Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Haplogroup of the Y chromosome
Surname R.
Possible place of origin Central Asia , South Asia or Europe
Mutations

R = M207 (UTY2), P224, P227, P229, P232, P280, P285, S4, S8, S9 and V45

Map of the distribution of the haplogroup R (Y-DNA)

The haplogroup R of the Y chromosome is a haplogroup of the human Y chromosome and a subset of the haplogroup P . The mutation M207 helps differentiate them.

origin

It is believed that haplogroup R first appeared in northwest Asia 30,000 to 35,000 years ago. It is the most common haplogroup in Europe and is also widespread in South , Central Asia and the Caucasus . Less common subgroups are found in Australia , Siberia , Native Americans, Egypt, and Cameroon . Kivisild et al. suggest that South and West Asia could be the origin of this haplogroup:

"Based on the geographical distribution and the STR differences of the sister groups R1 and R2 (the latter is limited to India, Pakistan, Iran and southern Central Asia), it is possible that R1 and R2 separated in southern Asia Minor."

distribution

The majority of carriers of haplogroup R belong to haplogroup R1, which is differentiated by marker M173. R1 is very common in Europe and West Asia. Its spread is believed to be related to the repopulation of northern Eurasia after the last ice age. Its main subgroups are R1a (SRY1532) and R1b (M343). An isolated strain of the Y chromosomes, apparently belonging to haplogroup R1b1 * (P25), has been found in high concentration among the indigenous population of northern Cameroon in west-central Africa. It is believed that this represented a prehistoric return migration of an ancient Proto-Eurasian population to Africa. Some researchers have also reported low levels of haplogroup T Y chromosomes in some of these Cameroonian populations that have a Eurasian resemblance.

Some Y chromosomes, which in turn appear to be closely related to the Cameroonian R1b1 * chromosomes, are found in high concentration among the modern population in Egypt. Many modern populations of North Cameroon speak Chadian languages , which are classified as an ancient branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. The now extinct language of the ancient Egyptians belonged to the same language family.

People whose Y chromosomes have all mutations at the internal zero points of the Y-DNA tree including M207 (defined by haplogroup R), but neither have the mutation M173 (defined haplogroup R1) nor the mutation M124 (defined haplogroup R2) , are assigned to haplogroup R *. Some cases of haplogroup R * have been found in Australian Aboriginal specimens . Haplogroup R * was also detected in 10.3% (10/97) of a sample from Burusho and in 6.8% (3/44) of a sample from Kalash in Northern Pakistan .

Subgroups

The subgroups of the haplogroup R with their distinguishing mutation, according to their structure, published in 2010 by the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG):

  • R.
  • R1 (M173 / P241, M306 / S1, P225, P231, P233, P234, P236, P238, P242, P245, P286, P294)
    • R1a (L62 / M513, L63 / M511, L145 / M449, L146 / M420) Typical for the populations of Central and Eastern Europe , Central Asia and South Asia , with a medium distribution in Western Europe, Southwest Asia and South Siberia
      • R1a1 (L120 / M516, L122 / M448, M459, SRY1532.2 / SRY10831.2)
        • R1a1a (M17, M198, M417, M512, M514, M515)
          • R1a1a1 (M56)
          • R1a1a2 (M157)
          • R1a1a3 (M64.2, M87, M204)
          • R1a1a4 (P98)
          • R1a1a5 (PK5)
          • R1a1a6 (M434)
          • R1a1a7 (M458)
            • R1a1a7a (M334)
            • R1a1a7b (L260)
            • R1a1a7
          • R1a1a
        • R1a1
      • R1a
    • R1b (M343) Typical of populations in Western Europe , with a medium distribution outside Eurasia and in parts of Africa
      • R1b1 (P25, L278)
        • R1b1a (V88), is seen in connection with the spread of the Chadian languages ​​(including ancient Egyptian).
          • R1b1a1 (M18)
          • R1b1a2 (V8)
          • R1b1a3 (V35)
            • R1b1a3a (V7)
            • R1b1a3
          • R1b1a4 (V69)
          • R1b1a
        • R1b1b (P297)
          • R1b1b1 (M73)
          • R1b1b2 (L265, M269, S3, S10, S13, S17)
            • R1b1b2a (L23 / S141, L49, L150)
              • R1b1b2a1 (L51 / S167)
                • R1b1b2a1a (L11 / S127, L52, L151, P310 / S129, P311 / S128)
                  • R1b1b2a1a1 (M405 / S21 / U106)
                    • R1b1b2a1a1a (M467 / S29 / U198)
                    • R1b1b2a1a1b (P107)
                    • R1b1b2a1a1c (DYS439 (zero) / L1 / S26)
                    • R1b1b2a1a1d (L48 / S162)
                      • R1b1b2a1a1d1 (L47)
                        • R1b1b2a1a1d1a (L44)
                          • R1b1b2a1a1d1a1 (L45, L46, L164)
                          • R1b1b2a1a1d1a
                        • R1b1b2a1a1d1
                      • R1b1b2a1a1d2 (L148)
                      • R1b1b2a1a1d
                    • R1b1b2a1a1e (L257)
                    • R1b1b2a1a1
                  • R1b1b2a1a2 (P312 / S116)
                    • R1b1b2a1a2a (M65)
                    • R1b1b2a1a2b (M153)
                    • R1b1b2a1a2c (M167 / SRY2627)
                    • R1b1b2a1a2d (S28 / U152)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2d1 (M126)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2d2 (M160)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2d3 (L2 / S139)
                        • R1b1b2a1a2d3a (L20 / S144)
                        • R1b1b2a1a2d3
                      • R1b1b2a1a2d4 (L4)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2d
                    • R1b1b2a1a2e (L165 / S68)
                    • R1b1b2a1a2f (L21 / S145)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2f1 (M37)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2f2 (M222 / USP9Y + 3636)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2f3 (P66)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2f4 (L226 / S168)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2f5 (L193 / S176)
                      • R1b1b2a1a2f
                    • R1b1b2a1a2
                  • R1b1b2a1a
                • R1b1b2a1
              • R1b1b2a
            • R1b1b2
          • R1b1b
        • R1b1c (M335)
        • R1b1
      • R1b
    • R1
  • R2 (M124) Typical of the populations of South Asia , with a medium distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus

R1

Haplogroup R1 makes up the majority of haplogroup R in the form of its subgroups, R1a and R1b.

R1a

The highest concentrations of R1a (> 50%) are found today along the Eurasian steppe among the Oiri- speaking (originally Turkic-speaking) Khoton in the Mongolian province of Uws (82.5%), the Kyrgyz (63.0%), the Ishkashimi speakers in the border area of ​​Afghanistan, Pakistan and Tajikistan (68%), the Tajiks of Khojant (64%), the Sorbs (63.39%), the Shores (58.8%), the Poles (56.4%) ), the Teleuts (55.3%), the Ukrainians (54.0%), the South Altaians (60.0%) and in the East Indies among the Brahmins of West Bengal (72%).

In Germany, 30% of all men have R1a characteristics. Historically, an R1a (M198 +, Z93-) occurs around 2500 BC. In the Bronze Age necropolis of Xiaohe (around 2000 BC) in Xinjiang, northern China, and among the Tarim mummies (around 2900 BC), which correspond to the historical Tochars . The origin of the Subclade Z93 is believed to be in the same region in what is now western China. All of these finds had native Asian mothers. At the same time, R1a came from around 2900 BC. BC also found numerous in groups of corded ceramists from the Russian-Belarusian border to Germany, to the Danish islands and southern Sweden as well as in the late Yamnaja culture and the Aunjetitz culture .

Distribution of R1a (purple) and R1b (red)

R1a was put into the following historical context by individual researchers:

  1. a possible resettlement of Eurasia from the refuge in Ukraine at the end of the last ice age,
  2. the expansion of the Kurgan culture from the Ponto-Caspian steppe, which went hand in hand with the spread of the Indo-European languages .

R1b

The haplogroup R1b is the most important haplogroup in Western Europe and the southern Urals . In Germany, 47% of men wear R1b. Haplogroup R1b originated in southern Siberia .

origin

The Y haplogroup R1b is a branch of R1 (M173) and is differentiated by the marker M343. The R1b strain appears to have a much higher degree of internal diversity than R1a, suggesting that the mutation M343, which separates R1b from R1 *, must have appeared considerably earlier than the mutation SRY1532, which is R1a from the remaining R1 variants differs. The Genographic Project (led by the National Geographic Society ) assumes that R1b originated on the Iberian Peninsula when it was a refuge for the Europeans of the time during the Worm Ice Age, and subsequently spread from there. In the meantime, however, this thesis is increasingly being refrained from, as the variance (e.g. according to Barbara Arredi and colleagues) is much higher in Eurasia and continuously decreases towards Western Europe, while the number of SNPs increases at the same time . This suggests that the Iberian population is much younger. The Basque R1b population ( traceable back to the Neolithic ) is no exception.

It is now increasingly assumed that Western Europeans are by no means older than 10,000 years and lived either in Africa or in Asia before this point in time. The thesis was expressed by African scientists that the later Western Europeans stayed in the then still fertile Sahara and immigrated to southern Europe via the Mediterranean Sea as the Sahara dried up. This is supported by the subclade V88, which is clearly associated with the spread of the Chadian languages . At least in the New Kingdom of Egypt R1b was represented there. Russian scientists, on the other hand, are of the opinion that R1b spread from the Altai and that its bearers originally spoke a Turkic language. They exclude R1b as a bearer of the Indo-European original language . However, this thesis contradicts the existence of ancient R * and R1 * in eastern Iran , Pakistan , Afghanistan and India , albeit in small quantities. The question of how exactly R1b ​​came to Europe can therefore still not be answered clearly.

Today's distribution

In Europe , R1b (with the subgroups R1b1 and R1b3, formerly called Hg1 and Eu18) is the most common Y haplogroup. The concentration reaches 98% in parts of north-west Ireland, up to 90% in north and west England , Spain , Portugal and Ireland and around 70% in south-east England and the Netherlands. In addition, R1b is represented at around 10% in some parts of Algeria .

R2

90% of R2 carriers are found on the Indian subcontinent . R2 was also discovered in the Caucasus and Central Asia .

R2 (M124) originated in southern central Asia about 25,000 years ago. Its porters migrated south as part of the second major wave of emigration to India (the first immigration of people to the subcontinent about 50,000 or 60,000 years ago had consisted of African migrants who had always migrated along the coasts). The almost exclusive existence of R2 in India could also mean that the branching of R into R1 and R2 happened in Central India or in West India.

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ CA Mulcare, ME Weale, AL Jones, B. Connell, D. Zeitlyn, A. Tarekegn, DM Swallow, N. Bradman, MG Thomas: The T allele of a single-nucleotide polymorphism 13.9 kb upstream of the lactase gene (LCT ) (C-13.9kbT) does not predict or cause the lactase-persistence phenotype in Africans. In: American Journal of Human Genetics . Volume 74, number 6, June 2004, pp. 1102-1110, doi : 10.1086 / 421050 , PMID 15106124 , PMC 1182074 (free full text).
  2. ↑ Sadaf Firasat, Shagufta Khaliq, Aisha Mohyuddin, Myrto Papaioannou, Chris Tyler-Smith, Peter A Underhill, Qasim Ayub: Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan. In: European Journal of Human Genetics . (2007) 15, pp. 121-126.
  3. ↑ isogg.org ISOGG website
  4. ↑ a b Haplogroup R1 (M173) . In: The Genographic Project . National Geographic Society. Archived from the original on November 17, 2006. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved March 11, 2008. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www3.nationalgeographic.com
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Semino et al. 2000.
  6. ↑ a b Rosser et al. 2000.
  7. ↑ Peričić et al .: High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic population . In: Molecular Biology and Evolution , Volume 22, Issue 10 (October 1, 2005), s. 1964-1975 ( doi : 10.1093 / molbev / msi185 ).
  8. ↑ a b Wells et al. 2001.
  9. ↑ Behar et al. 2003.
  10. ↑ S. Sharma, E. Rai, S. Singh, PR Sharma, AK Bhat, K. Darvishi, AJS Bhanwer, PK Tiwari, RNK Bamezai: The Autochthonous Origin and a Tribal Link of Indian Brahmins: Evaluation Through Molecular Genetic Markers . In: The American Society of Human Genetics, 57th Annual Meeting , October 23-27, 2007, San Diego CA, p. 273 (1344 / T).
  11. ↑ T. Katoh, B. Munkhbat, K. Tounai, S. Mano, H. Ando, ​​G. Oyungerel, GT Chae, H. Han, GJ Jia, K. Tokunaga, N. Munkhtuvshin, G. Tamiya, H. Inoko : Genetic features of Mongolian ethnic groups revealed by Y-chromosomal analysis. In: Genes. Volume 346, February 2005, pp. 63-70, doi : 10.1016 / j.gene.2004.10.023 , PMID 15716011 .
  12. ↑ Miroslava Derenko et al .: Contrasting patterns of Y-chromosome variation in South Siberian populations from Baikal and Altai-Sayan regions. (PDF; 441 kB) 2005
  13. ↑ VN Khar'kov: Gene pool differences between Northern and Southern Altaians inferred from the data on Y-chromosomal haplogroups. In: Genetics. 4, 3 (5) 2005, pp. 675-687, PMID 17633562 .
  14. ^ Li 2010; Adler 2012; Brandt 2013; Haak 2015; Allentoft 2015.
  15. ↑ Passarino et al. 2002.
  16. ↑ Variations of R1b Ydna in Europe: Origins and Distribution. Архивировано из первоисточника 25 марта 2012.
  17. ↑ Note that in earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the R1b haplogroup. Then, for a time (from 2003 to 2005) what is now R1b1c was designated R1b3.
  18. ^ Analysis of Y-chromosomal SNP haplogroups and STR haplotypes in an Algerian population sample
  19. ^ The Genographic Project . National Geographic Society. Retrieved March 13, 2008.
Evolution tree haplogroups Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA)
Adam of the Y chromosome
A00 A0'1'2'3'4
A0 A1'2'3'4
A1 A2'3'4
A2'3 A4 = BCDEF
A2 A3 B. CT 
|
DE CF
D. E. C. F.
|
G IJK H  
| |
G1 G2  IJ K 
| |
I. J L. K (xLT) T
| | |
I1 I2 J1 J2 M. NO P S.
| |
| |
N O Q R.
|
R1 R2
|
R1a R1b