Hybrid drive
Hybrid drive generally refers to the combination of different drive technologies. The drive is thus hybrid .
WIPO is developing a detailed technical definition in which the patent offices of the member states develop definitions for the classification of the patents submitted. The German patent and trademark office, for example, provides the current distinguishing features.
Hybrid vehicles
According to the EU definition, a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle in which there are at least two energy converters and two energy storage systems installed in the vehicle in order to drive the vehicle.
In a hybrid electric vehicle , an electric motor and usually an Otto or diesel engine are the two energy converters; an accumulator and a fuel tank or gas tank are the two energy stores. But other combinations have also been implemented, e.g. B. Stirling engine with hydraulic drive and pneumatic accumulator .
The individual motors can work together in different ways:
- Parallel: The drives act simultaneously on the part to be moved.
- Serial: Only one drive acts directly on the part to be moved. The other drive provides power that is converted and fed to the direct-acting drive.
Mixed forms are also possible.
Power-split hybrid
Serial hybrid drives have not been implemented for a long time because it was assumed that the desired maximum power of the vehicle must be provided by both the combustion engine and the electric motor. However, this would make the entire drive very heavy and expensive. With the range extenders currently being discussed, however, the objective is different. Here, the task of the combustion engine is to charge the accumulator only in an emergency in order to increase the range. It therefore only has to have a significantly lower maximum output.
Power-split hybrid drives contain, in addition to the internal combustion engine, a combination of two electrical machines that work as a generator and motor and thus as an electrical transmission. Part of the power of the internal combustion engine is then transferred mechanically to the drive wheels, while a further part of the power is transferred to the wheels via the motor-generator combination that works as an electric transmission. The advantage of such a design is that the internal combustion engine can work in a load range that is favorable in terms of consumption, regardless of the vehicle speed. The Hybrid Synergy Drive from Toyota is an example of such a concept.
Combined hybrid drives can be switched between parallel and serial operation by means of an (automatically actuated) clutch. Batteries are usually used as a second energy store.
Bivalent drives
Bivalent drives are able to burn two different fuels in one engine; but these are not hybrid vehicles. The motivation is the use of alternative fuels such as natural gas , biogas , liquefied petroleum gas and, in the future, hydrogen in vehicles that can still run on gasoline , or the drive with the alternative vegetable oil fuel in diesel vehicles, which do not always allow a cold start with vegetable oil. The installation of LPG systems is particularly widespread .
In addition to the advantages described above, bivalent engines have a serious disadvantage: many of the engine's properties cannot be optimally designed for both fuels. If it is still possible to set a needs-based ignition point using the digital engine electronics, for example, basic geometric data of the engine such as stroke , bore , compression volume and compression ratio cannot be changed during operation, so that these data always represent a compromise solution and never can be designed to optimize consumption.
Muscle power and electric drive
An electric bike with pedal assistance is an example of a hybrid drive . However, it is not a hybrid vehicle because only the battery is installed in the vehicle, while the muscle power is supplied from outside.
Electric wheels are bicycles with an additional electric motor, which can be variably driven by muscle power and an electric motor; they have parallel hybrid drives. Some drive systems allow braking energy recovery .
A parallel hybrid drive, consisting of an electric motor and a pedal drive, is even available in a light vehicle, the Twike .
A serial hybrid drive is used when the pedal drive exclusively operates a generator, which drives an electric motor or temporarily stores the electric current in an accumulator.
Hybrid bus
Hybrid buses are used by various transport companies in North America and Europe. With the Solaris Urbino 18 Hybrid line bus , Solaris Bus & Coach presented the first European bus with hybrid technology as standard in 2006.
Duo bus
Vehicles that, like a trolleybus, can run with electrical energy from an overhead contact line or independently with a diesel engine, are called duo buses . Strictly speaking, they do not correspond to the UN definition for hybrid vehicles, as they do not carry the electrical energy themselves. Such cars are used, for example, on the Freiburg trolleybus in Switzerland and on the Boston trolleybus in the United States.
In addition, many trolleybuses have an additional diesel auxiliary drive in order to be able to overcome areas without electricity and to be able to maneuver in the depot area. As an alternative for the same purpose, accumulators are also installed, in this case one speaks of a battery emergency drive . Since the auxiliary drive only allows slow movement, trolleybuses with auxiliary drive are not referred to as duo buses.
truck
A refuse collection truck with a quiet hybrid drive has been in operation in Winterthur ( Switzerland ) since 2013 - especially in the city center .
Rail vehicles
Diesel-electric rail vehicles and multi-system vehicles that can be operated in different networks are not hybrid vehicles according to the UNO definition, as they only have one or no energy storage device on board. Diesel-electric locomotives with high-performance electrical buffer stores, which in certain situations lead to a significant improvement in driving performance and store recovered braking energy for later propulsion, are offered by Railpower and GE . JR East wants to combine fuel cells with lithium accumulators and in 2003 successfully tested a hybrid, diesel-electric powered railcar. These are serial hybrid drives.
The companies Westfrankenbahn and Erzgebirgsbahn , which belong to DB Regio , have been testing vehicles of the 642 series equipped with a hybrid drive since the end of 2012 .
Bimodal rail vehicles
Locomotives and railcars that can run in electrified networks (from overhead lines or busbars) as well as independently of them are not hybrid vehicles in a strict interpretation of the UNO definition, as they do not carry the electrical energy themselves. The classic designation for such motor vehicles is two-motor locomotive or two-motor railcar.
In addition, there are vehicles, especially in the tram sector, which can obtain their electrical drive energy from an overhead contact line as well as from a generator that is driven by a diesel engine. As an example, the cars of the type mentioned here combino duo of tram Nordhausen and Alstom RegioCitadis of Kassel Regiotram called, exist alongside other vehicles in other transport companies primarily as working vehicles.
Watercraft
Combustion engine and electric drive
Even watercraft are often diesel-electric powered, without electrical energy storage or as a hybrid drive with accumulators. The Scandlines z. Ferry ships used on the Vogelfluglinie, for example , have a hybrid drive. The Dutch Halve Maen or City Suppliers are powered by solar cells and diesel-electric, the electric motors can also be fed exclusively from the built-in accumulators.
Internal combustion engine and wind power
Another hybrid form are ships that use both the propulsion power of engines and wind energy .
- A current example is the fully automatic towing kite drive from SkySails in addition to the ship's diesel. A system that is being tested by the Bremen shipping company Beluga Group .
- Another example is the Flettner rotor , as used by the wind turbine manufacturer Enercon in its transport ship E-Ship .
- In the 1980s, a Japanese shipping company experimented with 17 cargo ships equipped with auxiliary sails made of aluminum.
In all cases, fuel should be saved.
Historic combination: combustion engine and steam engine
- See diesel steam locomotive (Soviet Union, 1930s)
Historic combination: wind power and steam engine
Robert Fulton's 1807 paddle steamer North River Steamboat (commonly called Clermont by later generations) was also equipped with sails. For decades, steamships were hybrid vehicles (" sailing steamers ") that still had full rigging because of their initially excessive fuel consumption and the lack of reliability of the machinery . It was not until 1889 that Alexander Carlisle (who later became the chief designer of the Olympic class) designed the 20 knot White Star Liner Teutonic, the first deep-sea steamship without sails to enter service.
Submarine propulsion
Submarines are traditionally powered by a hybrid drive consisting of diesel engines or electric motors. A special hybrid drive is in the submarine class 212 and the Spanish S-80 class installed, it integrates an additional hydrogen - fuel cell system .
Mixed-propulsion aircraft
Aircraft with mixed propulsion primarily use a combination of different thermodynamic propulsion systems for military purposes, e.g. B. Piston engine with propeller and jet engine.
In order to achieve greater ranges for battery-powered electric aircraft, there are hybrid electric aircraft in which combustion engines or fuel cells are supplemented. See also HY4 (test aircraft with accumulator and fuel cell).
Missiles
In the case of rockets , hybrid propulsion is an engine that burns solid propellant (often HTPB ) with a liquid oxidizer, such as liquid oxygen . This technology combines the easier handling and longer storage life of solid drives with the controllable thrust of liquid drives .
Construction machinery
In construction machinery, for example, there are electric hybrid drives with an electric machine that works as a motor or generator depending on the situation, an accumulator for the intermediate storage of electrical energy and power electronics, as well as conventional units such as gearboxes, hydraulic systems and diesel engines. In the field of work platforms, this type of drive is also known as BI drive.
mechanical engineering
There are many hybrid drives in mechanical engineering, such as the high-load precision adjuster with hybrid drive, which connects the piezo drive and spindle drive and thus allows large travels with an accuracy in the nanometer range.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Class B60K 6/42: Structure of the hybrid electric vehicle
- ↑ Directive 2007/46 / EC (PDF) , p. 5, paragraph 3, point 14
- ↑ Martin Werdich: Stirling machines ISBN 3-922964-35-4 , p. 101
- ↑ A hooter on velvet paws in Der Landbote , Winterthur, July 5, 2013.
- ^ Hybrid-Desiro of the Westfrankenbahn. In: eisenbahnwelt.de. Retrieved January 3, 2016 .
- ↑ Jan-Dirk Franke: Erzgebirgsbahn will soon send the first hybrid train on a test run. In: Free Press . November 3, 2015, accessed January 3, 2016 .
- ↑ Michael Meyer: Scandlines relies fully on battery technology . In: Hansa , issue 12/2015, pp. 44–46
- ↑ Thomas Lang: Hybrid future that drives today . Heel-Verlag, Königswinter 2007, ISBN 978-3-89880-825-5 , page 31
- ↑ BI drive in the lexicon of kunze-buehnen.com
