Broumov

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Broumov
Broumov coat of arms
Broumov (Czech Republic)
Paris plan pointer b jms.svg
Basic data
State : Czech RepublicCzech Republic Czech Republic
Region : Královéhradecký kraj
District : After that
Area : 2,226 ha
Geographic location : 50 ° 35 '  N , 16 ° 20'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 35 '8 "  N , 16 ° 19' 55"  E
Height: 395  m nm
Residents : 7,444 (Jan 1, 2019)
Postal code : 549 83-550 01
License plate : H
traffic
Street: Meziměstí - Kłodzko
Police nad Metují - Janovičky
Railway connection: Meziměstí – Ścinawka Średnia
structure
Status: city
Districts: 8th
administration
Mayor : Jaroslav Bitnar (as of 2017)
Address: třída Masarykova 239
550 14 Broumov 1
Municipality number: 573922
Website : www.broumov-mesto.cz

Broumov ( German Braunau ) is a city in the Czech Republic on the border with the Polish Lower Silesian Voivodeship .

geography

Broumov is located at the confluence of the Liščí potok ( Voigtsbach ) in the river Steine in the northeastern part of Bohemia , about 30 km south of Wałbrzych ( Waldenburg ), 34 km northwest of Kłodzko ( Glatz ) and 30 km northeast of Náchod ( Nachod ) and belongs to Königgrätz region .

To the west of the city are the Braunau walls and the Adersbacher and Weckelsdorfer Felsen , two natural monuments. Due to the bizarre rock formations there, they are a popular destination for tourists. The city is the center of the Braunauer Ländchen ( Broumovsko ).

history

Monastery complex around 1850
Marketplace
Marian column in Broumov's market square
Benedictine Abbey Church

The city of Braunau was shaped by the activity of the Benedictine order in the Abbey of St. Wenceslas for over seven centuries from the time it was founded . The rapid rise of the city was largely due to the prosperity of the cloth-making industry , whose sales markets were mainly in the interior of Bohemia and in neighboring Silesia .

The Braunauer Land was colonized by the Benedictine Břevnov Abbey . Presumably in 1255 Braunau was founded as a market town and from then on it formed the economic center and the administrative center of the order's manorial rule . In 1348 the abbot of Břevnov Monastery was granted the same rights over his subjects by Emperor Charles IV as the royal cities of Glatz and Königgrätz had at that time.

The historic town center of Braunau was laid out on a spur between the Voigtsbach and the Steine; it has a typical Silesian floor plan. Two parallel main streets delimit the large market square on two sides and meet at the city gates opposite each other. The edge of a rock ledge was reserved for a castle and the parish church after the planning of the locator . Below the city walls, the suburbs Obersand, Mitteland and Niedersand were founded with mills, wholesalers, fortified farms, baths and hospitals .

The original wooden structure from the Middle Ages has disappeared after several fires, with the exception of the cemetery church of Our Lady. After a fire in 1306, the castle was converted into a fortified monastery with the Church of St. Adalbert. Like the monastery church, the parish church of St. Peter and Paul was built of stone.

Braunau became one of the most important cultural centers in north-east Bohemia in the course of the 14th century. Construction of the city wall began in 1357. The work was finished in 1380. Growing prosperity led to the construction of stone houses on the Ringplatz and the adjoining streets. The monastery was also rebuilt in the Renaissance style after the great fire in 1549.

Braunau joined the Hussite movement in the 15th century . As part of the Counter-Reformation , the Catholic League closed the Wenceslas Church in Braunau, which was used by Protestants, in 1617. The Protestant estates of Bohemia saw this, as in the parallel demolition of the church in the monastery grave , a violation of the religious freedom granted in the majesty of 1609 and rose in the Bohemian estates revolt against the rule of the Habsburgs , which triggered the Thirty Years War .

During the Baroque period there was a general rise in the Břevnov Abbey. After overcoming the catastrophic consequences of the Thirty Years' War, the order achieved considerable economic income, especially under the abbots Thomas Sartorius (1663–1700) and Othmar Daniel Zinke (1700–1738). This enabled all churches in Braunau and the convent destroyed by the conflagration to be renewed according to designs by the master builder Martin Allio . Under the direction of Christoph Dientzenhofer , the terraces and courtyards were built, the collegiate high school and the collegiate pharmacy were built. Finally, the designs by Kilian Ignaz Dientzenhofer were also implemented, which included the entire renovation of the Braunau monastery in the years 1728–38.

The Silesian Wars had disastrous effects on the city of Braunau. On the one hand, there was looting by troops passing by, and on the other, centuries-old trade and cultural relations were interrupted by the Prussian occupation of Silesia and Glatz . Due to the events of the war, the order's building activity was limited to repairs after the fires in 1757 and 1759. In its popular form, the baroque culture in the Braunauer Ländchen survived until 1848.

In the first half of the 19th century, with the beginning of industrialization, the first industrial plants were built, and outside the city wall, mansions for the manufacturers and rental houses for the working people. On July 14, 1847, the Braunau meteorite fell between Braunau and Hauptmannsdorf . In 1856 Josef von Schroll set up a successful mechanical weaving mill in Ölberg, which was followed by two more factories in Braunau in 1860 and 1876 . After the end of inheritance, Braunau became the seat of a district court in 1850 ( judicial district Braunau ).

The German war of 1866 and its economic consequences resulted in a wave of emigration to Latin America , especially to Chile . So in 1875 north of Puerto Montt the place Nueva Braunau founded.

After the end of World War I and the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy , Braunau came to the newly founded Czechoslovakia on October 28, 1918, like all of Bohemia, through the Treaty of Saint-Germain in September 1919 and was occupied by Czech troops. In the interwar period, new suburban settlements emerged; north - on Trautenauer Strasse, the "stump colony", west - on the road to Weckersdorf - the "Neue Heimat", as well as south on the road to the Krim houses the "Siedlung am Schafferberg".

After the Munich Agreement of 30 September 1938, the city with the newly formed was Reichsgau Sudetenland to the German Reich incorporated and was county seat of the district Braunau in the administrative district of Usti nad Labem . In 1939 the settlement was named "New Home" in honor of the National Socialist politician Hubert Birke and was renamed "Hubert-H.-Birke-Siedlung". On May 9, 1945 at the end of the Second World War, Braunau was occupied by units of the Red Army , and political administration was taken over by the emerging Czechoslovak authorities. In the upheaval of the first weeks after the war, there was looting. Land, houses and businesses were taken over by new settlers from the neighboring districts of Eastern Bohemia, Slovakia and re-immigrants from abroad. Thus the population of Braunau had become largely Czech-speaking. In the period after 1945, the Fathers of Broumov Abbey came to the Rohr monastery (Lower Bavaria) as expellees ; the Augustinian Canons have been secularized since 1803 , settled there and founded the Johannes Nepomuk Gymnasium Rohr in Lower Bavaria in 1947. In 1961 the city lost its status as a district town and came to Okres Náchod.

Demographics

Until 1945 Braunau was mostly populated by German Bohemia , which were expelled .

Population development until 1945
year Residents Remarks
1830 2,908 in 424 houses
1834 3,019 in 424 houses
1900 7,609 German residents
1930 7,356
1939 6,379
Population since the end of the Second World War
year 1947 1 1970 1980 1991 2001 2003 2006
Residents 4,557 7,814 7,834 8,076 8,361 8,654 8,254
1 on May 22nd

City structure

The town of Broumov consists of the districts Broumov ( Braunau ), Olivětín ( Mount of Olives ), Poříčí ( Sand ), Nové Město , Colony 5. května , Velká Ves ( large village ), Benešov ( Straßenau ) and Rožmitál ( Rose Valley ) . Basic settlement units are Benešov, Broumov-střed, Nové Město, Olivětín, Olivětín-východ, Plochý vrch, Rožmitál, Sídliště Křinické, Spořilov ( stump colony ), U nádáží, U Stěnavy and Velká Ves.

The municipality is divided into the cadastral districts of Benešov u Broumova, Broumov, Rožmitál and Velká Ves u Broumova.

Economy and Infrastructure

The production facility with offices of the Veba weaving mill

Roads 302 and 303 run through Broumov, and a motorway connection to the D11 is planned.

The city's main employer is the Veba weaving mill , which also has two hotels in Broumov. Another important company is the filter sheet manufacturer Hobra Školník, which is located on the outskirts.

Attractions

Wenceslas Church
Mariakirche
  • City fortifications
  • Broumov Benedictine Abbey
  • Bridge on the way to Hauptmannsdorf ( Hejtmánkovic ) with statues of St. John Nepomuk and St. Wenceslaus (19th century)
  • Church of St. Peter and Paul ( Kostel svatého Petra a Pavla )
  • Church of St. Wenceslas ( Kostel svatého Václava )
  • Wooden Marienkirche at the cemetery
  • Statue of St. Florian on the Small Square
  • Plague column with statue of the Virgin Mary in the main square

Town twinning

Personalities

Stiftsgymnasium
sons and daughters of the town
Honorary citizen
Other people
  • Alois Jirásek (1851–1930), writer and historian, attended the Stiftsgymnasium
  • Jiří Petr (1931–2014), Rector Emeritus Prague-Suchdol, graduated from high school at the collegiate high school

Curiosity

The German Reich President Paul von Hindenburg thought throughout his life that Adolf Hitler , who was born in Braunau am Inn in Upper Austria , would come from the Bohemian Braunau, and therefore always called him the “Bohemian private”. This confusion was also widespread in the German press. Carl von Ossietzky asked in June 1930 in the magazine Die Weltbühne : "Why has no German government thought of finally expelling Adolf Hitler from Braunau (Czechoslovakia)?" The background to this supposed confusion, that of Hindenburg probably as deliberately used a derogatory term was that Hindenburg had got to know the Bohemian Braunau during the German War .

literature

  • Lillian Schacherl: Bohemia, cultural image of a landscape . Prestel Verlag Munich 1966; there: The Braunauer Ländchen, pp. 277–281 with illustrations.

Web links

Commons : Broumov  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikisource: Braunau in the Topographia Bohemiae, Moraviae et Silesiae  - sources and full texts

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/obec/573922/Broumov
  2. ↑ Český statistický úřad - The population of the Czech municipalities as of January 1, 2019 (PDF; 7.4 MiB)
  3. ↑ Heinrich Gottfried Gengler: Regesten and documents on the constitutional and legal history of German cities in the Middle Ages . Erlangen, p. 280 .
  4. ↑ Yearbooks of the Bohemian Museum of Natural and Regional Studies, History, Art and Literature . Volume 2, Prague 1831, p. 193, item 7).
  5. ↑ Johann Gottfried Sommer : The Kingdom of Bohemia . Volume 4: Königgrätzer Kreis , Prague 1836, p. 176, item 1).
  6. ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 3, Leipzig and Vienna 1905, p. 349, item 1) .
  7. ^ A b Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Braunau district (Czech Broumov). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  8. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/casti-obce-obec/573922/Obec-Broumov
  9. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/zsj-obec/573922/Obec-Broumov
  10. ↑ http://www.uir.cz/katastralni-uzemi-obec/573922/Obec-Broumov
  11. ↑ Petr Vaňous: 140 po dálnici? V hledáčku per D11 . In: Náchodský deník . September 24, 2019 ( denik.cz [accessed March 29, 2020]).
  12. ↑ ROTTER, Johann Nepomuk OSB, 1807-1886 - Biographia Benedictina. Retrieved November 24, 2019 .
  13. ^ Konrad Heiden : Adolf Hitler. The age of irresponsibility. Europa Verlag, Zurich 1936, Reprint 2007, p. 288.
  14. ↑ Carl von Ossietzky: “Der Pabst”, in: Die Weltbühne, June 24, 1930, p. 937.
  15. ↑ Heinrich Drimmel: Gott get: Biography of an epoch . Amalthea, 1976, p. 65 .