Grodków
| Grodków | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||
| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Opole | ||
| Powiat : | Brzeg | ||
| Gmina : | Grodków | ||
| Area : | 9.88 km² | ||
| Geographic location : | 50 ° 42 ' N , 17 ° 23' E | ||
| Height : | 173 m npm | ||
| Residents : | 8706 (December 31, 2016) | ||
| Postal code : | 49-200 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) 77 | ||
| License plate : | IF | ||
| Economy and Transport | |||
| Street : | A 4 | ||
| Rail route : | Nysa – Brzeg | ||
| Next international airport : | Wroclaw Airport | ||
Grodków [ˈɡrɔtkuf] ( German Grottkau , Silesian Gruttke ) is a city in the powiat Brzeski in the Polish Opole Voivodeship . It is the seat of the town-and-country municipality of the same name .
Geographical location
The city is located in the Upper Silesia region on the western edge of the Oder plain on the Grottkauer Wasser ( Grodkowska Struga ), a left tributary of the Glatzer Neisse , about 20 kilometers south of Brzeg , 45 kilometers east of Opole and 60 kilometers southeast of Wroclaw .
City structure
The city of Grodków is divided into the following districts or settlements:
- Stare Miasto ( old town )
- Półwiosek ( Halbendorf )
- Osiedle im. T. Kościuszki
- Osiedle Kwiatowe i Szczęśliwe
history
_ID_609915.jpg)
_ID_609910.jpg)
The place arose at the crossroads of important trade routes. The village of Alt Grottkau initially existed five kilometers south of the later town, which is documented as " villa Grodcobichi" for the year 1210 . In 1234 the locator Gumprecht was commissioned by two Breslau canons to expose villages under German law on the property of 100 Hufen in “Old” and “New Grottkau” that was transferred to him . The village of Grottkau, which was destroyed by the Mongols in 1241, was probably located in the district of Neu Grottkau, which was later referred to as "Klein Neudorf" . In 1268, the Duke of Breslau, Heinrich IV. Grottkau, granted Neumarkt city rights . In 1278 it was moved to its current location. This new city was laid out according to plan and surrounded by a circular city wall. Four main streets led from the ring to the Neisser , Münsterberger , Breslauer and Löwener Tor , which is considered the city's landmark. The parish church, first mentioned in 1282, was initially consecrated to Our Lady .
Grottkau initially belonged to the Duchy of Breslau and after its division in 1311 to the Duchy of Brieg . The Augustinian Hermit Monastery was founded as early as 1294, and a year later a parish school is occupied. Since 1308 the city had a right of deposit and sealing for goods subject to duty.
In 1344, Duke Bolesław III of Brieger sold it . Grottkau and its surroundings to the Breslau bishop Preczlaw von Pogarell , who incorporated it into his spiritual principality Neisse ( diocese land ). This was no longer ruled by the Silesian Piasts since 1342 , as it was now a fiefdom of the Crown of Bohemia . King Wenceslas IV. Appointed the Breslauer prince bishops to vassals of the Kingdom of Bohemia and gave them the same time the title of Duke of Grottkau, which thus gained the rank of duchy. Until the secularization of the diocese in 1810, the Breslau prince-bishops carried the title “Prince of Neisse and Duke of Grottkau”.
During the Hussite Wars , Grottkau suffered severe devastation. In order to avert further dangers, the Silesian princes and estates gathered in Grottkau in 1427, where they agreed on mutual arms aid against the Hussites , which went down in history as the "Grottkau unification". Also in the 16th century some Silesian princely days took place in the city. After the destruction of the Thirty Years' War , Bishop Sebastian von Rostock , who was born in Grottkau and often resided here, made great contributions to the reconstruction and further development of the city.
Before the Battle of Mollwitz on April 10, 1741, the first battles between Prussian and Austrian troops took place in Grottkau and the surrounding area. After the First Silesian War in 1742, Grottkau, like most of Silesia, fell to Prussia. After the Seven Years' War it was raised to a garrison town by the Prussian King Friedrich II . It kept this status until 1945. After the secularization in 1810, the Breslau bishops lost Grottkau together with the Principality of Neisse. After the reorganization of Prussia, the city belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and from 1816 was the seat of the district of Grottkau . At the same reclassification was made by the district Breslau for Region of Opole .
With the commissioning of the railway line from Brieg to Neisse in 1847, Grottkau experienced an economic boom. Another rail link was created in 1891 to Strzelin | Strehlen . In addition to its importance as an agricultural town , the craft and machine shops played an important role. At the beginning of the 20th century, Grottkau had a Protestant church, a Catholic church and a provincial educational institution and was the seat of a local court .
The population grew steadily. 1472 inhabitants are recorded for 1787, 1825 there were 4537 inhabitants in 1886 and 1905. In 1939 there were 4763 inhabitants.
The first acts of war in World War II reached Grottkau in February 1945. From February 5, 1945, the first heavy fighting between the Germans and the Soviet soldiers began. The fighting lasted for several days. The city surrendered on February 8th. Almost 50% of the city center was destroyed in the fighting in the city center. After the end of the war, Grottkau was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet Union . The immigration of Polish migrants began, some of them from eastern Polish areas east of the Curzon Line . At the same time, Grottkau was renamed Grodków . The German population was largely expelled .
From 1945 to 1975 the city was the seat of Powiat Grodkowski. The war damage caused by the invasion of the Red Army in February 1945 was largely repaired.
Demographics
| year | population | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| 1756 | 944 | |
| 1765 | 1035 | |
| 1775 | 1241 | |
| 1780 | 1178 | |
| 1787 | 1472 | |
| 1800 | 1518 | |
| 1816 | 1892 | |
| 1825 | 1886 | including 328 Evangelicals, 16 Jews |
| 1831 | 2000 | |
| 1840 | 2596 | thereof 591 Evangelicals, 1970 Catholics, 35 Jews (currently no military personnel present) |
| 1852 | 3569 | |
| 1855 | 3522 | Civil residents |
| 1861 | 3731 | excluding the garrison (373 people from the Mounted Division of the Silesian Artillery Brigade No. 6), including 770 Protestants, 2877 Catholics, 87 Jews |
| 1867 | 4421 | on December 3rd |
| 1871 | 4368 | on December 1st, of which 974 Protestants, 3317 Catholics, 77 Jews |
| 1890 | 4348 | including 927 Evangelicals, 3654 Catholics, 55 Jews |
| 1900 | 4146 | with the garrison (a division of field artillery No. 21), mostly Catholics |
| 1910 | 4695 | on December 1st |
| 1933 | 4721 | |
| 1939 | 4763 |
Attractions
_ID_609910.jpg)
_ID_609911.jpg)
_ID_609916.jpg)
- The parish church of St. Michael was first mentioned in 1282. It was consecrated to Our Lady until 1473 and then to the Archangel Michael . It was rebuilt after a fire in 1449, as well as after the destruction of the Thirty Years' War. The architectural main altar, which was donated by Pastor Heinrich Schmidt in 1728, was created by the Swabian sculptor Michael Kössler , the painting Coronation of Mary by the Falkenberg painter Melchior Franziskus Ansi. In 1892/93 the church was regotized. The church houses several epitaphs and gravestones , including those for the mayor Valentin Hiltprant, who died in 1611.
- The former Protestant parish church to the north-east of the ring was built from 1844 to 1847 according to a design by the architect Friedrich August Stüler in the neo-Romanesque style. Because of the steadily decreasing number of Protestant parishioners in the city after 1945, the church is no longer used; it was closed shortly after World War II and left to decay.
- The first town hall from the 14th or 15th century was rebuilt in 1551. In 1840 a new building was built according to a design by the Opole architect Philippi, whereby the original tower with Gothic and Renaissance elements was integrated. Inside there is a plaque with the coat of arms of Bishop Balthasar von Promnitz and an inscription about the reconstruction from 1551.
- Remains of the city wall with two preserved city gates. It was built around 1280–1301 while Grottkau was part of the Duchy of Wroclaw and was first mentioned in 1296. At that time the Duke Schweidnitzer exercised Bolko I. legal custody of the minor children of his deceased brother Henry V out.
- Ring ( Rynek ) with individual preserved town houses from the 17th to 19th centuries.
- 18th century brick windmill .
- Monument to Joseph Xaver Elsner in front of the town hall.
- Jubilee Park east of the old town
Personalities
_(2).jpg)
sons and daughters of the town
- Melchior Adam (≈1575–1622), lexicographer, one of the first authors of biographical reference works in Germany
- Sebastian von Rostock (1607–1671), Bishop of Breslau
- Silvius Leopold Weiss (1687–1750), composer and lute virtuoso
- Joseph Xaver Elsner (1769–1854), composer, conductor and music teacher
- Friedrich Häusler (1780–1865), officer
- Hermann von Roeder (1797–1857), major general
- Gustav von Roeder (1805–1878), lawyer
- Julius von Roeder (1808–1889), Lieutenant General
- August Bernert (1850–1920), Lord Mayor of Ratibor
- Hans Carl Günther von Jagemann (1859–1926), Professor of German Studies at Harvard University
- Bruno von Kern (1860–1932), General
- Robert Sommer (1864–1937), psychiatrist
- Ulrich Nitschke (1879–1971), sculptor and painter
- Hans Fischer (1932–2019), ethnologist
- Helmut Neubach (1933–2019), historian
- Horst Zimmermann (* 1936), FDGB and SED functionary
- Herbert Kierstein (1938–2017), full-time employee of the GDR State Security
- Hans-Martin Müller-Laube (* 1940), legal scholar
- Janusz Szrom (* 1968), jazz singer and composer
- Jacek Gutorow (* 1970), literary historian, prose writer, essayist and translator
Personalities who have worked on site
- Christoph Wilhelm von Jutrzenka († after 1788), 1785 to 1788 City Director or Rathmann in Grottkau
- Heinrich von Roeder (1742–1821), major general, died in Grottkau
- Karl von Roeder (1787–1856), Prussian lieutenant general, grew up in Grottkau
- Johannes Ronge (1813–1887), founder of German Catholicism, was chaplain in Grottkau from 1840 to 1843, where he wrote the essay “Rome and the Breslau Cathedral Chapter”, which led to his impeachment
- Hermann Robert Knothe (1815–1892), Prussian lieutenant general, died in Grottkau
- Moritz Graf von Strachwitz (1822–1847), ballad poet, did his legal clerkship at the Grottkau district court
- Maximilian von Garnier (1844–1888), lawyer and politician, died in Grottkau
- Jakob Vonderlinn (1855–1939), university professor, died in Grottkau
- Carl Rudolf Pfahl (1822–1901), administrative lawyer, special commissioner in Grottkau
- Willi Reschke (1922–2017), fighter pilot, student at the pilot school in Grottkau
traffic
The national roads Droga wojewódzka 378 , 385 and 401 lead through Grodków . Grodków is located on the Nysa – Brzeg railway , which was opened on December 15, 1891 by the Prussian State Railways . At the Grottkau stop, the Grodków Śląski – Głęboka Śląska railway branched off from the Nysa – Brzeg railway.
Town twinning
- Heringsdorf , Germany
- Beckum , Germany
local community
The urban-and-rural municipality Grodków covers an area of 286.4 square kilometers.
literature
- Felix Triest : Topographical Handbook of Upper Silesia , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, pp. 1179-1183 .
- Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, towns, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, pp. 830-831 .
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 162-164, 536.
- Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland, Silesia. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 338–341.
- Bernhard W. Scholz: The spiritual principality Neisse. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2011, ISBN 978-3-412-20628-4 (With a list of the localities of the Principality of Neisse on pages 338–397 and a map of the villages and towns of the Principality of Neisse 1650 on the trailer).
- Gustav Neumann : The German Empire in geographical, statistical and topographical relation. 2nd edition of Geography of the Prussian State. Volume 2. Müller, Berlin 1874, pp. 185–186, item 16 ( scan in Google book search).
- Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, towns, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, pp. 830-831 ( scan in the Google book search).
- Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, towns, cities and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration. Melcher, Breslau 1830, p. 935 ( scan in Google book search).
Web links
- History. In: grodkow.pl (Polish)
- The home of the Grottkauer with brief information on local history. In: schlesisches-museum.de, Schlesisches Museum zu Görlitz , August 12, 2011
- Historical and current recordings as well as geographical location. In: polska-org.pl (Polish)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 8, Leipzig / Vienna 1907, p. 433 .
- ↑ Historia. In: grodkow.pl, accessed on July 16, 2017 (Polish).
- ↑ a b c d e f g Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 1181 .
- ^ History of Grottkau. In: vogel-soya.de, accessed on July 16, 2017 (Source: Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien. 1864/65).
- ^ Gustav Neumann : Geography of the Prussian State. 2nd edition, Volume 2, Berlin 1874, pp. 185–186, item 16.
- ↑ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which now belongs entirely to the province, and the County of Glatz; together with the attached evidence of the division of the country into the various branches of civil administration. Melcher, Breslau 1830, p. 935 .
- ^ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia. 2nd Edition. Graß, Barth and Comp., Breslau 1845, pp. 830-831 .
- ↑ a b Felix Triest : Topographisches Handbuch von Oberschlesien , Wilh. Gottl. Korn, Breslau 1865, p. 1177, number 1 .
- ^ A b Royal Statistical Bureau: The municipalities and manor districts of the province of Silesia and their population. Based on the original materials of the general census of December 1, 1871. Berlin 1874, pp. 406–407, item 1 .
- ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. grottkau.html. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ gemeindeververzeichnis.de
Bąków (Bankau) | Bogdanów (Boitmannsdorf) | Gałązczyce (Giersdorf) | Gierów (Gührau) | Głębocko ( Deep Sea ) | Gnojna (Olbendorf) | Gola Grodkowska (Guhlau) | Grodków (Grottkau) | Jaszów (Seiffersdorf near Ottmachau) | Jeszkotle (Jäschkittel) | Jędrzejów (Endersdorf) | Kobiela (Kühschmalz) | Kolnica (Lichtenberg) | Kopice (Koppitz) | Lipowa (German Leippe) | Lubcz (Leuppusch) | Mikołajowa (Niklasdorf) | Młodoszowice (Zindel) | Nowa Wieś Mała (Klein Neudorf) | Osiek Grodkowski (Osseg) | Polana (Ebenau) | Przylesie Dolne (Nieder-Seiffersdorf) | Rogów (Rogau) | Starowice Dolne (Hönigsdorf) | Strzegów (Striegendorf) | Sulisław (Zülzhoff) | Tarnów Grodkowski (Tharnau bei Grottkau) | Wierzbna (Würben) | Wierzbnik (Herzogswalde) | Więcmierzyce (Winzenberg) | Wojsław (Woisselsdorf) | Wojnowiczki (Klein Zindel) | Wójtowice (Vogtsdorf) | Zielonkowice (Grünheide) | Żarów (Sorgau) | Żelazna (March Village)