Ernst von Pardubitz

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Ernst von Pardubitz with his coat of arms (14th century)
Ernst von Pardubitz, copper engraving by Johann Balzer
Coat of arms Ernst von Pardubitz, Archbishop of Prague

Ernst von Pardubitz (Czech: Arnošt z Pardubic , Latin: Arnestus de Pardubitz ; * around 1300, probably in Hostinka in Eastern Bohemia; †  June 30, 1364 in Raudnitz ) was bishop of Prague in 1343/1344 and then the first archbishop of the archbishopric founded in 1344 Prague and first Chancellor of Charles University, founded in 1348 . He also worked as an advisor to the Bohemian king and later emperor Charles IV.

Another possible place of birth is Glatz , where his father was a burgrave around 1300 and where Ernst claims to have spent his childhood. The Hostinná near Böhmisch-Brod mentioned in older sources , which was never in the possession of its ancestors, has recently been rejected as unlikely. Likewise, the previously suspected tribal and coat of arms relationship with the Lords of Malowetz ( Malovcové z Malovic ) is refuted by the latest research.

Origin and education

Ernst von Pardubitz, who came from the noble family Pardubitz , is often referred to in the literature as Ernst von Prag or Arnestus von Pardubitz . He was the eldest son of the knight Ernst von Hostina the Elder. Ä. ( Arnošt z Hostýně starší ). Around 1300 he was burgrave and governor of the Bohemian king in Glatz. Between 1327 and 1330 he exchanged his rule of Vízmburk ( meadow castle) for the rule of Pardubitz with Puta von Dauba ( Půta z Dubé ) . From around 1340 the family used the predicate of Pardubitz / z Pardubic .

Ernst von Pardubitz was probably from 1305 to 1310 a student of the Latin school of the hospital lords of St. John of Jerusalem , then he attended the school of the Benedictine monastery in Braunau . Since Prague at that time had no university, he then studied at the universities of Bologna and Padua theology and law and completed his studies as a licentiate of canon law ( ius canonicum ). He then spent some time at the papal court in Avignon .

Church and political work

Ernst von Pardubitz: cenotaph made of white marble

After returning to Prague, Ernst von Pardubitz became canon in 1339 and dean of the Prague cathedral chapter in 1340 . In 1342 he was the envoy of King John of Luxembourg at the papal court in Avignon, where he was also appointed Canon of Wroclaw . After the death of Johann IV. Von Dražice he was appointed bishop of the diocese of Prague in 1343 and after its separation from the Mainz Metropolitan Association and the elevation to the archbishopric on April 30, 1344 appointed the first archbishop of Prague. At the same time, the bishopric in Olomouc and Litomysl were subordinated to the Archdiocese of Prague as suffragan dioceses .

With Ernst von Pardubitz a new epoch of church history began in Bohemia. He dedicated himself to the organization of the newly founded archdiocese, which was one of the largest dioceses and was divided into ten archdiaconates . With his legal experience, he initiated, among other things, the definition of new statutes and the written administration with official books and foundation registers. He also issued ordinances against usury and usurers, against heretics, but also against superstition and sorcery. For the Prague Cathedral he had statutes drawn up, which laid down the rights and duties of each individual. At the reform synod of 1349, provincial statutes for his archbishopric were adopted for the first time ( Statuta Arnošta z Pardubic ). Further synods followed in 1353, 1355, 1361 and 1362.

In 1344 he laid the foundation stone for the construction of the St. Vitus Cathedral on the Hradschin , the Bohemian royal seat. In 1348 he was one of the co-founders of Charles University in Prague and became its first chancellor and major sponsor.

On March 25, 1349 he founded the Augustinian Canons' Monastery in Glatz , to which he, together with his brothers Smil and Wilhelm, bought the goods Nieder- and Oberschwedeldorf on February 5, 1350 , which at that time still formed a unit under the name of "Schweidlersdorf" , as well as "Bertholdisdorf" and two and a half hooves in "Isenrichsdorf" . Also as a personal gift the panel painting of the Glatzer Madonna and the carved Madonna with the sparrow . In the same year he bought a house opposite the Johanniterkommende , which he transferred to the Coming Party as a foundation. It was intended as accommodation for the mansionaries of the coming, who were to take over the organization of solemn services. For the current maintenance of the mansionaries he transferred the income from the village of Lhota districtus Mutensis near Hohenmaut , which belonged to him and his brothers as a family property. The Augustinian monasteries in Rokytzan and Jermer are also among the foundations .

In the administration of the archbishopric rule he tried to improve the economy and to increase the income. With the purchase of the Rožmitál rule, he increased the episcopal property. He had the episcopal towns and castles restored and a new castle built in Příbram . The cities of Böhmisch Brod , Bischofteinitz and Raudnitz received fortification walls.

Relations with the royal family

Ernst von Pardubitz was closely associated with the Bohemian royal family. He was sponsored by the Bohemian King John of Luxembourg. During his studies he got to know his son, the later emperor and king of Bohemia, Charles IV. They were both deeply friends. Ernst became his diplomat and advisor and crowned him King of Bohemia in 1347. In 1346 and 1350 Ernst was the royal envoy to the papal court in Avignon. In 1348 he accompanied Charles IV to Passau, to Brandenburg and to the Reichstag in Nuremberg, in 1353 and 1357 to Vienna, in 1355 to the imperial coronation in Rome and in 1356 to Breslau . In 1358 he rode from Breslau to Lithuania on behalf of the emperor to invite Grand Duke Olgierd to be baptized in Breslau for the coming Christmas, but was unsuccessful. In 1361 he took part in the Reichstag in Nuremberg, where he baptized Charles IV's first-born son Wenceslaus IV on April 11 in the St Sebalduskirche , whom he crowned King of Bohemia two years later in St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague. In 1363 he accompanied Charles IV again to Nuremberg and in 1364 to Bautzen . Three of Charles IV's wives were also crowned queens of Bohemia by Ernst von Pardubitz.

meaning

During his tenure as archbishop, religious and ecclesiastical life developed in his diocese. His reforms and his political activities were decisive foundations for the close connection between ecclesiastical and secular power for the area of ​​the Crown of Bohemia . His death was a great loss not only for the emperor and the young King Wenceslaus, but also for the whole country, as he was revered for his political farsightedness and diplomatic skill, but also for his good deeds. He was one of the most learned men of his time and one of the most important personalities in the circle of Charles IV.

Testament, burial and veneration

With his will from the year 1352 Ernst von Pardubitz determined that a stone church should be built in Glatz instead of the wooden one and that he wanted to be buried in this church. He handed the will, together with the description of an apparition of Mary he experienced as a boy, to the Opatowitz abbot Jan Neplach for safekeeping.

On June 30, 1364 Archbishop Ernst died in the archbishopric castle in Raudnitz an der Elbe. His body was transferred to Glatz and buried in the parish church in the presence of Abbot Jan Neplach, who read out the documents he had kept. In this church, Ernst von Pardubitz had an apparition of Mary as a boy when the face of the image of Mary on the main altar turned away from him during Vespers .

The first tomb attributed to the Parler workshop in Prague dates from 1364 to 1370. It shows a white limestone figure on a tumba made of red marble. In 1468 the marble is said to have secreted an oily liquid three times, which was venerated as a relic with the consent of the then papal legate Rudolf von Rüdesheim . The tomb is in the left aisle and is partially cracked or destroyed.

A new high grave was created in 1870 by the Berlin sculptor Johannes Janda from white marble and placed in the nave of the church. It depicts Arnestus von Pardubitz kneeling, with his face turned towards the altar. In 1960 it was moved to the left aisle.

Because of his love for Glatz, Ernst von Pardubitz, who was never canonized , was worshiped as a saint in the former county of Glatz . That is probably why the Kłodzko region belonged to the Archdiocese of Prague until 1972, despite the political changes.

Biographies

The dean of the Vyšehrad chapter , Wilhelm von Leskau ( Vilém z Lestková ) , wrote a first description of the life of Archbishop Ernst . It appeared before 1369 under the title "Vita Arnesti primi archiepiscopi ecclesiae Pragensis".

The Augustinian provost Johann I , who was in office from 1350 to 1382, wrote another vita. It also records the miracles that were known up to that point and which are said to have occurred at Ernst's grave in the Glatz parish church. It must have been written well before 1375, as it was used by the court chronicler Benesch von Weitmühl, who died that year, for the fourth book of the Chronica Boemorum , which he continued . After 1456, the Augustinian provost Michael Czacheritz also used the template of provost Johann I for the chronicle of the Glatzer Augustinian monastery .

In 1516, the Breslau canon Valentin Krautwald wrote the “Descripcio vite pii patris Arnesti, Pragensis ecclesie archiepiscopi primi, per Valentinum Crautvaldum”. It was supposed to serve as preparation for the canonization , which had come to a standstill because of the Hussite Wars . A corresponding application procedure by the responsible Archbishopric of Prague was not possible at that time, as the office of archbishop was vacant from 1434 to 1561 and was administered by administrators appointed by the Pope during the vacancy . Krautwald's Latin script, together with a German document from Duke von Münsterberg and Count von Glatz Karl I, has been preserved in a single manuscript in the Vatican Library . Both were only discovered in 1995 by the historian Zdeňka Hledíková and published in 1997 with a Czech translation. Krautwald also used a compilation of the miracles attributed to Archbishop Ernst in addition to the previously known vitae. They were recorded in 1507 by the Glatzer pastor Nikolaus Antelmann. In the document of Duke Charles I, a miracle is recorded that the former bishop of Greater Oradin and administrator of the Olomouc bishopric, the Franciscan Johann Filipec , is said to have experienced during a stay in Glatz. Johann Filipec made a corresponding report to the then Glatzer sovereign Heinrich the Elder. Ä. in the presence of his sons. The incident must therefore have occurred before 1498, since Heinrich the Elder. Ä. passed away that year.

In 1664 Bohuslav Balbín , who had been a student at the Glatzer Jesuit College , wrote his "Vita Venerabilis Arnesti (vulgo Ernesti), primi Archiepiscopi Pragensis". However, he was not aware of Krautwald's biography, which was probably lost in the turmoil of the Reformation .

Works

  • Statuta provincialia Ernesti archiepiscopi primi Pragensis, ante annos ducentos et octoginta novem publicata opera, studio, sumptibus Georgii Bartholdi Pontani à Braitenberg , Prague 1606, Straus Digitalisat publishing house
  • Cancellaria Arnesti [formula book] . In: Fr. Tadra: Archive for Austrian History . Volume 61, 1880, p. 267 ff.
  • Mariale Ernesti . In: Mariale parvum . Edited by Franz Johann Endler, Regensburg 1905, Manz publishing house.

literature

Web links

Commons : Arnošt z Pardubic  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ The alleged date of birth March 25, 1297 is not documented by contemporary sources and only came up in the 19th century. See page 26 in reference Jaroslav Polc: Ernst von Pardubitz
  2. ↑ Information about "Hostinka" according to recent literature, e.g. B. Zdeňka Hledíková : Arnošt z Pardubic , Vyšehrad 2008, ISBN 978-80-7021-911-9 , pp. 13 and 17-19.
  3. ^ Václav Chaloupecký: Arnošt z Pardubic, první arcibiskup pražský . In: Stopami věků , Praha 1946, p. 64.
  4. ↑ See report on uvalsko.cz
  5. ↑ See Zdeňka Hledíková: Arnošt z Pardubic: arcibiskup, zakladatel, rádce. , P. 14 and 26
  6. ↑ January Kapistrán Vyskočil: Arnost of Pardubice a jeho doba ; Nakladatelství Vyšehrad v Praze, 1947, p. 388.
  7. ^ Franz Albert: The mansionaries of Archbishop Ernst von Pardubitz . In: Arnestus von Pardubitz ; Grafschaft Glatzer Buchring, Volume 35, pp. 52-54
  8. ↑ See page 41 in reference Jaroslav Polc.
  9. ^ Johannes Miller, SJ: Historia Beatissimae Virginis Glacensis . Publisher by Andreas Frantz Pega , Glatz 1690, p. 53f. Digitized
  10. ↑ Joseph Kögler : The chronicles of the county Glatz. Volume 2: The parish and town chronicles of Glatz, Habelschwerdt, Reinerz with the associated villages . Revised by Dieter Pohl . ISBN 3-927830-09-7 , pp. 36f.
  11. ↑ Zdeňka Hledíková, Jana Zachová: Život Arnošta z Pardubic podle Valentina Krautwalda [The life of Ernst von Pardubitz as told by Valentin Krautwald], Pardubice 1997, ISBN 80-86046-25-7 .
predecessor Office successor
John IV of Dražice Archbishop of Prague
1343–1364 		Johann Očko of Wlašim
personal data
SURNAME Ernst von Pardubitz
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Arnestus von Pardubitz; Arnest of Pardubice; Ernst of Prague; Arnošt z Pardubic (Czech); Arnestus de Pardubitz; Ernesti de Pardubitz; Ernesti de Pardubic (Latin); Ernst Malowetz von Pardubitz
BRIEF DESCRIPTION first bishop, then archbishop of Prague, chancellor of Charles University, advisor to Emperor Charles IV.
DATE OF BIRTH around 1300
PLACE OF BIRTH unsure: Hostinka
DATE OF DEATH June 30, 1364
Place of death Raudnitz