Augustinian Canons of Glatz

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The former Augustinian canons of Glatz (also Thumstift Glatz ; Monastery of Mons Mariae Glatz ) was founded in 1349 by the first Archbishop of Prague, Ernst von Pardubitz, in the city of Glatz , which became an important cultural center in Bohemia . Due to the effects of the Reformation , the monastery was handed over to the Jesuits in 1595 by Pope Clement VIII at the instigation of the last provost Christoph Kirmeser .

The history of the monastery can be found in the monastery chronicle Cronica Monasterii Canonicorum Regularium (S. Augustini) in Glacz , which was written by provost Michael Czacheritz and continued after his death in 1489. The original manuscript in Latin, which was found in 1980, was printed in 2003.

history

Ernst / Arnestus von Pardubitz, who later became Archbishop of Prague, spent his childhood in Glatz, where he attended the Johanniterschule and where his father of the same name Ernst the Elder. Ä. Burgrave was. Ernst was a great admirer of the Virgin Mary and, as a child, experienced an apparition of Mary in the parish church of Glatz. Presumably for this reason he founded on March 25, 1349, the feast of the Annunciation , in Glatz a provost of the Regulated Thumherren of the Order of St. Augustini ( Augustinian Canons ), which he preferred because of its decentralized organization. The material foundation of the monastery, in which his brothers Smil and Wilhelm von Pardubitz also participated, took place on February 5, 1350. On this day, the Governor of Glatz, Albrecht von Krenowitz, confirmed the foundations for which Ernst and his brothers were supported by the local aristocracy Renzo and Nikolaus von Glaubitz the goods Nieder- and Oberschwedeldorf , which at that time still formed a unit under the place name "Schweidlersdorf", as well as "Bertholdisdorf" and two and a half Hufen in "Isenrichsdorf" and donated them to the monastery. After the personal inauguration by Archbishop Ernst on March 25, 1350, the Bohemian King Charles IV granted the monastery extensive privileges and rights on October 23, 1350. Because of this, there were disputes with the free judges of Niederschwedeldorf and Batzdorf, whose rights were reduced by the fact that their goods were no longer subject to the free judge, but the jurisdiction of the monastery. The dispute was only settled by the Burgrave of Glatz on behalf of the king in 1366 .

The monastery and the collegiate church ( Thumkirche ) with six bays were built below the former castle, which was located on a hill in the west of the city. As a personal gift, Ernst von Pardubitz gave the Glatzer Madonna for the altar of the collegiate church , one of the most famous panel paintings of that time, which was probably created by the master of Hohenfurth . The monastery was settled by monks from the Augustinian Canons ' Monastery of Raudnitz , which had been founded a few years earlier by the Prague bishop Johann IV of Dražice and which was characterized by a particular zeal for reform. The first provost was the monk Johannes I , who was also from Raudnitz and who held office until 1382.

Archbishop Ernst donated the Kostomlath estate to the monastery in 1352 for further financial support , but the monastery lost it during the Hussite Wars . In order not to endanger the Glatzer Johanniter school, which he had attended himself, Ernst had forbidden the Augustinians to found a school. Nevertheless, in 1365, when his successor Johann Očko von Wlašim was staying in Glatz, they received the approval for a Latin school with which a Konvikt was connected and which was initially allowed to be attended by 16 Glatzer townspeople. In 1378 the then pledgee of the County of Glatz, Jobst von Moravia , exempted the monastery from taxes on several estates, and in 1385 the town council sold them a malt house.

With the Augustinian monastery, Glatz gained supra-regional importance in both the religious and the cultural fields. Glatzer monks were appointed to leadership positions in other Augustinian canons, such as B. the Sagan provost Matthias I. von Pitschen, who officiated there from 1390 to 1394. The first Glatzer provost Johannes († 1382) wrote a two-volume commentary on psalms , and other Glatzer monks were also active as authors. They were also called in to build new pens. At the request of Duke Albrecht V of Austria , the Glatzer monk Andreas was involved in the founding of St. Dorothea in Vienna and in the expansion of the Dürnstein monastery , where he was elected prior in 1416 and provost a year later. As such, he asked the Glatz convent to send two monks. Glatzer Augustinians also supported the re-establishment of the Kazimierz Abbey near Kraków, which was settled with their monks and for which a trilingual psalter was probably created around this time in the Glatzer scriptorium , which was only discovered in the library of St. Florian Abbey in 1827 and has since then known as the Florian Psalter . The Glatzer pawnman Hynek Kruschina von Lichtenburg supported the Glatzer Augustinians and was therefore buried in the collegiate church in 1454. Because of the devastation caused by the Hussite Wars , Heinrich d. Ä. and his wife Ursula von Brandenburg renovated the monastery in 1477 and built the refectory at the same time .

The monastery fell during the Reformation in the 16th century. Presumably for this reason Archbishop Martin Medek von Müglitz appointed the former teacher of the Neiss city ​​school, Christoph Kirmeser , as provost of the Glatzer Augustinians, who, however, did not belong to the order. He campaigned for the Counter Reformation , but had little success with it in the predominantly Lutheran city. Even before 1590 he tried in vain to win the archbishop over to hand over the pen to the Jesuits, as he was no longer able to maintain the pen against the attacks of "the Lutherans, Calvinists and Schwenckfelder". After his request was also rejected by Medek's successor Zbynko Berka von Duba and Leipa , he turned directly to the Pope with the support of the Jesuits, who asked Kirmeser to resign in 1594.

On March 9, 1595, Pope Clement VIII dissolved the order of the Glatzer Augustinian Canons and handed over their possessions to the Jesuits. The remaining Augustinian monks were to be accepted by other monasteries of the order. After Emperor Rudolf II as the Bohemian sovereign agreed to the papal decision, the Prague archbishop had to give up his resistance. On September 28, 1597, two imperial councilors and the Prague provost Leopold Popel von Lobkowitz handed the monastery over to the Jesuit order.

The Glatz estates and the city of Glatz, which demanded that the emperor recall the Augustinian canons, were not heard. Bishop Berka von Duba and Leipa expressed his disappointment in a letter dated September 8, 1597: He had intended to appoint the Glatzer Augustinian provost to a bishopric and the Augustinian provost to a suffragan of Prague. With that, Provost Kirmeser should have been one of the losers. In 1597, with papal and imperial help, he became abbot of the Benedictine monastery of St. Lambrecht in Styria, but gave up just a year later because he was rejected there. In 1598 he became pastor in Sankt Lorenzen im Mürz Valley .

Under the Jesuits, the former Augustinian monastery was converted into the Glatzer Jesuit College . During the Bohemian class uprising , the Jesuits were expelled from Glatz in 1618 and the buildings of the former monastery and the collegiate church were destroyed during the battles for Glatz after the Battle of White Mountain in 1622 and were not rebuilt. After their return in 1624, the Jesuits took over the Johanniterkommende located at the parish church , which they converted into a college in the second half of the 17th century.

Provosts of the monastery and incidents during their term of office

  • 1350–1382 Johannes I was called from the Raudnitz monastery . He was considered learned and wrote a two-volume commentary on the Psalter. In 1353 he acquired the Freirichtergut ( later Vorwerk ) and two mills in Niederschwedeldorf for his monastery . With the archbishop's permission, he built a Latin school for 16 townspeople in 1365. In 1378 he acquired the Lunkach and Chodin estates in Bohemia. After the death of Archbishop Ernst von Pardubitz in 1364, he wrote his biography before 1375.
  • 1382–1396 John II came from Austria. In 1388 he acquired the Vorwerk in Neudeck with the village of Wiedereck from Hans von der Beele for the monastery . After his resignation in 1396, he lived in the Augustinian monastery in Sagan.
  • 1396–1403 Peter , was Chancellor in Breslau before joining the Order . In 1398 he bought a plot of land and four gardeners in Schlegel from Hans von Glaubitz , as well as a plot of land in Ebersdorf ; In 1399 he bought a forest and a meadow in Wernersdorf from Nikolaus Heidenreich .
  • 1403–1413 Augustinus Liebstein , in 1404 acquired a Vorwerk from Reichenau judge Niklas Walter. In 1405 the provost church received a new tower. The Archbishop of Prague granted a 40-day indulgence to finance the construction. In will, the monastery received a Vorwerk near Glatz in 1406, which was later called Thumvorwerk or Thumwiese . In 1408 Propst Augustin bought the Vorwerk in Oberwernersdorf from Hertil von Rankau. Resigned 1413.
  • 1413–1435 Lukas , during his tenure in office the Bohemian Gut Kostomlath was lost due to the Hussite Wars . The monastery estates in the Glatzer Land were partially devastated by the Hussites and the Niederschwedeldorfer Vorwerk burned down. He allowed his monks to go to other monasteries; he himself stayed temporarily in the Breslau monastery of St. Maria auf dem Sande . In 1434 the Bohemian sovereign Sigismund confirmed the previous privileges to the Glatzer Stift. In 1435 Provost Lukas resigned.
  • 1435–1453 Heinrich Foytisdorf came from a wealthy Grottkau family. As the prior of the Glatzer Stift, he participated in the defense of Glatz in 1428 and encouraged the citizens to do the same. As a result, the Hussites gave up the siege. Took part in the Council of Basel , where he was granted further privileges for the monastery. With his will he donated an eighth side altar to the collegiate church.
  • 1453–1455 Jakobus , had the Vorwerk in Niederschwedeldorf rebuilt. During his tenure there were only four monks left in the monastery. With his attempt to reintroduce the monastic order, he could not prevail.
  • 1455–1489 Michael Czacheritz , came from Neisse and was previously a monk in the Dorotheenkloster in Vienna. During his tenure, an interdict was imposed on the County of Glatz because it was attached to King George of Podebrady, who was rejected by the Wroclaws. In 1469 the Vorwerk and parts of Niederschwedeldorf were burned down by the Bohemian rival king Matthias Corvinus and a year later the Thumvorwerk in the Glatzer Vorstadt, among other things, was cremated. In 1475 the Propstei got back the Kostomlath, which had been drafted during the Hussite Wars. The return was made by Duke Heinrich d. Ä. mediated, who after the death of his father Georg von Podiebrad in 1471 had inherited the County of Glatz and was the first Count of Glatz to reside in Glatz. In the same year he confirmed the privileges and rights of the Augustinian monastery. In 1482 Provost Michael bought a plot of land in Oberschwedeldorf from the Glatzer citizen Wenzel Heinrich . There the monastery received a reason from Duke Heinrich the Elder a year later. Ä., Who in exchange received a reason in Niederhennigsdorf . During the tenure of Provost Michael, the number of monks rose to 13.
  • 1489–1504 Benedikt Polkenhayn came from Breslau. Since he refused to introduce indulgences without the permission of the Prague administrators and therefore got into a dispute with Duke Heinrich the Elder. Ä. he left Glatz in 1490 and resigned in Olomouc in 1491 . Although he was supposed to become provost of Landskron , he did not accept this office and eventually became an Augustinian hermit in the Waldheim monastery near Meißen .
  • 1491–1504 Georg Beyer came from Glatz and was prior before. In 1494 Heinrich d. Ä. the provost half of Rückers and Heide as well as Grund in Mügwitz with the obligation to keep an annual memorial with a sung mass on March 23rd after his and his wife's death. In 1499, his sons Albrecht , Georg and Karl confirmed the previous privileges, which they extended to include the right to brew wheat and barley beer as well as serving in the inns of the subordinate villages. The Roman-German King Maximilian I granted the monastery the right to seal with red wax in 1502.
  • 1504–1521 Paulus Osbrand came from Reichenbach .
  • 1521–1522 John III. Valerius
  • 1522 – around 1531 Johannes IV. Forchundt came from Glatz and was a monk of the Breslauer Sandstift. In 1524 sold the Vorwerk Neudeck with the village of Wiedereck to Sebastian Lorenz von Schlabrendorf . Resigned probably around 1531.
  • From 1533–1536, Valentin Kern from Glatz was recorded as provost, to whom the Glatz pledgee Ulrich von Hardegg confirmed his privileges on January 7, 1533 .
  • 1538–1541 Franziskus Schrecker from Glatz; he had been prior of the monastery for many years. On November 25, 1538 he sold a forest near Reichenau to the governor Hans Prag von Wellnitz. Probably died in 1541. After that
  • 1541–1542 John IV. Forchundt once again occupied as provost. In 1542 he sold a field from the Thumvorwerk to build a house.
  • 1543–1545 Martin Klingke from Glatz. In 1543 sold the Vorwerk in Oberwernersdorf with a meadow and a stone quarry to the governor Hans Prag von Wellnitz, to whom a year later he left the half of Rückers belonging to the provost's office.
  • 1545–1568 Johannes V. Laurentius Millmann from Glatz, who had been provost since 1545.
  • 1568–1578 Andreas Johannes Pfeifer from Reinerz . During his tenure, on March 15, 1575, the Bohemian sovereign Maximilian II exchanged the Kostomlath estate for the village of Altwilmsdorf near Glatz, which had previously been owned by the sovereign and thus came to the Glatzer Stift. Provost Andreas Johannes Pfeiffer was relieved of his office in 1578 because of his obnoxious lifestyle. After his release from Prague prison he lived with his brother in Wartha and later returned to the provost's office, where he died in 1587.
  • 1578–1583 John VI. Rutheni (also Johann VI. Ruthein ). Was also removed from office in 1583 and had to leave Glatz.
  • 1583 / 84–1595 Christoph Kirmeser was the last provost of the Glatzer monastery. He was installed by Archbishop Martin Medek von Müglitz , although he did not belong to the order of the Augustinian Canons. Because of the effects of the Reformation, he pursued the transfer of the Augustinian monastery to the Jesuits. In order to make the transition to the Jesuits possible, he submitted his resignation at the request of the Pope in 1595.

literature

  • Arno Herzig , Małgorzata Ruchniewicz : History of the Glatzer Land. DOBU-Verlag et al., Hamburg et al. 2006, ISBN 3-934632-12-2 , pp. 42–47, 85 and 108–113.
  • Joseph Kögler : The chronicles of the county Glatz. Revised and edited by Dieter Pohl . Volume 2: The parish and town chronicles of Glatz - Habelschwerdt - Reinerz with the associated villages. Pohl, Modautal 1993, ISBN 3-927830-09-7 , pp. 89-103 ( historical sources of the county of Glatz. Series A: Ortsgeschichte NF 2).
  • Maximilian Tschitschke: The last provost of the Arnestinian Foundation . In: Glatzer Heimatblätter, Volume 12, 1926, pp. 113–125.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ František Dvorník : The Slavs in European History and Civilization . Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick 1962, ISBN 0-8135-0799-5 , pp. 169 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ Cronica Monasterii Canonicorum Regularium (S. Augustini) in Glacz . Wratislaviae, Univ. Wratislaviensis, Inst. Studiorum Silesiacorum et Bohemicorum, ISBN 83-909164-8-7
  3. ↑ January Kapistrán Vyskočil : Arnost of Pardubice a jeho doba ; Nakladatelství Vyšehrad v Praze, 1947, p. 388.
  4. ↑ Zdeňka Hledíková : Arnošt z Pardubic , Vyšehrad 2008, ISBN 978-80-7021-911-9 , pp. 261-264.

Coordinates: 50 ° 26 ′ 15 ″  N , 16 ° 39 ′ 7 ″  E