Holm Putzke

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Holm Putzke (* 1973 in Dohna ) is a German legal scholar , university professor and politician ( CSU ). Since 2010 he has held a teaching professorship for criminal law at the University of Passau , and since 2016 he has also been an adjunct professor for criminal law, criminal procedural law and commercial criminal law at the private EBS University of Economics and Law in Oestrich-Winkel . He became known to the public in 2012 as the originator of the debate about religious male circumcision . Since 2017 he has been chairman of the CSU district association Passau-Stadt.

Life

From 1992 to 1997 Putzke studied law at the Ruhr University in Bochum . In 1997 he passed the first state examination in law. Also at the Ruhr University in Bochum, he worked at the Chair for Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law of Ellen Schlüchter (1995 to 1999) and at the Chair for Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law and General Legal Theory of Rolf Dietrich Herzberg (2002 to 2003). Between 2003 and 2010 he was a research assistant at the chair for criminology , criminal policy and police science of Thomas Feltes .

From 2000 to 2002 Putzke was a trainee lawyer at the regional courts of Bochum and Dortmund and in 2002 passed the second state examination in law. In 2003 he received his doctorate from the Law Faculty of the Ruhr University Bochum with a thesis on the subject of "Accelerated proceedings in adolescents". In the same year he studied Polish commercial law at the Uniwersytet Jagielloński in Cracow , which in 2009 awarded him the academic degree “Legum Magister” ( LL.M. ). From 2006 to 2010 he held a lectureship in criminal law, criminal procedure law and juvenile criminal law in the master's degree in "Criminology and Police Science" at the Ruhr University in Bochum. Since 2010, Putzke has held a professorship for criminal law at the University of Passau (teaching professorship) and is a member of the Institute for Legal Didactics there, without prior habilitation and with recognition of habilitation-equivalent achievements . Since 2016 he has also been an adjunct professor for criminal law, criminal procedure law and commercial criminal law at the EBS University of Economics and Law. From September 2016 to August 2019 he was Dean of Studies at the Law Faculty in Passau.

Putzke worked as an expert a. a. for the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe , the European Union as well as the Legal Committee of the State Parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia and the Interior Committee of the German Bundestag. Putzke is a member of the advisory board of the evolutionary-humanistic Giordano Bruno Foundation and a liaison professor of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation at the University of Passau.

During his studies and doctoral studies, Putzke received a scholarship from the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and during his studies at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow a scholarship from the German Academic Exchange Service .

Since March 2015 he has been Deputy Chairman of the Federal Sports and Arbitration Court of the Federation of German Cyclists .

As a criminal defense lawyer, Putzke occasionally takes on cases that attract media attention. He represented a 22-year-old man who was accused of murder for killing his partner and who was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment for manslaughter by the Passau Regional Court, according to the defense. The case had made headlines in particular because of the perpetrator's flight to Spain with their 18-month-old son.

Putzke is co-editor of the series Bochumer Schriften zur Rechtsdogmatik und Kriminalpolitik , the journal for legal studies , the writings on jurisprudential didactics , Beck's online commentary on the juvenile court law , the writings on ideological law and the Nomos commentary on the anti-doping law . He is also a member of the editorial team of the Zeitschrift für Internationale Criminalrechtsdogmatik .

politics

In 1989/1990 Putzke was managing director of the " Party of Democratic Awakening " in the Pirna / Sebnitz district as well as chairman and press spokesman for the "Youth of Democratic Awakening". From 1991 to 1992 he was managing director and member of the district committee of the Junge Union in Pirna. From January 1994 to February 1995 Putzke was deputy chairman of the Federal Association of Liberal University Groups and from 1996 to 2017 a member of the CDU . In 2015 he joined the CSU, in April 2016 he became an assessor in the district committee of the CSU Passau-Stadt and in May 2017 chairman of this district association. He is also the district chairman of the CSU working group for lawyers (AKJ) Niederbayern and a member of the state board of the AKJ.

After the losses of the CSU in the 2017 federal election , Putzke accused his party chairman Horst Seehofer in the Süddeutsche Zeitung of wasting his energy trying to "shut down" Markus Söder . Seehofer must be measured against the looming debacle in the state election in 2018.

In the 2019 European elections, Putzke came in 37th on the CSU list. After the CSU won six seats in the election, he did not move into the European Parliament.

In connection with the nomination of the Passau CSU candidate for the mayoral election, Putzke appealed in an email addressed to the district executive and parliamentary group members not to disclose internal information to the public, which some felt was a "muzzle". Putzke called for the hunt for the "mole". He is said to have said that he will track down the person who leaked his letter to the media. Putzke, for his part, stated that there was no muzzle. At the same time, he described the claim that he had called for a 'great hunt for the mole' as a lie and a “malicious false claim” that was “staged” and was intended to distract from the fact that “piercing internal information is a matter of no ifs and buts Party-damaging mess is ".

For the 2020 city council election in Passau, Putzke took third place on the list. Since other CSU list candidates moved in front of him by accumulating, he fell back to 10th place, and since the CSU lost a quarter of its previous 12 seats, he missed a place on the city council, but was the first to replace it. In response to the election result, Andreas Scheuer , Gerhard Waschler , parliamentary group chairman Armin Dickl and three other CSU city councilors called on Putzke to resign immediately as district chairman and to withdraw from all other management tasks in the Passau CSU, but Putzke declined. In an election analysis, signed by 36 people, including the district chairmen of the Junge Union and Senioren-Union as well as other officials and members, the main reason given was a lack of unity and a "parallel election campaign", cited in particular by parliamentary group leader Armin Dickl.

Positions

In connection with his work as a law teacher, criminal defense attorney and politician, Putzke repeatedly expressed himself publicly on legal and daily political issues:

Circumcision of boys

Before the entry into force of § 1631d BGB Putzke has in several scientific articles (the first time in published in February 2008 Festschrift for Rolf Dietrich Herzberg ) represent the legal opinion that is not medically necessary Boy circumcisions the offense of assault meet, including the religious circumcision of boys. He welcomed the judgment of the Cologne Regional Court , which classified the circumcision of boys for religious reasons as unlawful bodily harm, and promoted its dissemination. On December 12, 2012, after a controversial debate, the Bundestag passed a law with 434: 100 votes and 46 abstentions that continues to allow male circumcision under certain conditions. Putzke considers the law to be unconstitutional and accused the Bundestag of having created “legislative nonsense” with a view to the special purpose clause. Putzke assessed the assessment by Federal Justice Minister Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger that the parliamentary deliberations had been a “great moment” as “pure cynicism”. According to Putzke, the circumcision law paves the way for female genital mutilation . In connection with the circumcision debate, Putzke u. a. Criminal charges filed for an anonymous abuse on Facebook. In the course of the investigation, an underage Jewish suspect was illegally searched by state security officials.

Legalization of drugs

Putzke criticized the prohibition of certain drugs in 2013 and is a signatory of a resolution by German criminal law professors who are part of the “ Schildower Kreis ” u. a. for legalization of cannabis have spoken. The practice of punishment among adults is excessive and disproportionate. In a few years there will also be a controlled release in Germany.

Polygraphic examinations ("lie detectors")

Putzke advocates the admission of polygraphic examinations (colloquially “lie detector”) as evidence in German criminal proceedings. In a proceeding before the Paderborn Regional Court , in which Putzke represented the defendant as defense lawyer, the court rejected the polygraphic examination as suitable evidence and sentenced the defendant. In a proceeding before the lay judge's court in Bautzen, in which Putzke also appeared as defense counsel, the polygrave was admitted as evidence and the defendant was acquitted. However, the Federal Administrative Court , confirming the relevant case law of the Federal Court of Justice, found that the Bautzen ruling did not take a sufficient position on the question of a fixed connection between a certain expressive behavior and specific reaction patterns of the autonomic nervous system. The polygraph is just as inadmissible in administrative court proceedings as it is in criminal proceedings. In a further decision by the Bautzen District Court, the latter upheld its opinion.

euthanasia

In 2015, Putzke, together with 141 German criminal law professors, spoke out against expanding the criminal liability of assisted suicide in the form of Section 217 of the Criminal Code . Before Section 217 of the Criminal Code, introduced in 2015, was declared unconstitutional and void by the Federal Constitutional Court in February 2020, Putzke, in a resolution by the Lower Bavarian CSU legal team at the beginning of 2019, spoke out in favor of the abolition of this paragraph and a counseling solution to enable suicide assistance.

Gender issues

In connection with the exclusion of women from participation in a window-in competition at the university sports festival, Putzke publicly warned against “ genderism ”, as the university’s equal opportunities officer had described the exclusion as “sexist”. To outside observers, the event appeared at least as a provincial curiosity. Putzke took the position that the Equal Opportunities Commissioner “acted outside of her area of ​​responsibility” and “did a disservice to the legitimate concerns of equality and equality”. On the other hand, University President Burkhard Freitag stated that she had “acted correctly and competently” because she was “responsible for implementing the gender equality concept”.

Refugee crisis

In connection with the refugee crisis in Germany from 2015 onwards , Putzke stated in October 2015 that it would be contradictory if people are being prosecuted as smugglers who, after the decision by Chancellor Angela Merkel to lift the ban on further travel, brought refugees across the German border, while train drivers, Bus or taxi drivers were able to transport refugees across the border with impunity. In this context, the German Chancellor was “possibly” guilty of smuggling foreigners in accordance with Section 96 (1) No. 1 of the Residence Act or the public request to do so in accordance with Section 111 of the Criminal Code because she did not comply with applicable law. At the same time, Putzke distanced himself from the relevant criminal charges against Angela Merkel and described charges of high treason as "insubstantial".

Christian Bommarius assessed Putzke's legal appreciation as support for a criminal complaint by the right-wing populist AfD against Merkel and accused him of not having sufficiently taken into account the situation of the refugees and the resulting justifying emergency according to § 34 . The Jewish online portal Hagalil commented on Putzke's point of view that the law must be complied with when it comes to aid for refugees, in that it is not realistic to expect refugees to wait for a corresponding legislative process. Putzke accused such critics of apparently not having made a great effort to read his opinion sensibly, and described the criticism as "legally superficial" and "obviously intentional".

In December 2015, Putzke renewed his criminal concerns about the Chancellor's refugee policy in an interview with the Passauer Neue Presse and at the same time criticized that too little was being done to integrate refugees. There must be massive investments in language courses and education. He also spoke out in favor of an enlightened immigration policy and an immigration law . A limitation of the unregulated influx is also necessary.

In February 2016, Putzke denied in a guest article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, written together with Alexander Peukert , Christian Hillgruber and Ulrich Foerste , that a “policy of open borders” was legally compliant , particularly with reference to Article 20, Paragraph 4 of the Dublin III Regulation . According to this, Austria is responsible for carrying out a competence assessment procedure, which is why Germany is allowed to refuse entry. The filing of an international application for protection at the German-Austrian border in no way justifies an obligation to obtain an entry permit. The return to law is "neither inhuman nor political weakness"; The strength of a democracy is shown not least in its ability to correct itself. The four authors also published a scientific article on this.

At a public CSU event in May 2016, Putzke called for a “lived welcome culture ”, but at the same time criticized its alleged international, self-centered celebration as a “fatal signal”. In this context, he spoke of his Saxon relatives marching with Pegida . These people are not “right-wingers”, but rather feel that their “differentiated opinion” is no longer in the political center and feel subjectively fears that cannot be objectively justified.

Catholic abuse scandal

Together with five colleagues (the criminal law professors Eric Hilgendorf , Rolf Dietrich Herzberg , Reinhard Merkel , Ulfrid Neumann and Dieter Rössner as well as in connection with the Institute for Weltanschauungsrecht ) Putzke presented on the occasion of the MHG study “Sexual abuse of minors by Catholic priests, deacons and male Members of the order in the area of ​​the German Bishops' Conference "on October 26, 2018 criminal charges against unknown persons on suspicion of sexual abuse of children (§ 176 StGB) and serious sexual abuse of children (§ 176a StGB). In early 2020, Putzke accused the ZDF of the Catholic Church of having hushed up the massive abuse for decades and "only handed over previously filtered documents to the Commission for the abuse study presented at the end of September 2018", which has meant that many of these crimes are now statute-barred.

Criticism of the Central Council of Muslims in Germany

At the end of 2019, Putzke criticized Justice Minister Christine Lambrecht (SPD) for choosing Aiman ​​Mazyek , chairman of the Central Council of Muslims in Germany (ZMD), as ambassador for the government campaign "We are the rule of law", even though he asked seven questions about the understanding of the constitution (e.g. B. on the precedence of state over religious law and the admissibility of caricatures about Muhammad). Putzke accused him and the ZMD of presumably not being able to affirm this without denying themselves or showing their true colors with a “yes, but” or “no”. Therefore Mazyek is unsuitable for the campaign. The Federal Ministry of Justice should draw the conclusions from this “and protect the reputation of the constitutional state from further damage”.

Renaming of the University of Passau

In January 2020, Putzke proposed that the University of Passau be the first university in Germany to be named after a woman. He suggested the Lower Bavarian folk poet Emerenz Meier as the namesake . His party friend Konrad Kobler , as district chairman of the Europa-Union, welcomed the idea of ​​a woman to be named, describing the name proposed by Putzke as "but far too meaningless for the people in the region, for the scientific staff and historians". Instead, he brought the Hungarian Queen Gisela of Bavaria into play.

Publications (selection)

Monographs and textbooks

  • Putzke: Accelerated procedure for adolescents: On the criminal procedural expression of the educational concept in adolescence (=  Bochumer Schriften zur Rechtsdogmatik und Kriminalpolitik . Volume 1 ). Felix-Verlag, Holzkirchen (Upper Bavaria) 2004, ISBN 3-927983-71-3 ( plus dissertation, Bochum, 2003).
  • Putzke / Scheinfeld: Criminal Procedure Law (=  Jura-Kolleg ). Nomos, Baden-Baden 2005 (7th edition (= Jurakompakt ). Beck, Munich 2017, ISBN 978-3406712425 ).
  • Putzke: Successfully writing legal papers (=  compact law ). Beck, Munich 2007 (6th edition 2018, ISBN 978-3406712388 ).
  • Putzke / Feltes: Juvenile Criminal Law (=  Criminological Study Literature . Volume 1 ). Felix, Holzkirchen / Obb. 2012, ISBN 978-3-86293-900-8 .
  • Hardtung / Putzke: Examinatorium Criminal Law AT (=  JuS series of publications . Volume 198 ). Beck, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-406-65783-2 .

Comments

  • Putzke: Introductory Act to the Criminal Code (EGStGB), Introductory Act to the Code of Criminal Procedure (EGStPO) . In: Knauer (Ed.): Munich Commentary on the Code of Criminal Procedure: StPO Volume 3/2: GVG, EGGVG, EMRK, EGStPO, EGStGB, ZSHG, StrEG, G10, AO . 1st edition. 2018.
  • Putzke: §§ 3, 4, 5, 6 and 12 JGG . In: Lehner / Nolte / Putzke (ed.): Nomos commentary on the anti-doping law . 2017.
  • Putzke: §§ 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 and 15 JGG . In: Gertler / Kunkel / Putzke (eds.): Beck'scher online commentary on the Juvenile Court Act . 2015.
  • Putzke: Introduction, Sections 284–297 (Sections 284 to 287 together with Christina Putzke) . In: Leipold / Tsambikakis / Zöller (ed.): Criminal Code, Lawyers' Commentary (Heidelberg Commentary) . 2nd Edition. 2015.

Articles in magazines

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. Expert in criminology and medical criminal law . In: Passauer Neue Presse . April 22, 2010, p. 26 ( online ). Expert in criminology and medical criminal law ( memento of the original from February 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / regiowiki.pnp.de
  2. University opens Institute for Legal Didactics . ( online ).
  3. Holm Putzke on the homepage of the EBS University of Economics and Law [1] , accessed on August 22, 2016
  4. ^ Website of the Law Faculty of the University of Passau
  5. NRW state parliament printed matter : Document no. (Opinions) 14/1439
  6. Experts disagree on information exchange between EU law enforcement agencies . ( online ). Experts disagree on information exchange between EU law enforcement authorities ( memento of the original from December 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / web.archive.org
  7. Brief description on the website of the Giordano Bruno Foundation , accessed on September 18, 2012
  8. «Experience cycling together»
  9. Christine Pierach, Karin Seibold: Bloody act in Freyung: The judgment against Dominik R. has been pronounced and the district court confirmed: judgment is final , Passauer Neue Presse of November 12, 2017 and February 16, 2018
  10. Short biography on the website of the University of Passau
  11. Short biography on the website of the CSU Passau-Stadt
  12. Short biography on the website of the University of Passau
  13. Holm Putzke elected as the new CSU district chairman , PNP from May 23, 2017
  14. ^ Website of the CSU AKJ working group
  15. ^ "It's due": What CSU members say about Seehofer , Süddeutsche Zeitung of September 26, 2017
  16. State delegates' assembly for the 2019 European elections - compilation of the state list (PDF) CSU. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
  17. Special meeting of the CSU: “Muzzle” makes members pissed off (PDF) PNP. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
  18. Putzke: "There is no muzzle" (PDF) PNP. Retrieved August 30, 2019.
  19. 2020 local elections in Passau: Candidates for the City Council - the lists , Franziska Schwarz, Münchner Merkur, March 17th, 2020
  20. ^ Preliminary final result , City of Passau
  21. Passau's CSU leaders demand the resignation of the district chairman Putzke , PNP, March 17, 2020
  22. Putzke refuses to resign for the time being . PNP. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  23. ^ Election analysis by the Passau CSU: Serious allegations against Dickl . PNP. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
  24. Holm Putzke: The criminal relevance of the circumcision of boys (PDF; 7.12 MB); Festschrift für Herzberg, February 14, 2008, Holm Putzke's website, accessed on September 10, 2012
  25. Matthias Ruch: Court punishes religious circumcision ( Memento from June 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ); Financial Times Deutschland , June 25, 2012, accessed July 2, 2012.
  26. Jost Müller-Neuhof: Chronicle of an unprecedented debate ; Tagesspiegel , August 20, 2012, accessed on August 20, 2012.
  27. Miriam Eckert: Is the circumcision law unconstitutional? Passau criminal lawyer criticizes disregard for children's rights - “Law paves the way for girls' tailoring” , Passauer Neue Presse of February 2, 2013, page 28.
  28. ^ Christian Rost: Because of insult: State security searches children's room , Süddeutsche Zeitung from April 19, 2013
  29. ^ Resolution of German criminal law professors to the members of the German Bundestag: [2]
  30. Spiegel Online: “Cannabis use in Germany: Criminal lawyers want to reform drug laws” , April 7, 2014
  31. Heribert Prantl: "Alliance for a Liberal Drug Criminal Law" , Süddeutsche Zeitung, April 7, 2014
  32. Criminal law professors start cannabis petition: "Scientific and ideology-free rethinking": [3] , Legal Tribune Online from December 2, 2013
  33. Bayerisches Fernsehen, Bürgerforum Live http://www.br.de/fernsehen/bayerisches-fernsehen/sendung/buergerforum-live/buergerforum-cannabis-freigabe-legalisierung-wendt-polizeigewerkschaft-janecek-gruene-100.html ( Memento from March 25, 2015 in the Internet Archive )
  34. Laura Schmidt: Archived copy ( Memento of the original from January 19, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , pnp campus from May 23, 2015 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / campus.pnp.de
  35. Christine Schönfeld: Are lie detectors useful as evidence? [www.mdr.de/ffekt/polygraf100-download.pdf] (PDF), FAKT July 16, 2013
  36. Gabriele Boos-Niazy: Concern for the best interests of the child or conflict between two life concepts? , MiGAZIN of July 18, 2012
  37. ^ Driburger abused daughters of the neighbor , Neue Westfälische May 11, 2011
  38. Bautzen District Court, judgment of March 26, 2013, Az .: 40 Ls 330 Js 6351/12, BeckRS 2013, 08655
  39. ^ Rape process: lie detector ensures an acquittal [4] , BILD , March 23, 2013
  40. Thomas Heitz, Andreas Hartung, Franz Wilhelm Dollinger: Decision of the BVerwG of July 21, 2014 - 2 B 20.14. (PDF) BVerwG, July 31, 2004, accessed on April 23, 2017 (following the decision of the BGH of November 30, 2010 - 1 StR 509/10).
  41. ^ AG Bautzen, judgment of October 26, 2017 - 42 Ds 610 Js 411/15 jug, BeckRS 2017, 138202
  42. Statement by German criminal law teachers on the planned expansion of the criminal liability of euthanasia , as of May 14, 2015
  43. Federal Constitutional Court - Press - Prohibition of commercial promotion of suicide unconstitutional. February 26, 2020, accessed April 14, 2020 .
  44. PNP Plus: CSU working group lawyers: enable suicide assistance. May 31, 2019, accessed April 14, 2020 .
  45. Hans Kratzer: How can this madness happen? , Süddeutsche Zeitung of May 22, 2015
  46. Jochen Zenthöfer: Refugee Policy - Is Merkel making herself a criminal offense? FAZ of October 10, 2015
  47. Criminal lawyer : Chancellor Merkel makes herself a criminal offense with refugee policy Focus of October 10, 2015
  48. 400 criminal charges against Merkel! What is the truth of the charge of high treason? Focus Online from October 29, 2015
  49. Christian Bommarius : CSU and AfD embarrass themselves in the fight against Merkel Kölner Stadtanzeiger of October 12, 2015
  50. Ramona Ambs: Legally only funnel in full bold correctly, Alta! , Hagalil of October 11, 2015/28 Tischri 5776
  51. Holm Putzke: [5] Passauer Neue Presse, Passau Conversation , December 5, 2015, No. 283, p. 18
  52. ^ Franz Danninger: "Then it will also be problematic for Angela Merkel" , Passauer Neue Presse of December 5, 2015, No. 283, page 18
  53. Peukert / Hillgruber / Foerste / Putzke: To Allow or Refuse Entry: What Does the Law Demand in the Refugee Crisis at Europe's Internal State Borders? (PDF) In: German Law Journal 3/2017, pp. 617–629. Retrieved July 1, 2018 .
  54. Alexander Peukert, Christian Hillgruber, Ulrich Foerste, Holm Putzke: The refugee crisis can be managed according to the rule of law . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , February 9, 2016
  55. Alexander Peukert , Christian Hillgruber , Ulrich Foerste and Holm Putzke: Allow entry or refuse? What does the law dictate in the refugee crisis at the German state border? , Journal for Immigration Law and Policy on Foreigners , 2016, p. 131 ff.)
  56. ^ "A fatal signal" , Burghauser Anzeiger of May 18, 2016 (reproduced on the CSU Burghausen website)
  57. LTO: abuse scandal in the Catholic Church: criminal law professors report. October 29, 2018, accessed April 14, 2020 .
  58. Sexual abuse of minors by Catholic priests, deacons and male religious in the area of ​​the German Bishops' Conference. (PDF) project report. Research Consortium Mannheim-Heidelberg-Gießen (MHG), September 24, 2018, accessed on August 25, 2019 .
  59. Melanie Amann, Christoph Koopmann, Ann-Katrin Müller: Abuse by Catholic clergy: How the church hinders criminal prosecution. In: Spiegel Online. October 26, 2018, accessed August 25, 2019 .
  60. Holm Putzke in an interview with Marcel Burkhardt: Working up in the Catholic Church: Abuse: "All sorts of subtle delays". ZDF, January 28, 2020, accessed on April 14, 2020 .
  61. ^ BMJV: Home page "We are the rule of law". Retrieved April 14, 2020 .
  62. ifw: Political total loss: Justice Minister Lambrecht (SPD) with the head of the Islamic Association Mazyek as "rule of law" ambassador. hpd, December 6, 2019, accessed April 14, 2020 .
  63. A woman's name for the university? Passauer Neue Presse from January 4, 2020.
  64. ^ [6] Passauer Neue Presse from January 4, 2020.
  65. Ralf Niehus: Diabolical criticism / insults versus the perception of legitimate interests in judicial criticism from September 11, 2016