Hesepe (Emsland)

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Hesepe
Geeste municipality
Coordinates: 52 ° 37 ′ 36 ″  N , 7 ° 14 ′ 7 ″  E
Height : 24 m above sea level NN
Area : 44.68 km²
Residents : 3302  (Jun. 1, 2006)
Population density : 74 inhabitants / km²
Postal code : 49744
Primaries : 05907, 05936, 05937
Hesepe (Lower Saxony)
Hesepe

Location of Hesepe in Lower Saxony
Moor landscape in the Emsland moor museum Groß Hesepe

Klein and Groß Hesepe ( Low German : Hääspe ) are districts of the municipality of Geeste in the Lower Saxony district of Emsland .

Overview

Great Hesepe

  • Population: 2526 (June 2006)
  • Area: 26.68 km²
  • Population density: 95 inhabitants per km²

Little Hesepe

  • Population: 776 (June 2006)
  • Area: 18 km²
  • Population density: 43 inhabitants per km²

location

Small and large Hesepe lie, such as B. also Fullen, Rühle, Dalum, Lohne and Wietmarschen, left of the Ems in the south of the Bourtanger Moor on the edge of the International Nature Park Bourtanger Moor-Bargerveen . An old military and trade route runs there , coming from Westphalia via Bad Bentheim , between the Ems and the Bourtanger Moor as far as the North Sea to Emden and which corresponds in parts to today's Meppener Strasse. The missionaries who began to Christianize the formerly pagan villages of the Emsland after the foundation of the mission center in Meppen around 780 also hiked along this military route . In 834 Emperor Ludwig the Pious , son of Charlemagne , transferred the Meppen mission cell and the associated villages to the Corvey monastery on the Weser , near today's Höxter .

Place name

The place name Hesepe can be found in a wide variety of spellings in the documents and documents: hasba, hasapa, hespe, häspe. All variants go back to the original and oldest form hes-epe: the basic syllable "epe" (also "apa") means "little watercourse" or "brook", the prefix "has" or "häs" stands for the color of the rabbit , so gray-brown. “Hesepe” therefore describes a “gray-brown brook” and can also be understood as “Moor water” (or in Low German “Moor Beke”). The words “hes” and “epe” come from the Indo-European vocabulary and suggest that the term “Hesepe” is one of the oldest place names in the Emsland / Grafschaft Bentheim region (the same applies to Hesepe near Nordhorn ).

history

Early history

The early settlements in the Geeste area are limited to the high Geest ridges in Hesepe, Dalum and Geeste. These first settlements developed from individual farms to small associations in the form of clustered villages in Groß Hesepe at the foot of the hill on which the St. Nicholas Church rises today. One of the first buildings on this elevation could have been a fortified bulwark to control the nearby Ems and the riverside path, the Alter Heerweg - the vernacular still speaks of a "pagan temple" as the forerunner of the old church.

Middle Ages and early modern times

Was first mentioned in documents Hesepe in documents from the year 1000. To appear in lifting register the Abbey Corvey taxable farms in "Hasba", "Dalamum" and "Wachendorphe".

The construction of a Nikolauskirche in Hesepe is mentioned around 1190 . It was built between 1150 and 1190 by the noblemen of Hesepe as a separate church and before 1365 it was parceled off from the St. Vitus Church in Meppen.

The residence of the nobles were the Warlingshof ("the court of Warling") and the associated Huckeburg ("the castle of Hucko / Hugo"). At that time, Hesepe was already the seat of an old free chair, that is, a court at which the nobles of Hesepe officiated as free chairs. With the trend towards the dissolution of such main and aristocratic farms, which began in 1350, the villagers in Hesepe were able to cultivate the land as their own field.

An early mention of the place Klein Hesepe can be found in old writings of the Marienrode monastery ( Wietmarschen ). This acquired in 1221 "from Dythard van Landegghe for 10 marks Hulstermann half his inheritance in the market and peasantry Klein Hesepe". Another mention concerns the 15th century: "In 1488 the city council of Meppen bought the servants Johann Over zu Overhus and Schwenne Hülster zu Kleinhesepe from the abbess of Marienrode and with them occupied the remaining part of the monastery property."

For a long time, Ecclesiastical affiliation differed from his political affiliation. From the Mission (from 780) until 1667, the Emsland was part of the Diocese of Osnabrück , from 1667 to 1824 it was under the Diocese of Münster , and since 1824 it has belonged again to Osnabrück. In the political administration, Hesepe came in 1252 as part of the Meppen office by purchase to the Niederstift Münster , to which it belonged until the ecclesiastical princedoms were dissolved in 1803. The office of Meppen came to the Duke of Arenberg . In 1814, George III. , King of Hanover and England , the office with all associated villages in his possession, but left the civil rights such as school supervision and police administration with the dukes of Arenberg. In 1866 Prussia annexed the Kingdom of Hanover and, against their will, made the Hanoverian Emsländer residents of the State of Prussia and, in 1871, of the newly founded German Empire . As part of the Prussian district reform, the Meppen district was finally founded in the new province of Hanover. After the political new beginning in 1945, in which the Emsland initially belonged to the British occupation zone , a new administrative structure with self-governing municipalities was established. The present-day communities were later formed from this.

In Hesepe repeatedly raged plague in both villages, including in the years 1346-1350 and in 1624 in the turmoil of the Thirty Years' War . Even after the Munster-Dutch War in 1667, the plague, which was brought in by mercenary troops via the Ems and the old army route, devastated the two Hesepe. In 1779 a cattle plague finally broke out in Klein Hesepe. As early as 1633 Hesepe was plagued by plundering Swedes, in 1795 by English soldiers fleeing from French revolutionary troops, and a few years later by Napoleonic armies. In 1806 both villages were occupied by Prussia, in 1810 by French, until they were again arenbergian in 1813.

The oldest surviving list of all households and residents of the parish dates from 1652/1659. The parish village of Groß Hesepe had 42 households and 239 inhabitants, Klein Hesepe had 20 families and 112 inhabitants, and Dalum had 38 households and 258 inhabitants. In 1842 the population of the parish had grown to 1,049 inhabitants (Groß Hesepe 387, Klein Hesepe 192, Dalum 468). Statistical information on the social structure of the population is available from 1802; consequently, out of 121 households in the parish (including Wachendorf), 26 were full heirs, 16 were half-heirs, 29 were third-heirs and 50 families were hired. Even in 1851/52 the class of the heuerling families was still clearly in the minority: of 194 families, only 62 belonged to it. In 1802 not a single hirer went to work in Holland, in 1851/52 only five of the hirers were also Holland workers. According to lever lists from 1857, there were 63 households in Groß Hesepe, 31 in Klein Hesepe, 77 in Dalum, 21 in Schwartenpohl, 12 in Wachendorf and 5 in Mühlengraben.

The turmoil of war and its consequences hit the non-owning strata of the rural population in particular, especially hired workers and day laborers. Many turned to the authorities with a request for the allocation of their own residential and settlement spaces in the uninhabited brand areas of the Bourtanger Moor :

"... that in 1774 I reported to Rudolph Vohs, a harassed hirer, who came to Kleine Hesepe amts for a place to live and freyland in the mud and so-called twist".

After long efforts, in 1784 Johann Gerhard Bekel and other applicants were issued official permits for the already existing settlements in the Heseper Moor. The new poor colonies of Heseper Twist and Rühler Twist were managed by the mayor of the old parish of Hesepe until around 1820. In addition to Klein and Groß Hesepe, this parish also included the communities Schwartenpohl (until 1912), Dalum (until 1936) and Wachendorf (until 1948).

19th century

Around 1800 Hesepe was a flourishing parish with modest prosperity, but the population rose only slowly. The parish of Hesepe still largely combined the functions of the parish and the political community at that time. In the 19th century, the politically independent communities Klein Hesepe and Groß Hesepe were finally created. Despite this independence, many public institutions remained equally responsible for all Hesepers, including the church and associated organizations ("Catholic women and mothers", since 1916 (today: kfd); church choir, theater group, KLJB etc.), the schools (since 1830 / 1840), the post office (since 1883), the sports club (since 1923), the volunteer fire brigade (since 1936; with its own spray booth in Klein Hesepe), the registry office , the arbitration office and the police station .

A stronger growth of the population, which has hardly changed for a long time, and the spatial expansion of the two Hesepe, especially in the current districts of Feld and Korde, is only to be recorded as a result of the coupling in 1870/1871. In a reallocation process, a total of 425 hectares of cultivated wasteland and surrounding area were proportionally divided among the farmers . Up until 1914, both Hesepe were predominantly agricultural. The population consisted of farmers (divided into full heirs, half heirs, third heirs, quarter heirs, sixth heirs and owners), hirers, craftsmen and a few traders.

The chapel on Emstalstrasse, built in 1861 with bricks from the former Hesep brickworks ("Tiegelei"), formed an important organizational center of Klein Hesepes . The location of the brickworks was on today's Meppener Strasse near the power station . With the exception of the World War 1914–1918, the church served until 1939 on the one hand for holding devotions and on the other hand as a room for community and brand meetings. At these meetings, the necessary manual and tensioning services, such as fortifying the banks of the Ems or clearing snow, were discussed. Until 1945 the building was used as a kindergarten and at the same time as an air station, in the following period also as living space for refugees and as a machine park for agricultural equipment. In 1985/86 she was relocated and rebuilt in-house.

As part of the founding of warrior associations in many places since 1871, a warrior and rifle club was first mentioned in 1880 in Klein Hesepe. The shooting festivals were always celebrated at Pentecost - at the same time as the festival of today's St. Hubertus Association in Groß Hesepe. In 1922 the Klein Heseper riflemen joined the Groß Heseper club. A re-establishment as "Schützenverein St. Nikolaus e. V. ”it came in 1980.

Today's club restaurant Einspanier has long been a part of Hesepes. Around 1850, the shoemaker Gerhard Einspanier acquired the property on Meppener Strasse from Gerhard Hermann Kuhl from Schwefingen. In addition to the cobbler's shop, a barn was operated, which was expanded into an inn.

20th century

In 1929 Bernhard Einspanier took over the business, and in 1934 the Többen company from Dalum carried out a renovation. In 1946 a grocery store was added, in 1958 the economy was enlarged, and in 1977 the inn was completely renovated and a bowling alley and a small hall were built. In 1982 a modern kitchen was finally set up and a shooting range set up for the shooters of the St. Nicholas Association.

Plan of the Emslandlager Groß Hesepe 1945 and 2010.

From 1913 onwards there was a general boom and population growth in Hesepe due to the founding of the Heseper Torfwerkes (HTW) by Georg Klasmann. Many Hesepers found a secure job in the peat factory, in the vicinity of which a separate district, the "Heseper peat factory", grew up. What is largely forgotten, however, is the fact that there was a "peat factory" in Hesepe as early as 1866. Wilhelm Jüngst , the inventor of peat coke production, founded his ore and peat factory in Lingen that year with production facilities in Hesepe, Lathen and Lohne. Sales of the production site in Hesepe amounted to a total of 300 daily peat works, 150 of which went to the Reismann & Co. ironworks in Meppen. This episode ended in 1868, however, as both the Lingener Hütte and the peat factory had to file for bankruptcy.

In the First World War 28 men from Klein and Groß Hesepe died, in the Second World War 64 men and 20 missing persons. In 1929 the Hesepe war memorial was inaugurated. During the time of National Socialism, there was an Emsland camp in Heseper Moor , in which mainly prisoners of war were imprisoned (camp XI - Groß Hesepe).

post war period

After the end of the Second World War, several hundred displaced persons came to Hesepe and were accepted here. The potting and cultivation of the Bourtang moor as part of the Emsland plan created the conditions for new full-time settler positions here in the following years, which were given preferentially to displaced persons from Silesia and East Prussia . As early as 1955, the new district "Hesepermoor-Mitte" was created in this context.

After the end of the war in 1945, Bernhard Schillers, who had been the community leader in the 1930s, was (honorary) mayor of Klein Hesepe. After his death, the farmer Gerhard Koers was elected as the new mayor, who held office until 1952. From 1952 to 1954 Heinrich Wolters led the affairs of the community as chairman of the local council and mayor, until he was finally replaced by farmer Josef Röckers. He remained mayor until the "small community reform" in 1967. By unanimous resolution of the council members of Klein and Groß Hesepe, both communities were merged into the community of Groß Hesepe with effect from July 1, 1968 . The first and only community director of the community Groß Hesepe was Franz Spiekermann. At his side stood as mayor Hermann Brinker and his successor Heiner Schwering .

At the beginning of the 1950s, the Emsland Plan for the "development of the wasteland of the Emsland" brought about profound changes. The cultivation of wasteland and bog resulted in an increase in usable areas, and improved farming methods increased yields. At the same time a comprehensive land consolidation began . The fragmented, uneconomically shaped property was made more economical by the amalgamation of areas; There were numerous resettlements from the village centers, and after the completion of the measures, the farm structure of the farms was mostly over 15 ha. The improvement of the water conditions (groundwater, sewage and drinking water) and the system as well as the renewal of other infrastructure, such as electricity and Transportation, contributed to a further economic upswing in Klein Hesepe. The successful oil drilling in the community area - the buzzword "Little Texas" reminds us of this - resulted in increased business tax payments, which enabled the community to buy building land, build roads and make other investments.

A second community reform on March 1, 1974 finally incorporated the political communities Groß Hesepe, Bramhar and Varloh into the unified community of Geeste, which had already formed on February 1, 1971 from the communities Dalum, Geeste and Osterbrock on a voluntary basis.

Museums

The Emsland Moor Museum , founded in 1976, is considered the largest moor museum in Europe.

Companies

Personalities

Sons and daughters of the church

literature

  • Franz Bölsker-Schlicht: The parishes of Meppen, Hesepe, Bokeloh, Wesuwe and Haren - a historical foray . In: Yearbook of the Emsländischen Heimatbund , Volume 38 (1992), pp. 146-175.
  • Bernd Faulenbach , Andrea Kaltofen (ed.): Hell in the moor. The Emsland camps 1933–1945. Wallstein, Göttingen 2017, ISBN 978-3-8353-3137-2 .
  • HH Gels, Michael Bradtke: 350 years of shooting in Groß Hesepe . (1998).
  • Martin Koers: The community of Geeste. A journey through time in pictures. Sutton, Erfurt 2015, ISBN 978-3-95400-609-0 .
  • Geeste community (ed.), Martin Koers: "Who of us no longer remembers those long struggles of Russian prisoners ...". Documentation on the historical traces of the Groß Hesepe and Dalum camps and the camp cemetery (Dalum war cemetery) . Geeste 2019, ISBN 978-3-00-063302-7 .
  • Hermann Altevers: The Meerkolk near Groß Hesepe, a refuge for flora and fauna. In: Jb. Emsländ. Heimatbd. , 236-241, Sögel. (1982).
  • Ernst Förstemann, Hermann Jellinghaus (Ed.): Old German Name Book , Volume II, 1 and 2: Place Names , Bonn 1913/1916 (Reprint: Volume II, 2, Hildesheim 1967/1983, ISBN 3-487-01733-4 ).
  • Hermann Abels: The place names of the Emsland, in their linguistic and cultural-historical significance , Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn 1929 (partly scientifically imprecise).
  • Hermann Pranger (arrangement): St. Nicholas Church in Groß Hesepe. From d. Past Hasba - Hesepe. (800 years). A Festschrift, 1989.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ (Stalag VI C / Z) (Emslandlager XI) Groß Hesepe
  2. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer GmbH, Stuttgart and Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 257 and 258 .
  3. ↑ family business. In: Coppenrath Feingebäck. Retrieved on July 25, 2019 (German).
  4. ↑ Christian Lang: Baked goods manufacturer from Geeste: Coppenrath Feingebäck: between tradition and modernity. Retrieved July 25, 2019 .