Han Guangwu di

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Han Guangwu di ( 漢 光武帝 )
Family name : Liú ( 劉 )
First name : Xiù ( 秀 )
Major Age Name (Zi): Wenshu ( 文 叔 )
Posthumous title :
(complete) 		Guangwu ( 光武 )
Temple name : Shizu ( 世祖 )
Reign: 25-57
Era names : Jìanwŭ ( 建武 ) 25-56

Jìanwŭzhōngyúan ( 建武 中元 ) 56–57

Emperor Guangwu von Han ( Chinese  漢 光武帝 , Pinyin Hàn Guāngwǔ dì , * January 15, 5 BC ; †  March 29, 57 AD in Luoyang ), birth name Liu Xiu , succeeded in rebuilding the von Wang Mang ended Han Dynasty . Liu Xiu was a member of the extensive imperial family. That is why he (and not the only one) claimed the inheritance of the Han dynasty for himself when Wang Mang's Xin dynasty sank into chaos. Liu Xiu asserted himself against the usurper and the rival warlords and declared himself emperor. Little by little he defeated all adversaries and also put down the rebellion of the Red Eyebrows . In 36 he ruled completely over all of China .

He established the capital of his empire in Luoyang , 335 kilometers east of the previous capital Chang'an , which is why his dynasty is called the Eastern Han Dynasty . To prevent the decline to which the Western Han Dynasty fell, he implemented numerous reforms, including a notable land reform. After all, the dynasty he founded lasted almost 200 years.

Even if Emperor Guangwu's generals were mostly victorious on their campaigns and had great successes, he lacked outstanding strategists. According to the sources, however, the emperor himself proved to be an excellent strategist. Allegedly, his advice often turned out to be wise. In this he differed from some emperors of the Western Han Dynasty, who believed themselves to be great strategists, but went wrong and often brought great calamities to the empire.

According to the sources, the combination of two excellent character traits of the emperor is unique: decisiveness and mildness. In order to create his empire, he always looked for peaceful ways to take possession of a country before taking military action. Nor did he suffer from jealousy or paranoia when decisive successes were owed to his generals and officials.

Life

Family background

The office seal of Emperor Guangwu.

Liu Xiu was the sixth generation of Emperor Jing's descendants . His father, Liu Qin ( 劉欽 ), was a senior civil servant in Nandun District ( 南 頓 令 ). His father Liu Hui ( 劉 回 ) was the military lieutenant governor in the Julu command post ( 鉅鹿 都尉 ). Liu Hui's father, Liu Wai ( 劉 外 ), was the governor of the Yulin Command Office ( 鬱林 太守 ). His father Liu Mai ( 劉 買 ) had received the posthumous title of Marquis Jie of Chongling ( 舂 陵 節 侯 ) and was the son of Liu Fa ( 劉 發 ), Prince Ding of Changsha ( 長沙 定 王 ). The prince of Changsha was a brother of Emperor Wu and a son of Emperor Jing.

Despite this famous ancestor, the wealth and position of Liu Fa’s descendants continued to decline; Liu Qin's brothers were already farmers.

Liu Qin was married to the daughter of a Fan Chong ( 樊 重 ) and had three sons: Liu Yan , Liu Zhong ( 劉仲 ) and Liu Xiu. Liu Qin died early and his three sons were raised by their uncle Liu Liang ( 劉良 ). Liu Yan felt called to higher things and after Wang Mang's usurpation in 8 AD considered starting an uprising. Liu Xiu, on the other hand, was a cautious person and lived as a farmer in the countryside. His brother-in-law Deng Chen ( 鄧 晨 ), the husband of his sister Liu Yuan ( 劉元 ), believed in a prophecy that a man named Liu Xiu would become emperor. He kept encouraging his brother-in-law to strive for higher things.

Participation in Liu Yan's uprising

Since almost the entire empire rebelled against the rule of Wang Mang in AD 22, Liu Yan prepared his revolt. His plan was to kidnap the governor of the Nanyang Headquarters (roughly today's Nanyang , Henan ) and call on the people of the Headquarters to join him. The young men in his homeland, Chongling, were initially reluctant, but when they learned that the cautious Liu Xiu was also participating in the uprising, they joined the brothers.

However, cousins ​​Li Tong ( 李 通 ) and Li Yi ( 李軼 ) did not succeed in kidnapping the governor and barely got away with their lives; her family was executed. Liu Yan had to change his plans and persuaded two of the Lülin armies, the Xinshi ( 新市 兵 ) and the Pinglin armies ( 平林 兵 ), to join him. Minor military successes encouraged Liu Yan to attack Nanyang headquarters' capital, Wancheng ( 宛城 ). There he suffered a devastating defeat. Liu Yan, Liu Xiu, and their sister Liu Boji ( 劉 伯姬 ) survived, but their brother Liu Zhong and sister Liu Yuan fell on the battlefield. In this desperate situation, many soldiers considered leaving Liu Yan, but he managed to reassure himself of their allegiance and also to pull another Lülin army, the Xiajiang Force ( 下江 兵 ), on his side. In the year 23 they had the decisive victory against the Xin troops and they killed Zheng Fu ( 甄 阜 ), the governor of the Nanyang headquarters.

As an official under Emperor Gengshi

Rise of the Emperor Gengshi

With his victory over Zheng Fu, Liu Yan had gained admirers who wanted to make him emperor as well as enemies who envied his abilities. At that time, Liu Xuan, Liu Yan's fourth cousin, had assumed the title of General Gengshi and was aspiring to the imperial throne. Liu Yan advised him to take on the title of Prince of Han first (like Gaozu , the founder of the Western Han Dynasty). The other rebels in the country did so and proclaimed Liu Xuan emperor in the spring of 23. Liu Yan became prime minister of the new emperor and Liu Xiu received the title of "general" along with many other rebel leaders.

Battle of Kunyang

Liu Xiu should be decisive for the decisive blow against Wang Mang. When Wang Mang realized that Gengshi was becoming a serious threat, he sent his cousin Wang Yi ( 王 邑 ) and Prime Minister Wang Xun ( 王 尋 ) with a force of 430,000 men to eliminate the newly established Han dynasty. At that time the Han troops were in two different places: One force under Wang Feng ( 王鳳 ), Wang Chang ( 王 常 ) and Liu Xiu withdrew to the small town of Kunyang ( 昆陽 , today's Pingdingshan , Henan) , the other, led by Liu Yan, was still besieging Wancheng. The troops in Kunyang threatened to disperse in the face of the overwhelming enemy, but Liu Xiu held them back. He stationed a powerful guard in Kunyang and moved with the rest of the troops into the vicinity in order to be able to grapple with the enemy. After initial resistance, the soldiers followed him.

As soon as the Xin Army began to siege Kunyang, Liu Xiu had his troops raid the enemy camps. The Xin generals Wang Yi and Wang Xun soon became annoyed by these attacks, and they attacked Liu Xiu with 10,000 men in order to kill him. They ordered the rest of the troops not to give up their siege positions. However, the battle went in favor of the Han troops, and because the Xin troops outside the city did not dare to intervene, Liu Xiu repulsed the enemy and killed Wang Xun in the battle. At that moment, the Kunyang Han crew made a sortie and attacked the Xin Army, which was in complete chaos. Most of the soldiers deserted and fled to their homeland without gathering again. Wang Yi was forced to withdraw to Luoyang with the few thousand remaining soldiers . This battle led to the fall of the Xin government.

Liu Yan's death and Liu Xiu's survival

The internal quarrels of the reign of Emperor Gengshi became apparent early on. The emperor envied Liu Yan's abilities and feared that many of his followers would prefer him as emperor. In particular, Liu Yan's follower Liu Ji ( 劉 稷 ) criticized Emperor Gengshi often, which is why the emperor had him locked up and wanted to execute. Liu Yan tried to prevent this from happening. Encouraged by Li Yi and officer Zhu Wei ( 朱 鮪 ), the emperor took the opportunity and also executed Liu Yan.

At that time, Liu Xiu was on the front lines. Upon learning of his brother's death, he left his troops and returned to the makeshift capital of Wancheng to seek forgiveness. Liu Yan's followers welcomed Liu Xiu, but he only thanked them and did not express his feelings. Instead, he took the blame for his brother's rebellion and withheld his own success at Kunyang. Nor did he dare mourn his brother. Emperor Gengshi was ashamed of what he did. He spared Liu Xiu and made him Marquis of Wuxin. It was around this time that Liu Xiu married his childhood sweetheart, the famous beauty Yin Lihua .

In Emperor Gengshi's government

Wang Mang's capital, Chang'an, and his power would soon fall to Emperor Gengshi. The emperor had effectively restored the rule of the Han dynasty in the empire. Originally he wanted to make Luoyang the capital and appointed Liu Xiu as the governor of the capital region. He was supposed to rebuild the palaces and government offices there. Of all the officials ever charged with this task, Liu Xiu alone proved successful. Soon the Han government was able to work again and could exercise its power in the tradition of the Western Han emperors.

However, under Emperor Gengshi's reign there was no complete unification of the empire. The region north of the Yellow River continually opposed him. The emperor therefore decided to appoint a general to pacify the region. His cousin Liu Ci ( 劉 賜 ), who had succeeded Liu Yan as prime minister, appointed Liu Xiu for this assignment. Liu Yan's political enemies, including Li Yi and Zhu Wei, protested, but in the fall of 23, the Emperor gave in to Liu Ci's insistence and sent Liu Xiu on the campaign.

In the beginning, Liu Xiu was welcomed with open arms by the people north of the Yellow River. He was also joined by Deng Yu , who later became Prime Minister. He advised Liu Xiu to consider a wide range of options in the face of Emperor Gengshi's obvious shortcomings, and especially to seek independence. Later officials Feng Yi and Geng Chun ( 耿 純 ) also joined Liu Xiu at this time.

In the winter of 23, Liu Xiu faced a major problem when he met a man who was claiming the imperial throne. A seer in Handan by the name of Wang Lang ( 王郎 ) claimed his real name was Liu Ziyu ( 劉 子輿 ) and that he was descended from Emperor Cheng . He also claimed that his mother was a singer from Emperor Cheng and that Empress Zhao Feiyan tried to kill him, Wang Lang, after he was born. The Handan people believed this story, and so the command posts north of the Yellow River quickly fell into the hands of Wang Lang. In the spring of 24, Liu Xiu was forced to retire to the northern city of Jicheng ( 薊 城 , in what is now Beijing ). The rebels in the area threatened him and on several occasions he narrowly escaped assassination. Finally he reached two command offices in what is now central Hebei , which were still loyal to Emperor Gengshi: Xindu ( 信 都 , roughly today's Hengshui ) and Herong ( 和 戎 , part of today's Shijiazhuang ). He mobilized their troops and defeated Wang Lang's generals several times.

In the meantime, Liu Xiu's officer Geng Yan ( 耿 弇 ) provided his master with further assistance. He had rushed to the Shanggu headquarters ( 上 谷 , about today's Zhangjiakou , Hebei) and had the local governor Geng Kuang ( 耿, ), his father, and Peng Chong ( 彭 寵 ), the governor of the neighboring Yuyang headquarters ( 漁陽 , in today's Beijing), moved to support Liu Xius. Geng Yan and Wu Han (Peng Chong's representative) led the cavalry and infantry forces of the two command posts south to unite with Liu Xiu. With these reinforcements, Liu Xiu had enough men to attack Handan City directly. There he trapped Wang Lang and killed him.

After Wang Lang's death, Emperor Gengshi appointed Liu Xiu Prince of Xiao and called him back to the capital, which he had moved back to Chang'an. However, Geng Yan advised his master against it because he recognized the emperor's weakness. Liu Xiu therefore refused to be recalled from the front, citing the reason that the Yellow River region was not yet completely pacified.

Break with Emperor Gengshi

In the fall of 24, Liu Xiu, who was still nominally an official under Emperor Gengshi, succeeded in stifling some major peasant uprisings and admitting the rebels into his army. He also replaced more and more officials loyal to the emperor with those who were loyal to himself. He consolidated his power north of the Yellow River and waited with prophetic talent for the Red Eyebrow Revolt to overthrow the emperor. He himself did not intervene and calmly watched the uprising develop. Under the supervision of his officer Kou Xun ( 寇 恂 ), he had the Henei region (today's middle Henan , north of the Yellow River) expanded into a supply base for provisions and men. He sent Deng Yu with an expeditionary force to today's Shaanxi and waited for the "red eyebrows" to collide with the emperor. In the spring of 25, Deng Yu took what is now Shanxi for Liu Xiu on his march west and then crossed the Yellow River to take Shaanxi.

Even then, Liu Xiu ruled a considerable part of the empire and had more influence than most of the regional warlords of his time. Nevertheless, he only carried the title of Prince of Xiao and served nominally the Emperor Gengshi, although he also challenged his generals. On August 5th of the year 25, Liu Xiu finally gave in to the urging of his followers and proclaimed himself emperor of the empire and rightful heir to the throne. He is known under the posthumous title of "Emperor Guangwu".

Unification of the empire

Soon after Liu Xiu proclaimed himself emperor, Emperor Gengshi's reign fell victim to the Red Eyebrow Uprising. The rebels proclaimed Liu Penzi emperor and took over the Guanzhong region ( 關 中 , today's middle Shaanxi). Although the leaders of the insurrection had shown great talent on the battlefield, they were even more incompetent rulers than Emperor Gengshi and soon lost the support of the Guanzhong people. They robbed and pillaged across the country to supply their soldiers, and when Guanzhong was exhausted, they retreated east to return to their homeland in what is now Shandong and northern Jiangsu . However, Emperor Guangwu got ahead of them. After attacking and looting the "red eyebrows" several times, he blocked their way at Yiyang ( 宜陽 , now Luoyang, Henan). The leaders of the uprising recognized the hopelessness of the situation and surrendered. Emperor Guangwu spared her life, including that of the opposing emperor Liu Penzi.

Warlords in China around the year 25

The "red eyebrows" were Emperor Guangwu's greatest military challenge. Before the unification of the empire, however, he still had to deal with a number of warlords who ruled over smaller parts of the empire.

  • Liu Yong ( 劉永 ) was the son of Prince Liu Li ( 劉立 ) of Liang and claimed to be the true heir to the throne of the Han Dynasty. He controlled what is now eastern Henan and northern Jiangsu.
  • Peng Chong (彭 寵) was instigated by Emperor Guangwu's official Zhu Fu ( 朱 浮 ) to revolt after the emperor had committed an unspecified mistake. He assumed the title of Prince of Yan and controlled what is now the Beijing region.
  • Zhang Bu ( 張 步 ), Prince of Qi, was nominally under Liu Yong. He independently controlled what is now Shandong.
  • Wei Xiao ( 隗 囂 ), actually commander of the Xi Province ( 西 州 ) for Emperor Guangwu, controlled today's Gansu east of the Yellow River.
  • Dou Rong ( 竇融 ), actually governor of Liang Province ( 涼州 ) for Emperor Guangwu, controlled what is now western Gansu and northern Qinghai , west of the Yellow River.
  • Lu Fang ( 盧 芳 ), who claimed the name Liu Wenbo ( 劉文伯 ) and claimed the throne as the alleged descendant of Emperor Wu, was supported by the Xiongnu - Chanyu Yu ( 輿 ). He controlled what is now central and western Inner Mongolia .
  • Gongsun Shu ( 公孫述 ), who proclaimed himself emperor of an independent empire Chengjia ( 成家 ), controlled what is now Sichuan and Chongqing . He was also known as the "White Emperor" ( Chinese  白帝 , Pinyin Baidi ) and, according to legend, founded the city of Baidi , which is named after him.

Gongsun Shu's newly established Chengjia Empire was the wealthiest and most powerful of all these powers, but Gongsun Shu did not seek to enlarge it. He did nothing against Emperor Guangwu's campaigns to conquer the breakaway parts of the empire. Emperor Guangwu therefore limited himself to attempts at persuasion in order to make the warlords submissive. When the warlords Wei Xiao and Dou Rong surrendered to him in 29 and led the Han troops into northern Chengjia, Gongsun Shu was completely discouraged from expanding his empire.

Liu Yong's son and heir Liu Yu ( 劉 紆 ) was defeated and killed by the Han troops, also in 29. Peng Chong was murdered by his slaves that year, which led to the collapse of his empire. Zhang Bu saw the hopelessness of his resistance, submitted and was appointed marquis. In the year 30, eastern China was completely under Emperor Guangwu's rule.

When Wei Xiao realized that the Eastern Han Dynasty would unite the empire, he wanted to regain independence. He tried to get Dou Rong to his side, but the latter refused. When Emperor Guangwu considered invading Chengjia, Wei Xiao knew that Gongsun Shu had nothing to oppose the emperor. So he tried to persuade the emperor not to attack Chengjia and then refused to move his troops there. Since the emperor preferred peaceful solutions, he repeatedly sent Wei Xiao and Gongsun Shu modest messages in which he promised them high posts and titles if they submitted to him. Wei Xiao gave in on the surface, but continued to act at his own discretion. Gongsun Shu refused, but did nothing against Emperor Guangwu, who was cementing his rule throughout the empire.

When Emperor Guangwu realized that neither Wei Xiao nor Gongsun Shu would surrender to him, he went to the field against Wei Xiao in the summer of 30. He was assisted by Wei Xiao's former liaison officer, Ma Yuan , who had previously tried to persuade Wei Xiao to loyalty to the emperor. In view of the threatening campaign, Wei Xiao nominally submitted to Gongsun Shu and assumed the title of Prince of Shuoning from his hand . Again he tried to get Dou Rong to his side. However, he refused again and attacked Wei Xiao in consultation with Emperor Guangwu. After some initial successes, Wei Xiao's little regime finally collapsed and disintegrated under the emperor's crushing onslaught. Wei Xiao died in 33 and his son Wei Chun ( 隗 純 ) followed him. In the winter of 34 Shuoning's capital, Luomen ( 落 門 , in what is now Tianshui , Gansu) fell, and Wei Chun surrendered.

After this victory, Emperor Guangwu turned to the last remaining rival, Gongsun Shu. He sent his generals Wu Han, Cen Peng ( 岑彭 ), Lai She ( 來 歙 ) and Gai Yan ( 蓋 延 ) on a two-speed attack on Chengjia. Wu Han and Cen Peng led the land and naval forces up the Yangtze from what is now Hubei , while Lai She and Gai Yan led an army south from what is now Shaanxi. Gongsun Shu wanted to avoid an encounter on the battlefield and tried to have the enemy generals murdered for this purpose. He succeeded at least with Cen Peng and Lai She, but the advance of the Han troops could not be stopped. In 36 they surrounded Gongsun Shu in his capital Chengdu . When the siege of the city threatened to fail, Wu Han, now head of the expeditionary force, considered withdrawing. However, his officer Zhang Kan ( 張 堪 ) convinced him that Gongsun Shu's position was lost. Wu Han feigned that his troops collapsed under the strain in order to tempt Gongsun Shu to sift out. Indeed, Gongsun Shu led his troops onto the battlefield, where he was mortally wounded. The city of Chengdu surrendered on December 25, 36.

After the fall of Chengjia, Dou Rong surrendered his lands to the emperor that same year and was appointed superintendent of the region. Lu Fang also surrendered and was made Prince of Dai because the emperor believed in Lu Fang's fake imperial origins. After a few years, Lu Fang rebelled again, but could not assert himself and fled to the Xiongnu in 42. With this, Emperor Guangwu ruled over the entire Han Empire.

Rule over united China

Ideal portrait of Emperor Guangwu on the Thirteen Emperor's Scroll ( Tang Dynasty , 7th century, traditionally attributed to Yan Liben ).

Although Emperor Guangwu had already appointed numerous generals and officials as margraves, he redistributed their tokens according to their merits. The question of how he could reconcile his relationship with the generals with their positions and titles also played a role for him. So he gave generals generous stamps, but never gave them government offices. Although he rewarded them with great wealth and often listened to their advice, he seldom allowed them to rise to positions of influence. This ensured that the generals did not have too much power and still had a good relationship with the emperor. Only one other emperor possessed this talent: Song Taizu .

Emperor Guangwu's rule over the united China was marked by thrift, efficiency and loose legislation. In 38 the official Liang Tong ( 梁 統 ) sent a petition to the emperor to reintroduce the strict penal laws of the Western Han Dynasty. After consulting with several other officials, the emperor declined this request.

Even after the unification of the empire, the war was not over for the empire. In the year 40 the Vietnamese Trưng sisters Trưng Trắc ( Chinese  徵 側 ) and Trưng Nhị ( Chinese  徵 貳 , Pinyin Zheng Er ) rebelled against the Han rule. Trưng Trắc assumed the title of queen and ruled independently in the south for several years. In 41 Emperor Guangwu commissioned his honored General Ma Yuan to campaign against the revolt. In 43 he succeeded and killed the Trưng sisters. According to Vietnamese historians, they are said to have drowned themselves.

The emperor also had to deal with the Xiongnu in the north, even if they did not pose a major threat in his time. However, the northern command offices were gradually depopulated by the raids of the Xiongnu, Wuhuan and Xianbei , as the residents either fell victim to the looters or migrated south.

The small states of Central Asia in the so-called "Western Regions" suffered in 46 under the hegemony of the Kingdom of Shache ( Yarkant ). They petitioned Emperor Guangwu to reinstate the post of governor of the Western Regions, who had overseen the peace there during the Western Han Dynasty. The emperor refused, however, and referred to the current weakness of his empire, which did not allow him to maintain a protectorate in the west. Disappointed, the Central Asian kingdoms submitted to the Xiongnu.

Marriage and Succession Problems

As mentioned above, Emperor Guangwu married his childhood sweetheart Yin Lihua as an official under Emperor Gengshi. For political reasons he married Guo Shengtong again in 24 on an expedition north of the Yellow River . She was the niece of the local warlord Liu Yang ( 劉楊 ), Prince of Zhending. In the year 25, Guo Shengtong gave birth to a son, Liu Jiang ( 劉 疆 ).

When Emperor Guangwu wanted to raise an empress in 26, he thought of Yin Lihua. However, she did not have a son at the time, which is why she declined her appointment and recommended Guo Shengtong instead. Emperor Guangwu Guo Shengtong made Empress and her son Liu Jiang Crown Prince.

Gradually, however, the empress lost her husband's favor. The less he valued her, the more she complained, and the more disgruntled Emperor Guangwu became. In 41 he finally deposed her and made Yin Lihua empress. However, the emperor did not imprison the outcast Guo Shengtong, as was sometimes the case under the Western Han Dynasty. Instead, he named her son Liu Fu ( 劉 輔 ) Prince of Zhongshan and bestowed on her the title of Princess Mother of Zhongshan. He gave her brother Guo Kuang ( 郭 況 ) a high post and rich gifts of money.

However, Emperor Guangwu could not bring himself to depose Crown Prince Jiang. Jiang found his position unsustainable and repeatedly offered to resign. In 43, Emperor Guangwu finally gave in and made Liu Yang , the eldest son of Empress Yin Lihua, crown prince. He changed his name to Zhuang ( 莊 ). Liu Jiang was named Prince of Donghai.

Late government

In the year 47 the Xiongnu tribes split into two camps because of a dispute over succession. The current Chanyu Punu ( 蒲 奴 ) had to deal with his cousin Bi ( 比 ), who was the son of a previous Chanyu. In 48 Bi accepted the Chanyu title and submitted to Emperor Guangwu. Shortly afterwards, Chanyu Punu also expressed his devotion. The divided (Southern and Northern) Xiongnu tribes no longer waged war against the Han Empire in the next few decades.

A black mark in Emperor Guangwu's government was the intrigue against General Ma Yuan. When he went to the field against the Central Asian kingdoms on behalf of the emperor in 49, he was slandered by his political enemies. The emperor believed them and investigated Ma Yuan, who died of illness while on the road. Since he could no longer justify himself, the emperor withdrew his marquis title without resistance and exposed him publicly. Ma Yuan's reputation was not restored until his daughter Ma became empress under Emperor Ming.

Emperor Guangwu died on March 29, 57. Crown Prince Zhuang succeeded him to the throne as Emperor Ming.

Source studies

The most important source for the life of Emperor Guangwu and his successors is the Book of the Later Han , which was compiled in the 5th century by the historian Fan Ye on the basis of older sources. Especially for the period of the 1st century AD he made use of the Book of Han , which was compiled in the 1st and 2nd centuries by the historian Ban Biao , his son Ban Gu and his daughter Ban Zhao .

In the 11th century, the historian Sima Guang created an extensive history work for the time from 403 BC with his summarized Zeitspiegel to aid the government . BC to 959 AD. For the time of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he made particular use of the Book of the Later Han .

family

  • Father: Liu Qin ( 劉欽 ), Nandun civil servant
  • Mother: Mrs. Fan ( 樊 ), daughter of Fan Chong ( 樊 重 )
  • Wives:
    • Empress Guo Shengtong , mother of Princes Jiang, Fu, Kang, Yán, and Yǎn
    • Empress Yin Lihua , mother of Emperor Ming, Princes Cang, Jing of Shanyang and Jing of Langye, and Prince Heng
  • important concubines:
    • Ms. Xu, mother of Prince Jing
  • Children:
    • Liu Jiang ( 劉 疆 ), 26 Crown Prince, 43 deposed, later Prince Gong of Donghai († 58)
    • Liu Yang ( 劉陽 ), 39 Prince of Donghai, 41 Prince of Donghai, 43 Change of name to Liu Zhuang ( 劉莊 ) and Crown Prince, later Emperor Ming
    • Liu Fu ( 劉 輔 ), 39 Prince of Youyi, 41 Prince of Zhongshan, 44 Prince Xian of Pei († 84)
    • Liu Kang ( 劉康 ), 39 Prince of Zinan, 41 Prince An of Zinan († 97)
    • Liu Yán ( 劉延 ), 39 Prince of Huaiyang, 41 Prince of, 73 demoted to Prince of Fulin, 76 to Marquis of Fulin, 97 posthumously again Prince Zhi of Fulin († 90)
    • Liu Yǎn ( 劉焉 ), 39 Prince of Zuoyi, 41 Prince of Zuoyi, 54 Prince Jian of Zhongshan († 90)
    • Liu Ying ( 劉英 ), 39 prince of Chu, 41 prince of Chu, 70 deposed († suicide 71)
    • Liu Cang ( 劉 蒼 ), 39 Prince of Dongping, 41 Prince Xian of Dongping († 83)
    • Liu Jing ( 劉 荊 ; * 37), 39 Prince of Shanyang, 41 Prince of Shanyang, 58 Prince Si of Guanglin († suicide 67)
    • Liu Heng ( 劉 衡 ), 39 Prince Huai of Linhuai († 41)
    • Liu Jing ( 劉 京 ), 39 Prince of Langye, 41 Prince Xiao of Langye († 69)
    • Liu Yiwang ( 劉義 王 ), 39 Princess Wuyang
    • Liu Zhongli ( 劉中禮 ), 39 Princess Nieyang
    • Liu Hongfu ( 劉紅夫 ), 39 Princess Guantau
    • Liu Liliu ( 劉禮 劉 ), 41 Princess Yuyang
    • Liu Shou ( 劉 綬 ), 45 Princess Liyi († killed by her husband Yin Feng 59)

literature

Web links

Commons : Han Guangwudi  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
predecessor Office successor
Gengshi Emperor of China
25–57 		Ming
This article was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 19, 2006 in this version .
personal data
SURNAME Han Guangwu di
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Liu, Xiu; Liu, Wenshu; Shizu
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Han Dynasty Emperor
DATE OF BIRTH January 15, 5 BC Chr.
DATE OF DEATH March 29, 57
Place of death Luoyang