Heinrich Grunholzer

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Heinrich Grunholzer

Heinrich Grunholzer (born February 18, 1819 in Trogen ; † July 18, 1873 in Uster ) was a Swiss teacher , politician ( National Councilor ) and manufacturer .

biography

Appenzell and Basel-Country

Grunholzer was born in Trogen in Appenzell in 1819. He first attended the village school and then the school in the Schurtanne orphanage, which at that time became known as the model school, which was run on the model of Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg's "Wehrlischule". Heinrich Grunholzer's father, Johannes Ulrich Grunholzer , was first a schoolmaster (teacher) in Gais , then a land clerk and landlord in Trogen. He had to give up his inn, the Hirschen, in 1832 for economic reasons. Parts of the family then moved to Wald , where Heinrich Grunholzer began an apprenticeship in textile manufacturing. In 1833 his family moved to Oltingen , where their father found a job as a teacher. Heinrich helped his father with teaching in Oltingen. In Oltingen, Grunholzer experienced the separation of the Basel cantons in 1833 , he also went into the field on the side of the Basellandschaftliche Landsturm against the Basel-Stadt troops, but was not deployed; the people of Basel were finally defeated in another place, on the hip entrenchment, and the canton was finally divided. In spring 1834 he was employed as a school assistant in Hemmiken . In this way he got to know the school system in Baselland .

Training in Küsnacht, primary school teacher in Thalwil

In February 1835 Heinrich Grunholzer moved out of his parents' house and applied to the Küsnacht seminar to train as a primary school teacher. The Zurich teachers' seminar in Küsnacht was headed by Ignaz Thomas Scherr . With the equality of town and country and the new constitution, which had been drawn up after the Ustertag , the elementary school became an independent organization independent of the Evangelical Reformed Church. The school should now not only prepare people for moral-religious behavior and professional life, but also enable citizens to exercise their democratic rights. The motivation of the young men who applied in Küsnacht was essentially political. They wanted to secure the foundations of the democratic state through popular education. Grunholzer was admitted to the seminary in 1835 and passed the primary school teacher examination that same year. In November 1835 he was delegated to the primary school in Thalwil by the Zurich Education Council . He was now a schoolmaster when he was only 17. However, Grunholzer wanted to become a secondary school teacher , he used his free time to study and began to learn French. Now and then he took the long trip to Zurich to see theater performances. In the summer of 1836 he went on a little Swiss trip. This trip took him to the Rigi, among other places .

Further training in Orbe and Geneva

Grunholzer decided to Welschland to go there to improve his French and train it. Therefore, on September 28, 1836, he wrote a request for dismissal to the Education Council. This approved his application and he was allowed to leave Thalwil. Grunholzer's next station was Orbe , where he also worked as a private tutor. The head of the boarding school there, Mr. Reymond, controlled him fairly closely and taught him French. After a short time, Grunholzer, who was used to the freedom in Küsnacht, no longer felt comfortable in Orbe, after eight months he left Orbe for Geneva to attend the academy there. Quite penniless, he had to earn his living by tutoring the children of the Geneva parliamentary envoy Louis Rillet de Constant . Grunholzer often spent his free time with Heinrich Zollinger , who was also studying in Geneva and who had also completed the seminar in Küsnacht. During the time in Geneva, Grunholzer also participated in the preparatory work for founding the Grütliverein . From seminar director Scherr he received the request to take the secondary teacher exam and then to take on an apprenticeship position. In February 1838 Grunholzer therefore left Geneva and passed the examination as a secondary school teacher in Küsnacht. At the age of 19 he was already a secondary school teacher.

Secondary teacher in Bauma

Grunholzer was seconded to the newly opened secondary school in Bauma , where he arrived on May 12, 1838. During his activity in Bauma, the Zurich coup reversed many of the achievements of the liberal revolution in the canton of Zurich. The conservatives who came back to power immediately sacked the seminar director Scherr, who was admired by Grunholzer. In Bauma, too, there were riots and protests against the unpopular elementary school, which is no longer controlled by the church. Grunholzer passionately sided with the school reform and made many enemies in conservative religious circles. Often only half the school class was present because the parents forbade their children to attend classes with Grunholzer. The secondary school care, which was not dominated by the reformed pastor, advocated Grunholzer, so that in 1840 he was definitively elected secondary teacher in Bauma. Grunholzer was also engaged as a journalist for elementary schools and the achievements of the radical-liberal constitutions. He worked as a correspondent for the Appenzeller Zeitung and wrote hard articles in the "Vorläufer", the Landbote and the "pedagogical observer". In 1840 and in May 1842 Grunholzer published anonymously damning accounts with the ruling conservative Zurich government.

Berlin

In the summer of 1842 he demanded a one-year vacation from the Education Council, which he received. At the end of October 1842 he traveled to Berlin and attended various lectures at the university there. He studied a. a. with Carl Ritter , Jacob Grimm , Wilhelm Grimm and Georg Andreas Gabler and, at a time when the Young Hegelians in Berlin were reaching their zenith , dealt intensively with Hegel's philosophy, also in discussions with Bruno Bauer . On the recommendation of Scherr, he also met with Adolph Diesterweg , whose teachers' seminar made a positive impression on him. The Prussian school system, however, rather disappointed him. In his private life he had contacts with Friedrich Adolf Trendelenburg and his family and Bettina von Arnim and her family. He had met Bettina von Arnim at a birthday invitation for Wilhelm Grimm. His college friend Becker, who accompanied him, describes the first impression: "We soon became aware of a little old woman who slipped around like a bat, which she was little inferior to in shaggy appearance." She worked on her "Königisbuch" and encouraged Grunholzer in his intention to study the poor question.

Grunholzer visited the poor houses in the Berlin suburb, the so-called Voigtland . He described the misery and the fate of the poor in one of the first social reports in German, which appeared under the title "Reports of a young Swiss from the Vogtlande" as an appendix to Bettina von Arnim's book of kings and caused a considerable stir with its precise description of the pauperism encountered .

In addition, Grunholzer visited a wide variety of composers in order to ask them for compositions for his “Male Chants by Friends of Music” on behalf of “Singer Pastor” Johann Jacob Sprüngli . Grunholzer was well networked among fellow students and spent the evenings in Niquet's pub. E.g. with Eduard Suter, later a cantonal, government and national councilor in Zurich, with whom he remained a lifelong friend, or David Fries , his later competitor for the post of seminar director in Küsnacht.

Thanks to the fee for the appendix to von Arnim's book, Grunholzer was able to afford the return trip to Switzerland via Hamburg, Helgoland and then along the Elbe via Leipzig, Dresden and Prague.

Back in Bauma

Between 1843 and 1847 Grunholzer worked again in Bauma. He was still politically and educationally active, wrote a pamphlet against pietism and submitted proposals to the educational council and school synod on the curriculum. He was the editor of the liberal school messenger and took part in a free march , which, however, failed even before Grunholzer's mission. His constant commitment meant that Grunholzer became one of the most important defenders of liberalism in Switzerland. This was increasingly successful again in the canton of Zurich, as early as 1845 the conservative government was replaced by a liberal one.

A constitutional revision also took place in the canton of Bern in 1846; the now radically minded council wanted to upgrade the elementary school and free it from the church's sphere of influence. In March 1847 he appointed Heinrich Grunholzer as the seminar director of the Bernese teachers' seminar in Münchenbuchsee.

Seminar director in Münchenbuchsee

In Münchenbuchsee, Grunholzer worked as a seminar director from 1847 to 1852. He was responsible for the training of the seminarians and the advanced training of the Bernese teaching staff. Most of the decisions were made in the «seminar teachers conference» to which all seminar teachers belonged. Grunholzer also encouraged the seminarians to be politically active. In addition, he was the first president of the co-determination body of the Bernese teaching staff, the school synod.

In 1850 the conservative party won the elections in the canton of Bern. The seminar, led by the radical-liberal Grunholzer and with a largely like-minded seminar teaching staff, was rejected by many conservatives as not being Christian enough. Grunholzer certainly represented Christian values, but he rejected the doctrine of original sin and was convinced of mankind's ability to perfect, to which the elementary school had to make an important contribution.

In 1851, Grunholzer and a large part of the teaching staff signed a request for dismissal against the conservative Grand Council of the Canton of Bern. The conservatives were just able to hold their own in the popular referendum that followed in 1852. Immediately after the vote had been successful, it was decided to cancel the seminar (which was never actually carried out) and Grunholzer was dismissed immediately. The majority of the Grand Council, supported by the conservative press, argued that the Christian spirit was being promoted too little, a view that was also widespread among the people. Above all, the seminar was seen as a place of political agitation against the conservative worldview, it should be prevented that future teachers would be brought up in a wrong political spirit. The signposting was a severe blow for Grunholzer, and even retrospectively he saw his work in the canton of Bern as the highlight of his professional life.

In 1849 Grunholzer met Rosette Zangger , a manufacturer's daughter from Uster. Her father, the textile industrialist and National Councilor Hans Heinrich Zangger, was originally against an engagement because, as a politician, he was aware of the uncertain professional situation of Grunholzer in the canton of Bern. Thanks to the discreet mediation of the pedagogue Josephine Stadlin , who trained Rosette Zangger, he finally agreed. The marriage took place in Münchenbuchsee in 1852, a few days before Grunholzer was released. The couple initially found accommodation in Uster with Hans Heinrich Zangger.

Teacher at the industrial school in Zurich, author, politician

Heinrich Grunholzer and Rosette Grunholzer-Zangger lived from 1853–1855 in Hottingen , which is now part of Zurich, and then in Oberstrass . During this time the two older daughters Rosa and Luise were born; Clara would follow in 1862. Grunholzer worked as a teacher for German language and history at the industrial school in Zurich. He stayed with Heinrich Zollinger , who was now the seminar director in Küsnacht, editor of the Swiss school newspaper, was elected to the board of the school synod and president of the secondary teachers' association, and together with Friedrich Mann published an overview of the educational system in Switzerland.

During these years, Grunholzer endeavored to get a position as seminar director again. In 1853 he was narrowly elected as director of the teachers' college in Kreuzlingen by the Thurgau government council , but finally did not accept the appeal on the advice of Scherr , who was then president of the Thurgau education council and feared political unrest.

In 1854, Grunholzer was elected to the Zurich Grand Council ( Cantonal Council ) for the first time from the Wiedikon constituency. In this constituency, the supporters of the social movement around Johann Jakob Treichler and Karl Bürkli had the majority. With his fellow teachers, Kaspar Honegger and Johann Caspar Sieber , who were also elected , Grunholzer has now strengthened the far left in the Grand Council.

In 1855 Grunholzer's legitimate hope of succeeding Zollinger as director of seminars in Küsnacht was dashed. Grunholzer was supported by the teaching staff and the then educational director Alfred Escher proposed him for election. Instead, the theologian David Fries was finally called. The school synod then no longer elected Fries as its representative on the education council and replaced him with Grunholzer, as did Grunholzer as its president in 1956.

Factory owner and politician in Uster

Grunholzer had always viewed work at the industrial school as a transition and a livelihood up to a new job in teacher training. After these possibilities had now vanished, the family of four moved to Uster in 1858 and Grunholzer joined his father-in-law's spinning business, in which another son-in-law, Johann Caspar Gujer, was already active. Hans Heinrich Zangger himself wanted to withdraw from the company. The Zangger family was one of the powerful and wealthy textile industrial families in Uster. Heinrich Grunholzer was also involved in village life right from the start, he was a member of the community school administration, from 1860 until his death president of the secondary school administration and was also active in associations: from 1860 to 1868 he was president of the shooting society, he participated in the mixed choir and founded one Reading club and associated weekly society for entertainment and instruction.

Politically, Grunholzer continued to be radically committed on the one hand, for example for the employment of the reform theologian Friedrich Salomon Vögelin as a pastor in Uster. In the Grand Council, however, he advocated 13-hour child labor when discussing the new Factory Act 1859 (instead of 12 hours, as proposed by Treichler , who has meanwhile been elected to the government council ). His policy was now perceived more as a policy of interests for the manufacturers, as part of the " Escher system ". The re-election by the people to the Grand Council failed Grunholzer in 1862, but he was "elected indirectly", i. H. co-opted by the Grand Council, which had this right for 13 members. On the Alpine railway issue, Grunholzer took a position against Escher , who was strongly in favor of the Gotthard , also in Uster's interest . He campaigned for a north-south rail connection over the Graubünden Pass Lukmanier .

In 1863 Grunholzer was elected to the National Council, to which he belonged until 1869. Many deliberations revolve around an extension of the people's rights through initiative and referendum , i. H. a move away from the purely representative system . In 1866, the Grand Council elected Grunholzer to the government council , but he rejected the election with reference to his non-election as seminar director and the obligations that he assumed towards the Zangger family afterwards.

Meanwhile, a political landslide was brewing in the canton of Zurich. The dominance of the liberals, the abundance of power of the representatives of the “ Escher System ” in politics and business gave rise to a democratic protest movement in which the Ustermer secondary school teacher Johann Caspar Sieber and Karl Bürkli played important roles and whose mouthpiece was the Winterthur “ Landbote ”. You requested u. a. a constitutional revision and in 1868 87% of the voters voted for one. A majority of the new "democrats" and a minority of "governemantal" liberals, among them Grunholzer, were elected to the Constitutional Council. As a member of the preliminary advisory "Committee of 35", he participated intensively in the negotiations in the Constitutional Council, but was mostly in the minority. T. - for example when he campaigned against a tax progression - violently hostile to the fact that he only represents his own interests. The new constitution with many direct democratic elements was adopted in 1869 and the liberals were defeated across the board in the subsequent elections. Also Grunholzer lost its mandates in Cantonal renamed Grand Council and the National Council .

Grunholzer was already struggling with health problems before 1869. His biographer and nephew Traugott Koller speaks of abdominal inflammation and adhesions of the intestines under themselves with the peritoneum . Grunholzer remained a member of the community school administration and president of the secondary school administration in Uster and continued to work in the company. On July 18, 1873 he died in Uster.

family

Johannes Ulrich Grunholzer (* June 5, 1782 - May 26, 1864) and Katharina Nänni (* November 5, 1785 - September 18, 1855) were Heinrich Grunholzer's parents.

Heinrich had five siblings: Johannes Jakob (* August 11, 1808 - April 3, 1826), Johannes Ulrich (* July 23, 1810 - January 13, 1880), Katharina Heinrika (* March 26, 1814 - April 19 1855), Johannes (June 1, 1822 - September 8, 1837) and Elsbetha (June 24, 1828).

Heinrich Grunholzer and Rosette Zangger married in 1852 (* March 24, 1829, † March 19, 1881 in Uster). They had three daughters: Rosa (May 7, 1853; † 1923), Louise (December 12, 1855; † July 2, 1907) and Klara (June 7, 1861; † March 2, 1921).

estate

Heinrich Grunholzer recorded his life and thoughts in countless diaries . In addition to the diaries, notebooks , agendas , calendars , poems , drawings , photos , herbaria , letters , travel documents, documents from various associations such as the rifle or choral society and other private documents have been preserved. There are also writings that he produced during his career as a teacher in the estate.

A large part of the estate is in the city ​​archive and the Paul Kläui library in Uster .

Works

  • Twelve fables for grown-ups from Zurich. Winterthur 1840
  • Annual accounts for the people of Zurich for September 1840. Winterthur 1840.
  • Second bill for the people of Zurich - May 1842: So or different? Baden 1842.
  • Experiences of a young Swiss in the Vogtlande In: in Bettine von Arnim : This book belongs to the king. Berlin 1843, pp. 534-598 digitized version (modern edition, edited by Wolfgang Bunzel: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-423-13720-1 ).
  • Evidence of the origins and consequences of religious aberrations in the Spörri zu Bauma family - a contribution to the history of pietism. Zurich 1844. Digitized
  • Justification of the former teachers of the Münchenbuchsee seminar in the canton of Bern. Uster 1853. Digitized
  • The education system in Switzerland, with the participation of several Swiss schoolmen presented. by Heinrich Grunholzer and Friedrich Mann. Bern 1854. Digitized
  • Frank word about the elementary school system in the canton of Zurich. Bern 1856. Digitized
  • Popular things from the Canton of Bern - local sagas and statutes of superstition, collected by Heinrich Grunholzer, compiled and edited by JE Rothenbach

literature

  • Traugott Koller: Life picture of a republican. Zurich 1875.

Web links

Commons : Heinrich Grunholzer  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Louis Speck: «ennobling poverty must become the watchword of all human friends» - Johann Konrad Zellweger's educational work in the context of his time . In: Appenzellische Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft (Ed.): Appenzellische Jahrbücher, 2006 . 134th issue. Appenzeller Medienhaus, Herisau 2007, p. 70-103 .
  2. ↑ Traugott Koller: Life picture of a republican. Volume 1 . Schiller & Co, Zurich 1875, p. 18-19 ( google.ch ).
  3. ^ Heinrich Jakob Heim: Seminar director Heinrich Grunholzer von Gais (Nekrolog) . In: Appenzellian yearbooks . Volume 2, Issue 7. Bächinger and Kübler, Trogen 1877, p. 271 f . ( e-periodica.ch ).
  4. ↑ Jakob Emil Rothenbach: Heinrich Grunholzer. Commemorative speech given at the Grunholzerfeier in the Bern teachers' seminar in Münchenbuchsee on October 26, 1873 . Book printing by BF Haller, Bern 1873, p. 10 .
  5. ↑ Teachers' seminar. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland, HLS. Retrieved November 27, 2019 .
  6. ↑ Urs Hardegger: "Whoever has school has the people." In: Daniel Tröhler, Urs Hardegger (Hrsg.): Forming the future. The history of the modern Zurich elementary school . Verl. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Zurich 2008, ISBN 978-3-03823-470-8 , p. 40-53 .
  7. ↑ Traugott Koller: Life picture of a republican . tape 1 . Schiller & Co., Zurich 1875, p. 88 ( google.ch ).
  8. ↑ Martin Lengwiler, Verena Rothenbühler, Cemile Ivedi: School makes history: 175 years of elementary school in the canton of Zurich 1832–2007 . Teaching material extension des Kantons Zürich, Zürich 2007, ISBN 978-3-03713-229-6 , p. 55-75 .
  9. ↑ The forerunner: a magazine to promote greater maturity in domestic and public life . Brodtmann, Schaffhausen 1841.
  10. ↑ Ignaz Thomas Scherr (ed.): The educational observer for parents, teachers, school principals . 1839.
  11. ^ Heinrich Grunholzer: Second bill for the people of Zurich: May 1842: So or different? Zehnder & Tuchschmied, Baden 1842.
  12. ↑ Traugott Koller: Life picture of a Rebublikaner in the context of contemporary history . tape 1 . Schiller, Zurich 1876, p. 265 .
  13. ↑ Arnim, Bettina von: This book belongs to the king . Schröder, Berlin 1843.
  14. ↑ JJ Sprüngli (ed.): Male songs from Friends of Music, collected and edited for the benefit of the Swiss Singers 'Association by JJ Sprüngli, pastor in Thalweil, President of the Singers' Association on Lake Zurich . at the publisher's publisher, Zurich 1843.
  15. ↑ Mariann Härri: Eduard Suter. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland (HLS). Retrieved May 13, 2020 .
  16. ↑ Anonymous (Heinrich Grunholzer): Testimonies about the origins and consequences of religious aberrations in the Spörri family at Bauma. A contribution to the history of Pietisterei. Zürcher and Furrer, Zurich 1844.
  17. ^ Historical Association of the Canton of Bern (ed.): Collection of Bernese biographies . Bern 1884, p. 424 .
  18. ↑ Guido Estermann: Influence of religion on state teacher training in the two cantons of Bern and Lucerne using the example of the two seminars in Bern-Hofwyl and Hitzkirch between 1832 and 1946 . Diss.theol., University of Lucerne, Lucerne 2013, p. 218 .
  19. ↑ a b c Traugott Koller: Life picture of a republican. tape 2 . Schiller, Zurich 1875, p. 797-798 .
  20. ^ Elisabeth Joris: Liberal and stubborn - the pedagogue Josephine Stadlin - the homeopath Emilie Paravicini-Blumer. Scope of action for educated women in the 19th century. Chronos, Zurich 2011, p. 130 .
  21. ^ Heinrich Grunholzer and Friedrich Mann: The education system in Switzerland . Kiesling, Zurich 1854.
  22. ^ State Archives of the Canton of Zurich: Directory of the members of the Great Reach. (PDF) May 30, 1854, accessed on May 13, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Hans-Rudolf Galliker: "Vereinsmeier" - Uster and its clubs from 1800 to the present . Ed .: City Archives and Kläui Library. Uster 2018, p. 16-17 .
  24. ↑ Traugott Koller: Life picture of a republican . tape 2 . Schiller, Zurich 1875, p. 787 .
  25. ↑ Christian Koller: 150 years ago: The democratic movement plows the canton of Zurich. In: Sozialarchiv Info 6. 2018, accessed on May 13, 2020 .
  26. ↑ NZZ . June 11, 1869.
  27. ↑ NZZ . November 6, 1869.
personal data
SURNAME Grunholzer, Heinrich
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Swiss teacher, politician (National Council) and manufacturer
DATE OF BIRTH February 18, 1819
PLACE OF BIRTH Trogen
DATE OF DEATH July 18, 1873
Place of death Uster