History of Bockenheim

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The story of Bockenheim is the story of what is now Frankfurt 's Bockenheim district . Their testimonies go back to prehistory .

Coat of arms of the county of Hanau-Münzenberg , to which Bockenheim belonged from 1320 on

Prehistory and early history

The traces of human settlement go back to the Neolithic. A Neolithic settlement pit was discovered on Diebsgrundweg during the construction of the Bundesbank in 1967 . A Bronze Age hatchet comes from a chance find with the location "next to the Brunner factory". The Iron Age is also represented with several finds that scatter across the Bockenheim district. Several pits of a settlement, which were uncovered on Lilienthalallee in 1914, date to their older phase, the Hallstatt period, while settlement activity can be opened up for the late Latène period due to destroyed cremation graves. One of the graves with typical turntable goods was discovered in 1859 west of the Schönhof, probably several others, which among other things contained two ritually bent swords with scabbards, were cut in 1882 on the site of the brick factory of the architect Hänsel.

In Roman times the area was used for the main town of the Civitas Taunensium  - Nida  . A Roman road in the direction of Nida believed to be near the Diebsgrundweg was not found during the excavations in 1967. In the course of the Limes Falls , Nida received its own city wall in the 3rd century. The building material ( basalt stones ) for this was mined in the nearby quarries of today's Bockenheim, the street name Basaltstraße recalls the former quarry.

middle Ages

Mosaic with a view of Alt-Bockenheim

Surname

The oldest surviving mention of Bockenheim in the Middle Ages can be found in a deed of donation in favor of the Lorsch Monastery , which is passed down in the Lorsch Codex and dates from 768 to 778. Historical forms of name were:

  • Bochinheim (767-778)
  • Boenheim (821)
  • Buckinheim (1254)
  • Bockenheim (1263)
  • Buckenheym (1281)

Trunk roads

The village could be reached from Frankfurt via the Bockenheimer Landstrasse and the Hohe Strasse / Via Regia , a medieval trans-European west-east connection. The course of this military and trade route roughly coincides with today's Rödelheimer and Ginnheimer Strasse and leads over the Ginnheimer Höhe to the Diebsgrundweg .

Territorial Affiliation

Since the 9th century, the surrounding forests belonged to the Dreieich Wildbann  - an area initially reserved for royal hunting. The Wildbann maintained one of its 30 Wildhuben in Bockenheim . The north Main part of the Wildbannes later mainly formed the Bornheimerberg court and office .

In 1320 King Ludwig IV pledged the Bornheimerberg to Ulrich II von Hanau . In 1336, the emperor then allowed the city of Frankfurt to redeem the Bornheimerberg in its place of Hanau. In 1351, however, Emperor Charles IV renewed the pledge for Hanau. In 1434 Count Reinhard II von Hanau was enfeoffed with the Bornheimerberg by Emperor Sigismund . When the County of Hanau was divided in 1458, the Bornheimerberg became part of the County of Hanau-Münzenberg .

The contradicting behavior of the Reich naturally led to a dispute between Frankfurt and Hanau, especially since Frankfurt saw itself "surrounded" by Hanau territory. All attempts by Frankfurt to prevent this failed. Although Frankfurt's claims to the office's nineteen villages were upheld by the Reichsgericht after a process that lasted over a hundred years, neither Frankfurt nor the Reich had the power to enforce the verdict. The city of Frankfurt finally agreed to a settlement in 1481: Hanau waived all claims to the villages of Bornheim , Hausen and Oberrad in favor of Frankfurt and received the Bornheimerberg office exclusively. Bockenheim finally became Hanauian.

As early as 1438, Bockenheim obtained castle rights in Frankfurt, i.e. the right that its residents were allowed to flee behind Frankfurt city walls in case of danger.

Early modern age

Bockenheim around 1855

Religious conditions

In 1321 it is documented for the first time that the parish of the St. Bartholomäusstift in Frankfurt was also responsible for Bockenheim. A clergyman from the monastery looked after the community in Bockenheim. The local church was under the patronage of the ancestor Jacob .

The Reformation took hold in the county of Hanau-Münzenberg in the first half of the 16th century, initially in its Lutheran form. Roman Catholic masses have not been held in Bockenheim since 1543 . Since the Reformation, the parish was temporarily connected with that in Eschersheim and Preungesheim , 1562–1597 and 1608–1625 a branch parish of the parish in Eschersheim. Then she became self-employed.

In a "second Reformation", the denomination of the County of Hanau-Munzenberg was changed again: From 1597 Count Philipp Ludwig II pursued a decidedly reformed church policy. He made use of his Jus reformandi , his right as sovereign to determine the denomination of his subjects, and made this largely binding for the county. Since the Lutherans in Frankfurt prevented the local Reformed in the city of Frankfurt Mass held, gave both the French-speaking and the German-speaking Reformed congregation to Bockenheim in the St. Jacob's Church from what promoted the Hanau Graf, also by the The pastor from Eschersheim was therefore transferred to Bockenheim for the next few years. This “church asylum” was at the same time one of the impulses for founding Hanauer Neustadt.

After 1608, the remaining Frankfurt Reformed initially used church services in Offenbach , and from 1633 again in Bockenheim. While the German-speaking Reformed congregation continued to use the Jakobskirche, which was expanded for this purpose, the French-speaking congregation bought a barn and expanded it into a church. In 1768 she then built a new church . The connection between the German-speaking Reformed congregation in Frankfurt and Bockenheim was intense: It existed until 1787 and one of its two pastors was also a pastor for the local congregation in Bockenheim. Until 1684, the two subsidiary communities of Nied and Griesheim also belonged to it .

After Count Friedrich Casimir from the Lutheran line of Hanau-Lichtenberg took office in 1642, Lutheran congregations began to form again in the Hanau-Munzenberg region, in Bockenheim in 1722 as a branch of the congregation in Ginnheim . In 1740 she held her first public service and in 1789 bought the church of the French Reformed community. The split between the two churches of the Reformation was ended with the Hanau Union in 1818 when they were united into one church.

Jews are not proven to be resident in Bockenheim before 1658. A Jewish cemetery was established in 1714. There was a synagogue , which was replaced by a new building in 1874.

Territorial Affiliation

After the death of the last Hanau count, Johann Reinhard III. , In 1736, Landgrave Friedrich I of Hessen-Kassel inherited the County of Hanau-Münzenberg and thus also the Bornheimerberg and Bockenheim on the basis of an inheritance contract from 1643. An expansion of the village framework as a result of the population increase did not take place until the middle of the 18th century, mainly in the direction of Frankfurt.

Modern times

During the Napoleonic period, Bockenheim was under French military administration from 1806 to 1810 and then belonged to the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt , Hanau Department, from 1810 to 1813 .

In the Electorate of Hesse

It then fell back to Hessen-Kassel, now the " Electorate of Hesse ". In 1821 there was a fundamental administrative reform , in which the Electorate of Hesse was divided into four provinces and 22 districts. In this context, Bockenheim was also made a town. The Bornheimerberg was added to the newly formed Hanau district. In 1831 the Bockenheim Justice Office was established, which was continued as the Bockenheim District Court from 1867 to 1895.

Bockenheim was a relatively important place within the electorate, in which, according to the will of the Electorate of Hesse, a community open to industry should emerge in addition to the then still anti-industry city of Frankfurt, in a favorable neighborhood to the affluent center of trade and traffic.

Industry

The strategy worked: Bockenheim developed into an important industrial location and thus - alongside Hanau and Kassel  - into one of the economic centers of Kurhessen. It all started with the Chaisenfabrik Wagner und Reifert , founded in 1820 by Konrad Reifert and Johann Ernst Wagner , which later started producing railroad cars as the Reifert'sche Waggonfabrik . In addition to numerous smaller businesses, the Scheideanstalt developed by Friedrich Ernst Rössler (1843), later Frankfurter AG for agricultural-chemical products , from which the Chemical Factory Griesheim emerged in 1863 , the metal cloth factory Ratazzi and May (1844), the iron foundry and machine factory for shoe and leather industry by Weber and Miller (1863), since 1900 machine works Moenus AG , machine works Pokorny and Wittekind (1872), later: Frankfurter Maschinenbau AG vorm. Pokorny & Wittekind , Hartmann and Braun (1884) and the Bauersche Gießerei , founded in Frankfurt in 1837, in Bockenheim since 1872.

train

With the Main-Weser Railway  - the first train ran here in 1850 - Bockenheim received a train station with a representative reception building , which also had a suite for the elector . The Frankfurt (Main) West train station now stands in its place .

In 1872 the first tram line in Frankfurt , a horse-drawn tram operated by the Frankfurt Tramway Company , drove from the Hauptwache through Bockenheim, along today's Leipziger Strasse , to Schönhof . From 1901 the tram was electric.

Kingdom of Prussia

Markuskirche (2006)
Opel RAK.1 in flight over Frankfurt-Rebstock airfield

Community development

After the war of 1866 , Kurhessen was on the losing side and was annexed by Prussia . Bockenheim now belonged to the Wiesbaden administrative district of the Hesse-Nassau province . In 1886 Bockenheim was assigned to the Frankfurt district.

The Roman Catholic Church of St. Elisabeth was built in the neo-Gothic style in 1868–70 . The building was destroyed in 1944 during World War II. Its reconstruction was completed on April 30, 1950.

On April 1, 1895, the cities of Frankfurt (under Mayor Franz Adickes ) and Bockenheim (under Mayor Adalbert Hengsberger ) signed an incorporation agreement through which Bockenheim became a Frankfurt district. The steady expansion of Frankfurt's West End in the 19th century resulted in the development of Bockenheim, which today is also structurally part of the city of Frankfurt.

The Markuskirche was opened in 1912 . It was destroyed in 1944, rebuilt in 1953 and, after the merger of the two Protestant parishes of Bockenheim, was converted into the Annunciation Center of the Evangelical Church in Hesse and Nassau in 2005 . Also in 1912 , the first Frankfurt airfield, the Frankfurt-Rebstock airfield, was opened in the Bockenheim district on the Rebstock site . It was used as a military airfield until 1945. Civil air traffic was relocated to an area in the Frankfurt city forest as early as 1936, the core of today 's Frankfurt am Main Airport . In the last few years, a new district with apartments for 4,500 people and 5,500 jobs has been built on the Rebstock site. The streets there are named after aviation pioneers .

Population development

In 1634 there were 43 households. (1)

year 1753 (1) 1812 (1) 1818 1821 (2) 1834 (1) 1840 (1) 1846 (1) 1852 (1) 1858 (1) 1864 (1)
Residents 654 1,038 1,030 1,038 2,755 3,303 3,755 4,458 4,620 5,901
year 1871 (1) 1875 (1) 1880 1885 (1) 1890 1895 1910 1925 1949 1961 (4)
Residents 8,483 13,043 15,000 17,457 18,675 20,000 40,000 44,000 19,000 39,000
year 1971 (4) 1978 (4) 2004 2007 2013 2014 2015 (3)
Residents 34,000 32,000 31,049 33,067 36,724 37,414 38.279

(1) Figures from: "Bockenheim, City of Frankfurt am Main". Historical local dictionary for Hessen. (As of November 11, 2014). In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS) .. Retrieved on November 8, 2017
(2) Thomas Klein: Outline of German administrative history 1815–1845 . Row A: Prussia. Volume 11: Hessen-Nassau including predecessor states. Marburg 1979, p. 109.
(3) As of December 31, 2015 according to statistics. current
(4) Wolfgang Klötzer. Truly a beautiful and lively city . Frankfurt am Main 1985. Waldemar Kramer publishing house. ISBN 3-7829-0300-5 . P. 210

Resident of Bockenheim
year Residents
1753
  
 654
1812
  
 1,038
1818
  
 1,030
1821
  
 1,038
1834
  
 2,755
1840
  
 3,303
1846
  
 3,755
1852
  
 4,458
1858
  
 4,620
1864
  
 5,901
1871
  
 8,483
1875
  
 13,043
1880
  
 15,000
1885
  
 17,457
1890
  
 18,675
1895
  
 20,000
1910
  
 40,000
1925
  
 44,000
1949
  
 19,000
1961
  
 39,000
1971
  
 34,000
1978
  
 32,000
2004
  
 31,049
2007
  
 33,067
2013
  
 36,724
2014
  
 37,414
2015
  
 38.279

literature

  • Max Aschkewitz: Pastor history of the Hanau district ("Hanauer Union") until 1986 , part 1 = publications of the Historical Commission for Hesse 33. Marburg 1984, p. 379f.
  • Hans-Jürgen Becker: The court Bornheimer Berg . In: Tradition, Preservation and Design in Legal History Research. 1993, pp. 1-21.
  • Hans-Otto Keunecke : The Munzenberger. (= Sources and research on Hessian history 35). 1978, p. 274.
  • Gerhard Kleinfeldt, Hans Weirich: The medieval church organization in the Upper Hesse-Nassau area. 1937, p. 94. (Reprint: 1984, p. 67) (= writings of the Institute for historical regional studies of Hesse and Nassau 16).
  • Rudolf Knappe: Medieval castles in Hesse: 800 castles, castle ruins and castle sites. 3. Edition. Wartberg-Verlag, Gudensberg-Gleichen 2000, ISBN 3-86134-228-6 , p. 397.
  • Anette Löffler: The Lords and Counts of Falkenstein (Taunus): Studies on territorial and property history, on imperial political position and on the genealogy of a leading ministerial family; 1255-1418. Vol. 1. Darmstadt 1994, ISBN 3-88443-188-9 , pp. 234-236. (Sources and research on Hessian history 99).
  • Heinrich Reimer: Historical local dictionary for Kurhessen . Marburg 1926, p. 53f.
  • Fred Schwind : The "Grafschaft" Bornheimer Berg and the royal people of the Frankfurt Treasury. In: Hessisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. 14, pp. 1-21 (1964).

Web links

Commons : History of Frankfurt-Bockenheim  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Fischer, U .: Find Chronicle of the Municipal Museum for Pre- and Early History, Frankfurt a. Main, for the period from 01.01. - 31.12.1967 in: Find reports from Hessen, 8 (1968) p. 117.
  2. ^ Holste, F .: The Bronze Age in North Main Hesse, Prehistoric Research 12 (1939), p. 137.
  3. ↑ Schumacher, Astrid: The Hallstatt Period in southern Hesse, Part I, Bonner Hefte zur Prehistory 5 (1972), p. 116.
  4. ↑ Schönberger, Hans: The late Latène period in the Wetterau, in: Saalburg-Jahrbuch 11, 1952, p. 78.
  5. ↑ Fischer, U .: Find Chronicle of the Municipal Museum for Pre- and Early History, Frankfurt a. Main, for the period from 01.01. - 31.12.1967 in: Find reports from Hessen, 8 (1968) p. 117.
  6. ↑ Codex Laureshamensis Bd. 3 No. 3391 = Heinrich Reimer: Hessisches Urkundenbuch. Section 2, document book on the history of the Lords of Hanau and the former province of Hanau. Vol. 1. 767-1300. Publications from the Royal Prussian State Archives, Hirzel, Leipzig 1891 No. 1.
  7. ↑ Aschkewitz, p. 379.
  8. ↑ Aschkewitz, p. 379.
  9. ↑ Aschkewitz, p. 379.
  10. ↑ Aschkewitz, p. 379.
  11. ↑ Aschkewitz, p. 380.
  12. ↑ Aschkewitz, p. 380.
  13. ↑ Aschkewitz, p. 380.
  14. ↑ Maschinenfabrik MOENUS ( Memento of the original from October 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.berlinpapers.de
  15. ↑ Frankfurter Maschinenbau AG vorm. Pokorny & Wittekind FMA ( Memento from October 30, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  16. ↑ Former Hartmann & Braun AG history in pictures
  17. ↑ Frankfurt am Main grew by almost 16,000 inhabitants in 2015 (PDF) In: Statistisches Jahrbuch 2015 . City of Frankfurt: Citizens' Registration Office, Statistics and Elections. Retrieved February 26, 2020.