Gerard ter Borch

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gerard ter Borch; Self-portrait, around 1668

Gerard ter Borch (the younger) , also Gerard Terborch and Gerard Terborgh (* around 1617 in Zwolle , † December 8, 1681 in Deventer ), was a Dutch painter and draftsman .

Entry of the Dutch envoy Adriaan Pauw ( Münster City Museum )

Life

Gerard ter Borch is considered to be one of the main masters of the Dutch genre image . He received his first training as a draftsman from his father Gerard ter Borch the Elder. Ä. The first works that the father carefully kept date from 1625 and are still preserved today. These show genre scenes and above all landscapes from the Zwolle area .

It can be found for the first time in Amsterdam around 1632 . In 1633 he went to Haarlem , where his father gave him an apprenticeship with the landscape painter Pieter de Molyn because of his interest in nature . Just two years later, he received the master's license and was allowed to sign his pictures. The earliest known work by him comes from the year 1635. In the summer of the same year he went to London , where his uncle Robert van Voerst (* 1597, † 1635 or 1636) worked successfully as an engraver . There he came into contact with Anthony van Dyck . Around 1636 he returned to Zwolle for a short time, from where he went on study trips to Italy and Spain . In Madrid he painted a portrait of King Philip IV of Spain , but it has not survived. Between 1640 and 1645 he was back in Holland, where he was mainly active in Holland and Amsterdam. It was there that he became interested in genre painting.

Between 1644 and 1645 he worked as a busy portraitist in Amsterdam, which made him very popular. There Ter Borch succeeded in gaining entry into the most distinguished Amsterdam rainbow circles. In addition to portraits of the Six , De Graeff , Pancras and De Vicq families , he also made portraits of respected scholars such as Caspar van Baerle . He owed it to this degree of fame that in 1646 the Dutch envoy Adriaan Pauw asked him to accompany him to the peace negotiations between the Netherlands and Spain in Münster . There he was allowed to portray many of the diplomats present, which attracted the attention of the Spanish ambassador, the Count of Peñeranda . This took Gerard ter Borch into his service, so that he was an eyewitness to the separate peace between the Netherlands and Spain concluded on May 15, 1648. He captured the event in his famous painting The Peace Conclusion in Munster , which is shown today in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. In the same year he returned to Holland, where he worked in various cities over the next few years. He lived alternately in Amsterdam, The Hague , Haarlem , Kampen and Zwolle. His main field of activity was now genre painting, where he quickly matured to a mastery, so that today he is considered one of the most important representatives of this genre. After his marriage on February 14, 1654, Gerard ter Borch finally settled in Deventer . From 1660 he turned back to portrait painting, so that only a few genre paintings were created.

Style development

Portrait of the Conde de Peñaranda

Despite his extensive wandering life, Gerard ter Borch remained loyal to the Dutch school throughout his life. Even in his early works, which were clearly influenced by the Amsterdam genre painters Pieter Codde and Willem Duyster , his interest in the reproduction of human figures that are primarily illuminated from one side and are located in rooms with sparse furnishings is evident. In this genre of painting his works were subject to the greatest developments. Initially he mainly painted scenes from the life of the people and soldiers, but from 1648 he specialized in interior scenes with a few figures showing gallant couples and mostly women reading, writing, making music or using the toilet.

In the way the figures were arranged and depicted, Gerard ter Borch broke new ground and thus paved the way for younger masters who orientated themselves on him. Gabriel Metsu , Pieter de Hooch and Jan Vermeer are the only examples .

Garard ter Borch developed his portrait style under the influence of the Haarlem painter Hendrick Pot . This was already fully developed in the 1640s and hardly subject to change. His models are mostly dressed in black and shown against neutral gray backgrounds.

Selected Works

  • Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum
    • Portrait of Gerard Abrahamsz van der Schalcke , 1644
    • Portrait of Johanna Bardoel , 1644
    • Portrait of Helena van der Schalcke as a child , around 1644
    • The Peace of Munster , 1648
    • Woman in front of a mirror , around 1650
    • Seated girl in peasant costume , around 1650
    • The father's admonition , 1655
    • Portrait of Moses ter Borch , 1667 (together with Gesina ter Borch)
    • Portrait of François de Vicq , 1670
    • Portrait of Aletta Pancras , 1670
    • Portrait of a Man .
    • Portrait of a Woman .
    • Portrait of Godard van Reede .
    • Portrait of a man in armor .
    • Portrait of Jacob de Graeff .
  • Antwerp, Royal Museum of Fine Arts
    • The mandolin player , around 1657
  • Bergamo, Accademia Carrara
    • Portrait of a fat man , around 1670
The fatherly admonition
The concert , Berlin
  • Berlin, Gemäldegalerie
    • The Consultation , 1635
    • Soldiers playing cards outdoors , around 1640–1645
    • The Grinder's Family , around 1653
    • The father's admonition , around 1654/1655
    • Portrait of a standing old man , around 1660
    • Young couple enjoying wine , around 1662/1663
    • The Smoker , around 1663–1665
    • Portrait of Willem Marienburg , around 1664–1667
    • Portrait of Gertruida Assink , around 1664–1667
    • The concert , around 1675
    • Self-portrait , around 1675
  • formerly Berlin, Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum
    • Portrait of a man , (probably destroyed in 1945)
    • Portrait of a young man , (probably destroyed in 1945)
  • Boston, Museum of Fine Arts
    • Horseman seen from behind
    • Portrait of a woman , around 1660
  • Bremen, Kunsthalle Bremen
    • The trick track players , around 1640
    • Portrait of a Man , around 1648
  • Cincinnati , Cincinnati Art Museum
    • The concert , around 1675
  • The Hague, Mauritshuis
    • The Lice Seeker , around 1652/1653
    • The Unwelcome News , 1653
    • The letter writer , around 1655
    • Self-portrait .
    • Portrait of Cornelis de Graeff , (around 1674)
  • Detroit , Picture Gallery
    • Woman at the toilet , around 1660
    • Man reading a letter , around 1680
  • Deventer , town hall
    • Group portrait of the Magistrate of Deventer , 1667
The letter-writing officer
Young woman, playing two men on a lute
The gallant soldier
The reader
The apple peeler

"Fatherly Admonition"

One of his best-known works is the formerly so-called fatherly admonition , created in 1655 ( Gemäldegalerie Berlin ). There is a similar version in the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam , which is there under the title Galante Konversation . The figure on the back of the lady in the white atlas dress also appears separately in a painting in front of the bed with red curtains dated "around 1655" (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden) and in two later versions ("Die Musikstunde", 1660; "Brieflesende Dame mit Page") , 1660). Various possible subjects have been discussed in research over the centuries. Among other things, a domestic scene that shows the father reprimanding the daughter and courtship were proposed. However, since the 20th century, research has agreed that this is an upper-class brothel scene . There was a temporary rumor that the man had once held a coin in his hand that had been retouched by a later owner. However, after thorough research, this turned out to be wrong. As an argument for a brothel scene, the research referred to the various objects in the painting, such as the candle (easily flammable love) on the table or the bed (sex act) in the background. Even if a reliable interpretation of the subject is difficult, the domestic scene can be excluded as a subject.

See also

literature

  • Joseph Eduard Wessely :  Terburg, Gerard . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 37, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1894, p. 573 f.
  • Kindler's painting dictionary. Kindler Verlag AG, Zurich 1964–1971.
  • Arthur K. Wheelock: Gerard ter Borch. Yale University Press, New Haven / London 2004.
  • Helge Siefert: To the glory of the hero. History and genre painting of the 17th and 18th centuries. Munich 1993.
  • Sturla Gudlaugsson : Gerard Ter Borch. The Hague 1959.
  • Eduard Plietzsch : Gerard ter Borch. Publisher Anton Schroll, Vienna 1944.
  • Daniela Hammer-Tugendhat : The visible and the invisible. On Dutch painting of the 17th century. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2009.
  • Stephanie Schoger: Gerard ter Borch and the Westphalian Peace Congress 1648 in Münster , Cologne: Böhlau Verlag 2020, ISBN 978-3-412-51780-9 .

Web links

Commons : Gerard ter Borch the Elder J.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Google book search: Gerard ter Borch: Zwolle 1617, Deventer 1681; P. 64
  2. ↑ Helge Siefert: To the glory of the hero. History and genre painting of the 17th and 18th centuries. Munich 1993. pp. 160 f., 191.
  3. ↑ Description of the picture on the museum website
  4. ^ Gerard ter Borch on the museum website
  5. ↑ Description of the picture on the museum website
  6. ^ Ter Borch on the museum website
  7. ↑ Description of the picture on the museum website
  8. ↑ Description of the image ( Memento of the original from March 24, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the museum website  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.pinakothek.de
  9. ↑ Description of the picture on the museum's website (French)
  10. ↑ Description of the picture on the museum website
  11. ^ Rau Collection - Loans from the Arp Museum Bahnhof Rolandseck - “Portrait of a Man”.
  12. ↑ Description of the picture on the museum website
  13. ^ National museums in Berlin: Gerard ter Borch: The gallant conversation. Retrieved August 6, 2020 .
  14. ^ Karlheinz Lüdeking: Painter Gerard ter Borch: After the festival is before the festival . ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed January 9, 2020]).
personal data
SURNAME Borch, Gerard ter
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Borch, Gerard ter (the younger); Borch, Gerrit ter; Ter Borch, Gerard; Borch, Gerhard ter; Borch, Geraerdt ter; Borch, Geraert ter; Terborch, Gerard
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Dutch painter
DATE OF BIRTH around 1617
PLACE OF BIRTH Zwolle
DATE OF DEATH December 8, 1681
Place of death Deventer