Hynek Kruschina von Lichtenburg

Hynek Kruschina von Lichtenburg (also: Heinrich (Hinko) Kruschina von Lichtenburg ; Czech: Hynek (Hinko) Krušina IV. Z Lichtenburka ; * 1392 ; † March 4, 1454 in Glatz ) was a Hussite commander and governor and pledge holder of Glatz , Münsterberg and Frankenstein .

Origin, family and possessions

Hynek Kruschina came from the Bohemian noble family Lichtenburg , which in turn was a branch of the powerful Ronowitzers . Hynek's father, Johann Kruschina von Lichtenburg, was a royal castle count and court master as well as governor of the duchy of Schweidnitz-Jauer . After his death in 1407, the sons Hynek, Alexander († around 1422) and Johann inherited the possessions of Opočno , Kumburk and Albrechtice , which Queen Sophie claimed as her marriage property. Since Hynek did not want to come to terms with the loss of Albrechtice, armed conflicts broke out, which were only ended in 1414 in favor of Queen Sophie. Presumably because of indebtedness as a result of the disputes, Hynek had to sell the Opočno estate in the same year, which was intended for Hynek's underage brother Johann. To compensate for this, he acquired the rule of Arnau from Tristan von Redern around 1415 . After Johann was murdered in 1434 after a dispute with the Braunau city ​​council, Arnau fell to Hynek that same year. In 1437 King Sigismund gave him the rule of Miletín , which had already been in his father's possession from 1404 to 1407.

In 1425 or later Hynek married Anna von Hasenburg ( Anna z Házmburka ), a daughter of Wilhelm Zajíc von Hasenburg, who was a declared opponent of the Hussites and was on the side of Emperor Sigismund . Anna and Hynek's son was also named Wilhelm (* before 1430; † around 1487) in honor of his grandfather. Anna von Hasenburg died around 1438.

On September 6, 1440, Hynek acquired from Anna von Kolditz , the widow of the magnate Puta the Elder , who died in 1434 . J. von Častolowitz , his lien over Glatz, Münsterberg and Frankenstein as well as his lands in Eastern Bohemia. There were among others Neuschloss , Rychmberk , Pottenstein , Albrechtice , Chotzen and the Hummel manor . In addition, Častolowitz , for which Hynek granted the mother of the deceased Puta von Častolowitz, Anna († 1454 or earlier), a daughter of Duke Johann II von Teschen-Auschwitz , a lifelong use. At the same time, he undertook to take on the debts on the property and to look after Puta's three daughters appropriately.

Three weeks later, on September 29, 1440, Hynek was married to Anna von Kolditz for the second time. She brought the three underage daughters Anna, Katharina and Salome into the marriage and after the marriage to Hynek gave birth to the daughters Regina and Euphemia.

Career

After the death of Hynek's father, Čeněk von Wartenberg exercised an educational influence on Hynek. That is probably why Hynek took part in the Bohemian Landtag in 1415 , which protested against the condemnation of Johannes Hus at the Council of Constance . Together with his brother Johann and other Bohemian nobles, he appeared publicly in Breslau in 1420 against the later Emperor Sigismund . Shortly afterwards he was appointed captain of a Hussite army during the occupation of Vyšehrad . In the same year he founded the East Bohemian League of Orebites on Mount Horeb near Königgrätz , which was led by the priest Ambrosius and pursued egalitarian goals. Although he rejected the atrocities committed by the Taborites , he is said to have participated in the battle of Aussig in 1426 . In 1428 he submitted to King Sigismund and initially withdrew to his estates.

In February 1437 he took part in the coronation of Emperor Sigismund's wife Barbara as Queen of Bohemia. After Sigismund died in December 1437, Hynek supported the candidacy of Sigismund's son-in-law Albrecht . After he was elected King of Bohemia, Hynek was allowed to wear the king's sword at the coronation on June 29, 1438 in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague and acted as a dean at the festivities that followed . Since Albrecht traveled in October of the year to avert a Polish invasion to Silesia and then to Hungary to fight off the Turks there, he called for the support of the governor Oldřich Celský next Meinhard von Neuhaus and Hanuš of Kolowrat also Hynek in the state administration.

At the end of the 1430s, Hynek tried to expand his possessions in Eastern Bohemia. He succeeded in doing this in 1440 by purchasing the lands of Puta the Elder, who died in 1434. J. von Častolowitz, whose widow Anna von Kolditz he married three weeks later. Negotiations about the sale are said to have been accelerated by the kidnapping of Anna's daughter of the same name, Anna: She was kidnapped in the summer of 1440 by Sigismund von Reichenau , who was also called Rachna , from Glatz Castle to Neuhaus Castle , which was given to him as a fiefdom of Wroclaw Bishop belonged. The background to the kidnapping was Rachna's wish to get a part of her late father's inheritance through a possible marriage to Anna. Anna von Kolditz therefore decided to quickly sell her property to Hynek, from whom she hoped to free her daughter through the subsequent marriage. In negotiations with the Bishop of Wroclaw Konrad von Oels, Hynek first demanded the liberation of his stepdaughter and the punishment of the kidnapper. To reinforce his demand, Hynek began looting in the diocese of Neisse . On December 29, 1440, the bishop undertook to expropriate Rachna and transfer Neuhaus Castle to the family of the kidnapped girl, but hesitated to intervene. At the beginning of 1441 Hynek therefore besieged the castle with his army and freed his stepdaughter; the kidnapper Rachna and his helpers managed to escape to the nearby episcopal castle Kaltenštejn . In accordance with the bishop's promise, Hynek appropriated Neuhaus Castle and deployed his own protective forces and a bailiff there.

In July 1441 Sigismund's widow Barbara returned to Bohemia to take possession of the widow's estate that had been awarded to her. Hynek accompanied her on the way from Glatz to Königgrätz , where she was welcomed by Hynek Ptáček von Pirkstein and other Bohemian aristocrats. A year earlier, at the Nymburg meeting of the East Bohemian Utraquists Hynek Ptaček. In August 1441 Hynek joined the Časlauer Assembly Hynek Ptaček's East Bohemian Landfried ( Landfrýd ), a regional alliance of nobles and cities to maintain peace. There he is said to have come into contact with the robber baron Jan Kolda von Žampach , who illegally held Rychmberk Castle and the Hummel estate, which belonged to the lands that Hynek had acquired from Anna von Kolditz in 1440.

Probably because of Hynek's sympathy for the Utraquists, the enmity with Bishop Konrad von Oels persisted, who blamed Hynek for his Hussite past. The discord led to armed conflicts over the next few years, in which other Silesian princes were also involved. Above all, they rejected Hynek's claim to the Duchy of Münsterberg, in which the Münsterberg estates under the direction of Captain Friedrich Stosch played a decisive role. To deter them and to emphasize his claims on Münsterberg, Hynek Kruschina looted the Heinrichau monastery on July 20, 1442 , with which the Münsterberg patriciate was particularly connected. Another attack with which Hynek wanted to conquer the duchy was successfully repulsed by the Münsterbergers on July 20, 1442.

Presumably for this reason they elected the Přemyslid Duke Wilhelm von Troppau (1410-1452) as their new sovereign on April 25, 1443 , whose mother Catherine was a sister of the last Piast from Münsterberg, Johann . Although Wilhelm also recently started working with Salome, Hynek's stepdaughter and daughter of the late Münsterberger pawnman Puta the Elder. J. von Častolowitz, who was married, was one of Hynek's opponents.

On July 15 and 16, 1443, the Bishop of Breslau and Wilhelm von Münsterberg and their allies besieged Neuhaus Castle, which was in Hynek's possession and is said to have been a robber baron's nest, and conquered it. At the same time, Frankenstein , which at that time belonged to Glatz , was besieged and Karpenstein Castle in the Glatzer Land was destroyed, from which Hynek is said to have undertaken robbery attacks and looting in the diocese.

It was not until the summer of 1444 that the longstanding armed conflicts gradually calmed down. At the end of 1444, the disputes between Wilhelm von Münsterberg and Hynek were also settled, although the latter had never given up his claim to Münsterberg. In the same year Hynek came to the rule of Hummel, which he had been legally entitled to since 1440. The castle of the same name is said to have remained a robber's nest. He is said to have levied high tariffs on the merchants and travelers moving over the Hummel Pass below the castle.

In 1446, Hynek signed a letter to the Pope at the Prague Landtag, asking him to confirm the Prague compacts and to recognize Jan Rokycana as Archbishop. At the Prague Landtag on April 27, 1452, Hynek took part in the election of Georg von Podiebrad as provincial administrator of the Kingdom of Bohemia, which he should exercise until the future King Ladislaus was able to rule . On October 16, 1452, the state parliament passed an election surrender , which was brought to Vienna by a high-ranking embassy, ​​including Hynek.

What remained

Hynek died in Glatz, where he has mostly resided for the last few years. In the Glatzer Land he earned respect because he knew how to keep the armed conflicts from 1441 to 1445 away. He was also held in high regard for his religious tolerance. His body was buried in the Glatzer Augustinian monastery , of which he was a benefactor and with whom he always maintained good relationships. There, on December 9, 1455, Hynek's widow Anna donated a benefit “ that one should sing every dinner day at the Kruschen grap ”. In a necrology of the Kamenz monastery he is referred to as its loyal patron ( fidelis fautor monasterii ).

Just a few weeks after Hynek's death, his son Wilhelm Kruschina sold the lands formerly owned by the Častolowitz family, including the Hummel rulership and the pledges over Glatz, Münsterberg and Frankenstein to the future King of Bohemia , Georg von Podiebrad , to which the neighboring great rule Nachod already rightfully belonged. As a result, Podiebrad succeeded in expanding his territory in Eastern Bohemia and with the Duchy of Münsterberg, which he acquired from Ernst von Troppau in 1456 , also exerting influence in Silesia . In 1459, Podiebrad became a county.

The original Lichtenburg estates Arnau and Kumburk were not initially sold. For reasons unknown, Wilhelm Kruschina soon had to sell Arnau to his stepmother Anna von Kolditz († 1467). He only kept the rule of Kumburk with the castle of the same name, which remained in the possession of his descendants until the end of the 15th century, as well as the rule of Miletín, which his descendants kept until 1522.

Wilhelm Kruschina's sons Johann, Hynek, Bernhard and Smil owned Trautenau in 1527 . Bernhard left the sons Hynek and Johann. Since the latter died in 1539 without any descendants, Hynek's son Johann Bernhard († 1580) was the last descendant of the Lichtenburg family branch of the Kruschina.

literature

• Jan Urban: Lichtenburkové. Vzestupy a pády jednoho panského rodu (= Slechtické rody Cech, Moravy a Slezska 2). Lidové Noviny, Praha 2003, ISBN 80-7106-579-X , pp. 290-318.
• Franz Albert: The history of the Hummel rule and its neighboring areas. Archival studies on the history of the County of Glatz. First part: The rule of Hummel up to the year 1477. Self-published by the author, Münster 1932, pp. 161–165.
• Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 340 and 394.

Individual evidence

1. ^ V. Maiwald: The Braunauer Ländchen during the Husite period . In: Die Husitennot in Glatzer Lande. Commemorative sheets for the 500th anniversary of the area on the Red Mountains (= Glatzer Heimatschriften 30, ZDB -ID 2520906-1 ). Association for Glatzer Heimatkunde, Glatz 1928, pp. 63–68.
2. ↑ Joachim Bahlcke , Winfried Eberhard, Miloslav Polívka (eds.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: Bohemia and Moravia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 329). Kröner, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 3-520-32901-8 , p. LXXII.
3. ^ Friedrich Bernau: Knight Christof von Gendorf and his daughters. In: Karl Prätorius, Hellmut Weber (ed.): Schatzlar. A Sudeten German city in the Bohemian Giant Mountains and the district municipalities. A home book with individual contributions. Weber, Beckingen 1993, pp. 99-101.