astronomical yearbook for 1825 (Berlin 1822).

literature

• Siegmund Günther:  Kunowsky, Georg Karl Friedrich . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 17, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1883, p. 388.
• Augsburger Allgemeine Zeitung of December 24, 1846
• Karl Gustav Heinrich Berner: Silesian compatriots: A memorial book of outstanding men and women born in Silesia from the time from 1180 to the present. Leipzig 1901.
• Jürgen Blunck: Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski, lawyer, natural scientist, theater and railway history. In: Berlin in the past and present. Yearbook of the Berlin State Archives. Berlin 1998, p. 27 ff.
• Jürgen Blunck, Christian Rieckher: Georg Carl Friedrich Kunowski, a lawyer at the telescope. In: Stars and Space. No. 37 (1998), p. 124 ff.
• Gustav E. Sachse, Eduard Droop (ed.): The Monday Club in Berlin 1749-1899. Festive and commemorative pamphlet for its 150th anniversary in Berlin in 1899.
• Willi Eylitz: The Königstädtisches Theater in Berlin. Diss. Rostock 1940.
• Ruth Freydank: This is where Nante was born. History of the royal city theater . In: Berlin monthly magazine ( Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein ) . Issue 10, 1998, ISSN  0944-5560 , p. 4–15 ( luise-berlin.de ).
• Haude and Spenersche Zeitung of December 3, 1842 and December 21, 1846.
• Heinz Georg Klös: Noah's Ark on the Spree. 1994.
• Heinz Kullnick: Berliners and Berliners by choice: People and personalities in Berlin from 1640-1960. Berlin around 1960.
• Karlheinz Muscheler : The Schopenhauer-Marquet-Trials and the Prussian Law. 1996.
• New neocrology of the Germans. Vol. 24, 1846 (1848).
• Johann C. Poggendorff: Biographical-literary concise dictionary for the history of the exact sciences: containing evidence of living conditions and achievements of mathematicians, astronomers, physicists, chemists, mineralogists, geologists, etc. of all peoples and times. Leipzig 1863, Volume I: A – L. Volume II: M-Z.
• Karl von Holtei: 40 years of laurel staff and oak wreaths.
• William Sheehan: The Planet Mars: A History of Observation and Discovery. Chapter 4: Areographers. University of Arizona press.

Web links

• wikispaces.com
• gesetzlose-gesellschaft.de

Individual evidence

Commons : George K. Kunowsky  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

1. ↑ Eckhard Thiemann, Dieter Deszyk, Peter Horst Metzing: Berlin and its bridges. Jaron Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-89773-073-1 , p. 178.
2. ^ Hans-Jürgen Mende : Lexicon of Berlin burial places . Pharus-Plan, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-86514-206-1 , p. 214.