Wałbrzych
Wałbrzych Waldenburg |
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Basic data | ||
State : | Poland | |
Voivodeship : | Lower Silesia | |
Powiat : | District-free city | |
Area : | 84.80 km² | |
Geographic location : | 50 ° 46 ' N , 16 ° 17' E | |
Height : | 450-500 m npm | |
Residents : | 111,896 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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Postal code : | 58-300 to 58-316 | |
Telephone code : | (+48) 74 | |
License plate : | DB | |
Economy and Transport | ||
Street : | Wrocław - Golińsk | |
Rail route : | Jelenia Góra – Wałbrzych , Wałbrzych – Kłodzko | |
Wroclaw – Wałbrzych | ||
Next international airport : | Wroclaw | |
Gmina | ||
Gminatype: | Borough | |
Surface: | 84.80 km² | |
Residents: | 111,896 (Jun. 30, 2019) |
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Population density : | 1320 inhabitants / km² | |
Community number ( GUS ): | 0265011 | |
Administration (as of 2015) | ||
City President : | Roman Szełemej | |
Address: | pl. Magistracki 1 58-300 Wałbrzych |
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Website : | www.um.walbrzych.pl |
Wałbrzych [ vawbʒɨx ] ( German Waldenburg / Silesia , gebirgsschlesisch Walmbrig or Walmbrich ) is a major city in the Polish province of Lower Silesia . It formed the center of the Lower Silesian coal mining area until the early 1990s . The city is also known for the largest castle in Silesia , the Fürstenstein Castle .
Geographical location
The city is located in Lower Silesia between the Giant Mountains and the Owl Mountains in the Waldenburger Bergland , about 65 kilometers southwest of Wroclaw . Neighboring towns are Świebodzice (Freiburg) in the north, Lubiechów (Liebichau) and Witoszów Górny (Upper Böge village) in the northeast, Bystrzyca Górna (Upper Weistritz) and Zagórze Śląskie (Zagórze Śląskie) to the east, Olszyniec (Erlenbusch) and Jedlina-Zdrój (Bad Charlottenbrunn) in the southeast , Rybnica Leśna (Reimswaldau) and Unisław Śląski (Langwaltersdorf) in the south, Boguszów-Gorce (Gottesberg-Rothenbach) in the west and Szczawno-Zdrój (Bad Salzbrunn) in the north-west.
For more information on the location, see also: Topographic map sheet 5263 (1936) near Nowy Dwór Castle (Neuhaus Castle) and city and district map (1900) Waldenburg (Schles) district .
history
Etymology of the name
The place was first mentioned in 1305 as Waldenberc . The Polish name Wałbrzych comes from the Silesian name Walbrich or Walmbrich (Walmberg, Berg → "Birch" → "Brich").
History until 1700
Waldenburg was probably founded in 1290–1293 when Duke Bolko I cleared the border forest . The occasional statement that Waldenburg was built in 1191 has not been scientifically proven. It belonged to the castle district of Neuhaus Castle, which was first mentioned in 1365. It is identical to the Waldenburg , as the owners of the castle district were always lords of Waldenburg. There is evidence of a parish church in Waldenburg for the year 1372 , which presumably stood on the site of today's Marienkirche. Together with the Duchy of Schweidnitz , it fell to Bohemia under inheritance law after the death of Duke Bolko II in 1368, whereby his widow Agnes von Habsburg was entitled to usufruct until her death in 1392 . It was first referred to as a town in 1426 , although it had neither market rights nor other privileges at that time. Mining in the city was first mentioned in 1529. It was not until 1545 that the then landlord Sigismund von Czettritz obtained the brewing privilege and other trade rights from the Bohemian King Ferdinand I. For the year 1576 there are four farmers in Waldenburg. Since the landlords of Czettritz were close to the Reformation , it also spread into their territory.
In 1604 the weavers' guild was founded. 1606–1628 had Diprand von Czettritz build the castle in Oberwaldenburg. Under his rule, the Bohemian king extended Waldenburg's privileges at the beginning of the 17th century. In the Thirty Years' War Waldenburg was largely destroyed but later rebuilt. In 1654 the church, which served as a Protestant house of worship during the Reformation, was returned to the Catholics. In 1675 Waldenburg received the first city coat of arms. After the division of the estate in 1682, Waldenburg passed to Maria Katharina Freiin von Czettritz and Neuhaus, married to Sigismund Freiherrn von Bibra and Modlau. Their daughter Henriette Katharina married in 1701 with Christoph Friedrich, Count zu Stolberg-Stolberg , who bought the Waldenburg estate in 1719 from his mother-in-law's heirs. In 1696, Emperor Leopold I granted the city of Waldenburg a weekly market and two annual markets in his capacity as the Bohemian sovereign. The linen trade developed from the beginning of the 18th century .
Waldenburg as an early Prussian industrial city
In 1738, Count Konrad Ernst Maximilian von Hochberg auf Fürstenstein acquired Oberwaldenburg.
After the First Silesian War in 1742, Waldenburg and Silesia fell to Prussia . In the same year the city received a Protestant prayer house, which was replaced by a new church in 1785. As a result of the increase in hard coal mining in the Waldenburger Revier , a miners' hospital was built in 1770 for the workers here. In 1776 Waldenburg received a linen court , in 1776 a bleaching court and in 1788 it was elevated to a commercial city . After Heinrich Ernest Freiherr von Czettritz-Neuhaus died childless, the town and rule of Waldenburg fell to his nephew from the von Dyhrn family in 1783 . They and their co-owners, the Hochbergs , kept their property in Waldenburg and the surrounding area until 1945. From 1793 to 1861, Waldenburg was the seat of a mining authority . After the abolition of hereditary subordination as a result of the Prussian reforms , it received local self-government in 1808 . The first city council election took place on February 6, 1809.
After the reorganization of Prussia, Waldenburg belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and was incorporated into the Waldenburg district from 1818 , with which it remained connected until 1924. In 1818 1,836 people lived in Waldenburg. After the linen export became insignificant, Waldenburg developed from a commercial to an industrial town. Already in 1853 it received a railway connection with Wroclaw with the Silesian mountain railway , which was followed in 1868 by the connection with the Bohemian Halbstadt . From December 1, 1869 to January 14, 1870, around 7,000 Waldenburg miners went on strike during the Waldenburg miners' strike . Up until then, it was the largest labor dispute in Germany. The trigger was the non-recognition of the Hirsch-Duncker trade unions by the mine owners. The strike ended unsuccessfully due to the lack of support for the miners from the trade union, but it radicalized the workers' and trade union movements . From 1898 a network of electric trams was built , operated by the Waldenburger Kreisbahn . In 1903 the coal mines merged into a syndicate . From 1902 the district of Neustadt was built.
At the World Exhibition in Vienna in 1873 , the Waldenburg company owned by the photographer A. Leisner was awarded for the first time for branding photographs on porcelain.
The industrialization led to a sharp increase in the population: in 1885 about 13,000 people lived in Waldenburg, 1900, there were 15,106 and in 1910 19,681. The population was predominantly Protestant. At the beginning of the 20th century there was a Protestant church, an Old Lutheran church, an apostolic church, two Catholic churches and a synagogue in Waldenburg .
As the coal pillars were mostly dismantled under the urban area, the residential area was relocated to the surrounding villages, which were therefore incorporated into Waldenburg one after the other. The following incorporations took place by 1924:
- Reimswaldau Manor District (1914)
- Altwasser (1919) and Altwasser Manor District (1920)
- Parts of the Seitendorf manor district (1920)
- Manor district of Oberwaldenburg (1921)
- New Weißstein (Kamionek) (1923)
- Hartebusch settlement (1923)
- Graf-Hochberg-Schacht Fellhammer (1923)
In 1924 the city of Waldenburg left the district of Waldenburg and formed its own urban district . For the year 1925 44,111 inhabitants are recorded. Further incorporations took place between 1925 and 1934:
- Rest of the Seitendorf manor district (1925)
- Oberwaldenburg (1934) and
- Dittersbach (Dzietrzychów / Podgórze) with bear ground
By 1939, also due to incorporations, the population rose to 64,136, which meant an increase of around 133 percent within less than 20 years. During the Second World War, there was a satellite camp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Waldenburg .
Displacement, post-war period and time until today
After the end of the war, Waldenburg was placed under Polish administration by the Soviet occupying power, as was almost all of Silesia . Some of the new residents were resettlers from the former eastern Poland east of the Curzon Line . Waldenburg's native German population was, if they had not previously fled, largely expelled from the local Polish administrative authorities in 1946–1947 . Numerous Germans who were indispensable for the functioning of the economy and those who were ready to take on Polish citizenship were not expelled . Most of them were skilled workers in the mining industry who were needed to mine coal. Although they had to accept disadvantages in public life and at work, from the beginning of the 1950s they developed a lively German-speaking activity in the school, cultural and church fields. Most of them were able to emigrate to the Federal Republic of Germany by way of family reunification at the end of the 1950s . Due to the late departure date, German-Polish family ties developed in individual cases even before the upheaval in 1990, which has had a positive influence on the German-Polish relationship.
The city has had the Polish name Wałbrzych since 1945 , which, as mentioned, comes from the Berg-Silesian dialect and was mentioned in several publications from the 19th century.
In 1950 the following were incorporated into Wałbrzych:
- Biały Kamień (White Stone)
- Piaskowa Góra ( Sand Mountain )
- Poniatów (side village)
- Rusinowa (Reussendorf) and
- Sobięcin (Hermsdorf)
- as well as parts of Szczawno-Zdrój (Bad Salzbrunn) , Opoka (Hartau) , Glinik (Großhain) , Fellhammer , Konradów and Szczawienko .
1958 the incorporation of:
- Konradów (Konradsthal) and
- Kozice (Neukrausendorf)
1973 were incorporated:
- Glinik Nowy (Neuhain)
- Glinik Stary (Althain)
- Książ (Prince Stone) and
- Lubiechów (Liebichau)
From 1976 the new Podzamcze district developed . Until 1974 Wałbrzych belonged to the Wrocław Voivodeship and from 1975 to 1998 to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship . From 1999 to 2002 Waldenburg was an independent city, after which it became part of the Powiat Wałbrzyski. Since January 1st, 2013 the city is again independent.
At the end of August 2015, the press reported that a georadar suspected underground gold train had been found. However, whether this finding is really true is a matter of dispute. On August 25, 2016, it became known that the search excavation was unsuccessful at the first point and was abandoned here.
Population development
year | Residents | Remarks |
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1875 | 11.307 | |
1880 | 12,063 | |
1890 | 13,533 | thereof 8,120 Protestants, 5,090 Catholics and 253 Jews |
1905 | 16,435 | including 6,262 Catholics and 156 Jews |
1925 | 44.111 | of which 25,849 Protestants, 15,522 Catholics, 120 other Christians, 220 Jews |
1933 | 46,986 | of which 27,432 Protestants, 15,653 Catholics, 29 other Christians, 195 Jews |
1939 | 64.128 | thereof 37,698 Evangelicals, 20,221 Catholics, 274 other Christians, 28 Jews |
economy
Since the beginning of the 17th century, Waldenburg has developed into an important center for canvas production and trade. In 1745 there were eleven linen shops, in 1765 linen to the value of 56,000 thalers was exported, by 1785 the value had increased to 1,053,353 thalers. Despite the breakdown of the Austrian sales markets after the transition to Prussia, exports could be increased as new trade relations were established with other countries. In 1818, Europe's first mechanical flax yarn spinning mill was set up in Waldenburg.
Mining in the urban area was first mentioned in 1526, and from the beginning of the 19th century it achieved great economic importance. Since then, the hard coal mines and the coal processing companies were in operation without interruption until the early 1990s. In 2014 there was only a single coal mine in the vicinity of the city as a museum mine.
In addition, the porcelain industry developed from 1820 , u. a. by Carl Tielsch and the Krister Porcelain Manufactory . Both production sites continued to operate under Polish management after 1945. While the Krister factory in Wałbrzych was named Krzysztof from 1953 , the Krister brand was part of Rosenthal AG until 1971 .
At the beginning of the 21st century, companies in the automotive industry established factories in a special economic zone within the eastern part of the city of Wałbrzych. Including Toyota , Takata , Quin, Faurecia and NSK . The city is also a center of the ceramic industry.
education
Wałbrzych is a regional education center with around 22,000 pupils and 8,800 students. It has 22 elementary schools, 18 grammar schools and 21 middle schools as well as two higher education institutions:
- State University of Applied Sciences (Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. Angelusa Silesiusa) - with the following institutes: Foreign languages (English, German), pedagogy, political science, Polish studies, tourism, administration
- Wałbrzych Private School of Administration and Economics
The following universities have branches in Wałbrzych:
- Wroclaw University of Technology , branch in Wałbrzych
- Economic Academy, Wroclaw; Regional Economics and Tourism Department
- Warsaw TWP Pedagogical University, Wałbrzych Department
- Kazimierz Wielki University Bydgoszcz , branch in Wałbrzych (mathematics and technology)
- Polish Academy of Sciences
Culture
In Wałbrzych there is the J. Szaniawski Theater and the puppet theater "Lalki i Aktora", the Sudeten Philharmonic, a district museum, the Museum of Industry and Technology (a department of the district museum on the site of a former coal mine) and the art galleries " Zamek Książ ”,“ Pod Atlantami ”and“ Civitas Christiana ”.
With these facilities, Wałbrzych is considered the cultural center of the central Sudetes .
Attractions
- The town hall was built between 1813 and 1879 in neo-Gothic style based on plans by Hermann Friedrich Waesemann and expanded in 1903 by adding two wings.
- Some of the town houses on the ring date from the 18th century.
- The Protestant church was built in the classicism style between 1785 and 1788 according to plans by the architect Carl Gotthard Langhans .
- The Marienkirche was probably built in 1714 on the site of a previous building from 1305. The exterior of the simple church has a baroque interior.
- The neo-Gothic Guardian Angel Church was built between 1900 and 1904 according to plans by the architect Alexis Langer . In its place stood the St. Michael's Church from 1440, which was demolished in 1899.
- Fürstenstein Castle north of the city at Fürstensteiner Grund .
- Palm house (Palmiarnia) in the Lubiechów district, greenhouses and orangeries with a botanical garden. Initiated by Hans Heinrich XV. and created for Daisy von Pless 1911–1914
- Neuhaus Castle in the south of the city on the Schlossberg
- Alberti Palace was built in 1801 by the Waldenburg master builder Leopold Niederäcker for the linen merchant Julius Sonnabend according to plans by the architect Carl Gotthard Langhans. In 1834 it was bought by the Alberti family of manufacturers who sold it in 1926 to the city of Waldenburg, which set up a municipal museum in it. As such, it will continue to be used.
- The Forest Castle was built in 1606-1628 for Diprand of Czettritz on Neuhaus in the Renaissance style and later rebuilt and expanded. From 1738 it was owned by the Counts of Hochberg . After 1857 the castle served as an administration building for the Hochberg'sche property management. Since 2004 the State University of Applied Sciences " Angelus Silesius " has been housed in the castle . The palace complex includes a house belonging to the former palace administrator from the end of the 18th century, a coach house from the first quarter of the 19th century as well as a villa belonging to the von Hochberg family from 1905 and a villa from 1923.
- The parish church of St. Anna in the Szczawienko district (Nieder Salzbrunn) was opened in the 15th and 16th centuries. Erected in the 13th century on the site of a previous building from 1318, rebuilt after a fire in 1816 and regotified in 1882. The main altar and the St. Joseph's altar date from around 1760. The church houses numerous epitaphs from the 17th to 19th centuries.
- The Kurhaus (Dom zdrojowy) in the Stary Zdrój district was built around 1800 by the then landlord Joseph Bernhard von Mutius.
- The former Schocken department store (Dom towarowy) was built around 1929 based on designs by the Schocken construction office.
- The former cinema Capitol (later Górnik ) was built in 1927 in the modernist style by the architect Ludwig Moshamer . Inside there are two cinema halls and a theater hall.
- The railway viaduct on the Wałbrzych Główny –Kłodzko railway in the Podgórze district played a central role in Andrzej Jakimowski's feature film Little Tricks ( Sztuczki in Polish ) - Poland's longest railway tunnel with a length of 1601 m (Ochsenkopf tunnel) begins not far from the viaduct.
Districts
The following districts belong to the city of Wałbrzych:
- Śródmieście (town center)
- Biały Kamień ( Weißstein ; incorporated into Wałbrzych in 1950)
- Gaj ( city park settlement )
- Glinik Nowy ( Neuhain , founded in 1679, belonged to the Fürstenstein rule; in 1934 Alt- and Neuhain merged to form the municipality of Großhain. 1973 incorporated into Wałbrzych)
- Glinik Stary ( Althain ; first mentioned in 1549, belonged to the Neuhaus castle district, later to the Fürstenstein lordship. 1925 incorporated into Dittersbach; 1934 old and new grove merged to form the community of Großhain. 1973 incorporated into Wałbrzych)
- Konradów ( Konradsthal ; incorporated into Wałbrzych in 1958)
- Kozice ( Neukrausendorf ; founded at the beginning of the 18th century as a colony of Reussendorf; incorporated into Wałbrzych in 1958)
- Książ ( Fürstenstein ; incorporated in 1973)
- Lubiechów ( Liebichau ; first mentioned in 1305, belonged to the Fürstenstein lordship; incorporated into Wałbrzych in 1973)
- Nowe Miasto ( Neustadt ; built from 1902)
- Piaskowa Góra ( Sandberg ; district of Obersalzbrunn , incorporated into the Waldenburg district in 1933. 1945 as Piaskowa Góra again an independent municipality. 1955 incorporated into the town of Wałbrzych.)
- Podgórze I ( Oberwaldenburg ; incorporated into the Waldenburg district in 1934)
- Podgórze II / Dzietrzychów ( Dittersbach ; first mentioned in 1305 as Dittrichsbach; incorporated into the Waldenburg district in 1934)
- Podzamcze (settlement rebuilt from 1976)
- Poniatów ( Seitendorf ; manorial district in 1929 in the Waldenburg district, village in 1973 incorporated into Wałbrzych)
- Rusinowa ( Reussendorf ; incorporated into Wałbrzych in 1950)
- Sobięcin ( Hermsdorf ; incorporated into Wałbrzych in 1950)
- Stary Zdrój ( backwater ; incorporated into the Waldenburg district in 1929)
- Szczawienko ( Niedersalzbrunn ; incorporated into Wałbrzych in 1950)
politics
Lord Mayor and Mayor
- 1912–1925: Erdmann
- 1926–1931: Conrad Wießner
- 1932–1933: Schubert
- 1934-1935: Daniel
- 1935–1938: Ludwig Schneider ( NSDAP )
- 1939–1945: Hans Hagemann (NSDAP)
- 1945: Eugeniusz Szewczyk
- 1989–1991: Henryk Gołębiewski
- 1991–1994: Zdzisław Grzymajło
- 1994–1998: Jerzy Sędziak
- 1998-2001: Lech Bukowiec
- 2001–2002: Stanisław Kuźniar
- 2002–2011: Piotr Kruczkowski ( Platforma Obywatelska )
- Since 2011: Roman Szełemej (Platforma Obywatelska)
A city president is at the head of the city administration . Since 2011 this is Roman Szełemej ( PO ). In the regular new election in October 2018, Szełemej ran his own election committee, which was largely based on the electoral alliance Koalicja Obywatelska from PO and Nowoczesna . The choice brought the following result:
- Roman Szełemej (Roman Szełemej Election Committee) 84.5% of the vote
- Ireneusz Zyska ( Prawo i Sprawiedliwość ) 13.1% of the vote
- Remaining 2.4% of the vote
City council
The city council consists of 25 members and is directly elected. The 2018 city council election led to the following result:
- Electoral Committee Roman Szełemej 66.9% of the vote, 20 seats
- Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS) 20.9% of the vote, 5 seats
- Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej (SLD) / Lewica Razem (Razem) 5.9% of the vote, no seat
- Kukiz'15 3.3% of the vote, no seat
- Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (PSL) 2.0% of the vote, no seat
- Remaining 1.0% of the votes, no seat
Twin cities
- Dnipro , Ukraine
- Dortmund , Germany ( godfather city of the Waldenburger Bergland after the Second World War)
- Foggia , Italy
- Freiberg , Germany
- Gżira , Malta
- Hradec Králové , Czech Republic
- Jastarnia , Poland
- Tula , Russia
- Vannes , France
sons and daughters of the town
- Ludwig Plümicke (1791–1866), Prussian mountain ridge and teacher
- Wolfgang Menzel (1798–1873), poet, writer
- Ernst Leuschner (1826–1898), coal and steel entrepreneur, member of the Reichstag and Landtag
- Bolko von Hochberg (1843–1926), diplomat, artistic director and composer
- Adolf Böhm (1844 – after 1891), landscape and interior painter
- Hedwig von Below (1858 – after 1913), writer
- Johannes Gadamer (1867–1928), chemist
- Georg Gewiese (1869–1917), District Administrator
- Friedrich Bayer (1883– after 1933), politician
- Hans Fridrich (1884–1947), Lord Mayor of the City of Wroclaw
- Gerhard Menzel (1894–1966), writer and screenwriter
- Alfred Kramer (1898–1946), SS member, war criminal
- Herbert Glaeser (1899–1958), politician
- Gerhard Schwarz (1902–1995), church musician and organist
- Günther Lummert (1903–1968), lawyer and criminal defense attorney
- Wilhelm Albrecht (1905–1993), General Physician in the Bundeswehr
- Abraham Robinson (1918–1974), mathematician
- Dieter Grande (1930–2016), Roman Catholic theologian
- Franz Georg Friemel (* 1930), Roman Catholic pastoral theologian
- Joachim Köhler (* 1935), Roman Catholic theologian
- Rudolf Franz (1937–2016), track cyclist
- Klaus Anderseck (* 1938), economist and university professor
- Klaus Töpfer (* 1938), politician (CDU)
- Klaus Macharzina (* 1939), economist and university president in Stuttgart-Hohenheim
- Reinhard Rösler (* 1940), Germanist
- Christian Brückner (* 1943), voice actor and actor (standard voice of Robert De Niro)
- Michael Richter (1943–2011), medieval historian
- Edmund Käbisch (* 1944), Protestant pastor
- Christa Czekay (1944-2017), athlete
- Piotr Sommer (* 1948), poet, literary critic and translator
- Marcel Reif (* 1949), football commentator
- Krzesimir Dębski (* 1953), jazz violinist, composer and conductor
- Henryk Janikowski (* 1954), national soccer player
- Włodzimierz Ciołek (born 1956), football player
- Urszula Włodarczyk (* 1965), track and field athlete
- Tomasz Siemoniak (* 1967), Minister of Defense
- Joanna Bator (* 1968), writer and publicist
- Dariusz Baranowski (* 1972), racing cyclist
- Krzysztof Ignaczak (* 1978), volleyball player
- Sebastian Janikowski (* 1978), American football player
- Adrian Mrowiec (* 1983), football player
- Krzysztof Pływaczyk (* 1983), biathlete
- Agnieszka Wieszczek (* 1983), wrestler
- Bartosz Kurek (* 1988), volleyball player
- Bartosz Slisz (* 1999), football player
traffic
Wałbrzych is a railway junction on the railway lines
- Wrocław – Jelenia Góra – Zgorzelec (Silesian mountain railway Breslau – Waldenburg – Hirschberg – Görlitz; first electrically operated main line in Germany at that time) and
- Kłodzko – Wałbrzych (Glatz – Waldenburg-Dittersbach) and
- the former Wałbrzych Szczawienko – Meziměstí line (Niedersalzbrunn – Fellhammer – Halbstadt).
The most important station is Wałbrzych Glowny (German Waldenburg Hauptbahnhof) in the district of Dzietrzychów (Dittersbach). Before the Second World War, this station was called Waldenburg-Dittersbach.
literature
- Julius Schrodt: Chronicle of Waldenburg. Waldenburg 1837. - S. is wrong about "Stolberg-Wernigerode" (see family tables ).
- Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 554-559, 367-368.
- Heinrich Bartsch: Unforgettable Waldenburg homeland. Norden (Ostfriesl.) 1969, pp. 355-356.
- Dehio Handbook of Art Monuments in Poland. Silesia . Munich / Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 981-992.
- Leopold Freiherr von Zedlitz-Neukirch: New Prussian Nobility Lexicon. Leipzig, 1836.
- without author: "Family Tables of the Mediatized House of Stolberg". Stolberg 1887. ( Discussion of Count Christoph Friedrich forgotten ).
- Alexandra Countess von Dyhrn: The history and genetics of the noble family von Dyhrn (Historia rodziny Dyhrn). Wroclaw 1932.
Web links
- Wałbrzych City Council , available in several languages
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
- ↑ City website, Władze Miasta , accessed on February 11, 2015.
- ↑ Henryk Borek: nazw Wsrod Śląskich. (Under Silesian names) TUTOR, 1991, ISBN 978-8-390-02752-4 , p. 48 ( limited preview in Google book search).
- ↑ Lokalny Program Rewitalizacji Wałbrzycha na lata 2008–2015 (Local program of the revitalization of Waldenburg for the years 2008–2015) , p. 7. PDF; 6.71 MB ( Memento from March 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Michael Sachs: 'Prince Bishop and Vagabond'. The story of a friendship between the Prince-Bishop of Breslau Heinrich Förster (1799–1881) and the writer and actor Karl von Holtei (1798–1880). Edited textually based on the original Holteis manuscript. In: Medical historical messages. Journal for the history of science and specialist prose research. Volume 35, 2016 (2018), pp. 223–291, here: p. 233.
- ↑ a b Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon - 6th edition, Volume 20, Leipzig / Vienna 1909, p. 328.
- ↑ Wolfgang Benz , Barbara Distel (ed.): The place of terror . History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps. Verlag CH Beck, Munich (9 volumes; 2005–2009).
- ↑ Isabell Sprenger: Groß-Rosen . A concentration camp in Silesia. Böhlau Verlag, 1997, ISBN 3-412-11396-4 .
- ↑ (Polish Catholic Calendar for West Prussia , loved by veterans) , p. 77 Polski Kalendarz Katolicki dla Kochanych Wiarusów Prus Zachodnich, Wielkiego Księstwa Poznańskiego i Szląska. Na rok zwyczajny 1877 napisany po raz piętnasty przez Majstra od Przyjaciela. (Ignacego Danielewskiego w Toruniu). May 26, 2013, accessed January 6, 2017 (Polish).
- ↑ (Provincial catalog of the industrial exhibition in Posen 1895) , p. 71; Advertising supplement Digital Library of Wielkopolska - catalog Prowincyonalnej wystawy przemysłowej w Poznaniu 1895. March 22, 2011, accessed on January 6, 2017 (Polish).
- ↑ Article of the city ( Memento from January 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ The existence of "Nazi train" in Poland officially confirmed. In: tagesspiegel.de. August 27, 2015, accessed January 6, 2017 .
- ↑ Lower Silesia: Polish central bank chief calls Nazi train a hoax. In: Spiegel Online . September 2, 2015, accessed January 6, 2017 .
- ^ Poland: No success in search for Nazi gold train orf.at, August 25, 2016, accessed on September 25, 2016.
- ↑ a b c d e f Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Waldenburg district. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
- ↑ Achim Nuhr: "There has never been so much poverty" In: Deutschlandfunk , December 16, 2008.
- ↑ Katharina Zabrzynski and Maike Brzoska: Special Economic Zones in Poland - Am Tropf der Weltgroup , Deutschlandfunk - Background from April 23, 2017
- ^ Heinrich Bartsch: Unforgotten Waldenburger Heimat . Norden (Ostfriesl.) 1969, pp. 133-134.
- ↑ Historical and current recordings and geographical location
- ↑ Hugo Weczerka (Ed.): Handbook of historical sites. Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition. Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , p. 14.
- ^ Result on the website of the election commission, called on August 8, 2020.
- ^ Result on the website of the election commission, accessed on August 8, 2020.