Szczawno-Zdrój

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Szczawno-Zdrój
Coat of arms of Szczawno-Zdrój
Szczawno-Zdrój (Poland)
Szczawno-Zdrój
Szczawno-Zdrój
Basic data
State : Poland
Voivodeship : Lower Silesia
Powiat : Wałbrzych
Area : 14.87  km²
Geographic location : 50 ° 47 '  N , 16 ° 15'  E Coordinates: 50 ° 47 '0 "  N , 16 ° 15' 0"  E
Height : 400 m npm
Residents : 5608
(June 30, 2019)
Postal code : 58-310
Telephone code : (+48) 74
License plate : DBA
Economy and Transport
Street : Wałbrzych - Stare Bogaczowice
Stary Zdrój - Jabłów
Next international airport : Wroclaw
Gmina
Gminatype: Borough
Surface: 14.87 km²
Residents: 5608
(June 30, 2019)
Population density : 377 inhabitants / km²
Community number  ( GUS ): 0221031
Administration (as of 2008)
Mayor : Tadeusz Wlaźlak
Address:
ul.Kosciuszki 17 58-310 Szczawno-Zdrój
Website : www.szczawno-zdroj.pl



Kurhaus
View of the city from the observation tower
town hall
Mineral spring building
Lobby
Dom Zdrojowy
Birthplace of Carl and Gerhart Hauptmann

Szczawno-Zdrój [ ˈʃʧavnɔ ˈzdruj ] ( German Bad Salzbrunn , until 1935 Ober Salzbrunn , 1945–1946 Polish Solice-Zdrój ) is a town in the powiat Wałbrzyski in the Polish Voivodeship of Lower Silesia . It is a health resort .

geography

Geographical location

The city is located in Lower Silesia in the Waldenburger Bergland , about three kilometers northwest of Wałbrzych ( Waldenburg ) and 66 kilometers southwest of Wroclaw .

Neighboring places

Neighboring towns are Cieszów ( Fröhlichsdorf ) in the north, Szczawienko ( Niedersalzbrunn ) and Świebodzice ( Freiburg in Silesia ) in the northeast, Pogorzała (Seifersdorf) and Stary Zdrój ( oxbow lake ) in the east, Biały Kamień ( Weißstein ) in the south, and Konradów ( Konradsthal ) in the southwest and Struga ( Adelsbach ) in the northwest.

history

Middle Ages and Early Modern Times

Salzbrunn was settled from the north in the course of the reclamation of the border forest and was first mentioned in 1221 as "Salzborn". The focus of the settlement was initially in the lower part, which was first referred to as Nieder Salzbrunn in 1352 when a walled courtyard was sold , which until then belonged to the Grüssau monastery , and where a parish church already existed in 1318. A leprosy hospital was also mentioned in 1318 , for which the healing power of the upper spring ( upper well ) was used. It was probably founded by Duke Heinrich I after 1200 and existed until around 1352.

The place name "Obir-Salczborn" is documented for the year 1385. After the death of Duke Bolko II , it fell to Bohemia under inheritance law together with the Duchy of Schweidnitz . However, Bolko's widow Agnes von Habsburg was entitled to usufruct until her death in 1392 . Subsequently, it was initially pledged by the Bohemian governors on Fürstenstein . Together with this it was acquired in 1509 by the von Hochberg family ( Hoberg ; Hohberg ) as hereditary property. In 1550 Obersalzbrunn consisted of 55 farmsteads. The healing power of the springs was known to the doctor Kaspar Schwenkfeld from Hirschberg at the end of the 16th century , but he had pointed it out in vain. After the Thirty Years' War only 20 farms were still inhabited. In the 18th century, home weaving gained importance; 42 house weavers are recorded for the year 1735.

Prussian rule

After the First Silesian War in 1742, Obersalzbrunn and almost all of Silesia fell to Prussia . After the reorganization of Prussia, it belonged to the province of Silesia from 1815 and from 1816 was incorporated into the Waldenburg district, to which it belonged until 1945. In 1818 Obersalzbrunn had 970 inhabitants, in 1840 there were 1,602. On June 26, 1842, a fire destroyed 36 houses in Ober- and Niedersalzbrunn. In 1830 the local road was expanded, and in 1846 it was extended to the center of Weißstein . As early as 1853, Obersalzbrunn was connected to the railway line to Breslau with the Sorgau / Nieder Salzbrunn train station and in 1878 to the Bohemian Halbstadt .

Since 1874 Obersalzbrunn has formed the "District of Upper Salzbrunn", which also includes the rural communities of Hartau, Konradsthal , Neu Salzbrunn and the districts of Hartau and Ober Salzbrunn. At the beginning of the 20th century, Salzbrunn had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, in the spa area also a Jewish prayer chapel and, in addition to the minaral wells and medicinal baths, a glass and mirror factory, a porcelain factory, a flax yarn spinning mill , a brickworks and coal mines .

In 1907 Obersalzbrunn was connected to the Waldenburger Kreisbahn . In 1924/25 the then landlord, Johann Heinrich IX. von Hochberg, Prince of Pless , a golf course on which both the Silesian and German golf championships were held in 1925. In 1933 the district of Sandberg was removed from Obersalzbrunn and added to the Waldenburg district. In 1935 Obersalzbrunn was finally given the official place name Bad Salzbrunn , and two years later it was elevated to the status of the Prussian state spa.

In 1945, Szczawno was part of the district of Waldenburg in the district Breslau in the Prussian province of Silesia of the German Reich .

After the Second World War

Towards the end of the Second World War , Bad Salzbrunn was occupied by the Red Army in the spring of 1945 . After the end of the war, the place, like almost all of Silesia, was placed under Polish administration. Unless they had fled beforehand, the German population was expelled , with the exception of a few people . Due to a special order issued by the Polish local commandant Lieutenant Colonel Zinkowski on the morning of the same day at 6 a.m. on July 14, 1945 between 6 a.m. and 9 a.m., all German residents of the city including the district of Sandberg had to come to a meeting point at the Bad Salzbrunn / Adelsbacher Weg train station Removal - in a column of four people - to be found in the west across the Lusatian Neisse . A maximum of 20 kg of luggage was allowed per person. The very last deadline was set at 10 a.m. under threat of armed violence. The whole living and dead inventory had to be left in an undamaged condition and became the property of the Polish government. Those Germans who were given a 'non-evacuation certificate', i.e. who were required to carry out certain work and were therefore detained, were not allowed to leave the apartment with their relatives on the same day between 5 a.m. and 2 p.m. All apartments had to remain open, the apartment and house keys had to be put outside.

Bad Salzbrunn was initially renamed Solice Zdrój by the authorities of the People's Republic of Poland and then in 1946 as Szczawno-Zdrój . At the same time it was elevated to the status of city.

The new residents were partly so-called Bug Poles from the Kresy , a Polish area annexed by the Soviet Union during the Second World War . From 1975 to 1998 Szczawno-Zdrój belonged to the Wałbrzych Voivodeship .

  • Salzbrunn on a map from 1900

  • Salzbrunn seen from Friedrichsruh in the 18th century

  • Special order of July 14, 1945, 6 a.m., to the German population

Population development

year Residents Remarks
1875 3,594
1880 3,343
1900 10,412 mostly evangelicals
1933 9,656
1939 9,780

spa

Although the healing springs of Obersalzbrunn were already known in the 16th century, it did not develop into a medicinal bath until 1815. The first well doctor was Dr. Zemplin. The Wilhelmshöhe was built in 1823 and the Kurpromenade in 1830. The Elisenhalle, also built in 1830, was rebuilt in 1893, followed by the rose garden in 1897 and the “Schlesische Hof” in 1911. Healing successes were hoped for, especially in diseases of the respiratory organs . The best-known spa guests included members of the Prussian royal family in 1825, Count Helmuth von Moltke, and in 1838, the Russian Tsar Nicholas I and Tsarina Alexandra Fjodorovna . Since the beginning of the 20th century Obersalzbrunn was one of the first Silesian spa baths. The number of spa guests increased steadily: in 1880 there were 2276, in 1885 3500 and finally 9217 in 1913. In 1931, the bath with the upper and mill fountain and the crown and Martha spring, which had previously belonged to the manor, was acquired by the “Bad Salzbrunner Kur- und Heilbad GmbH”. In 1935 Obersalzbrunn received the official place name "Bad Salzbrunn", two years later it was elevated to the status of the Prussian state spa.

Sandberg / Piaskowa Góra district

The industrial development of Salzbrunn was mainly concentrated on the eastern colony of Sandberg, which was established in 1850. In 1933 it was incorporated into the Waldenburg district. After the transition to Poland, Sandberg was renamed Piaskowa Góra and was then again an independent municipality. In 1955 Piaskowa Góra was incorporated into the town of Wałbrzych.

City arms

The coat of arms of Szczawno-Zdrój shows in green a white chapel with a red dome and an open yellow door, in which a large silver spoon is visible.

local community

No further districts belong to the municipality of Szczawno-Zdrój.

Attractions

  • The spa park (Park zdrojowy) with promenade, Wilhelmshöhe (Stróżek) , ornamental garden and old trees was built from 1823.
  • At the park there is a complex of spa houses as well as the spa theater from 1890, the former spa house with hall and rich decor from 1845 and the foyer (Elisenhalle) with the upper fountain.
  • The former grand hotel "Schlesischer Hof" (now the sanatorium "Dom Zdrojowy") was built in 1910–1911 by Count Hans Heinrich XV. erected by Hochberg .
  • The “Korona Piastowska” sanatorium was run by the Hauptmann family as the “Zur Krone” hotel and from 1872 was called “Zur Prussischen Krone”. It is the birthplace of the brothers Carl and Gerhart Hauptmann.
  • The half-timbered house built in 1623 by the tanner Adam Salzborn on the Übersar was acquired by the landlord in 1818. It was located within the spa gardens and was known as the “Wiesenhaus” guest house. After 1945 it was demolished.
  • Fürstenstein Castle three kilometers north of Szczawno-Zdrój

Personalities

Town twinning

literature

  • Salzbrunn, Neu-, Nieder- u. Oberdorf . Lexicon entry, in: Johann G. Knie: Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of the villages, towns, cities and other places of the royal family. Preusz. Province of Silesia . 2nd edition, Breslau 1845, pp. 574-577.
  • Hugo Weczerka (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical places . Volume: Silesia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 316). Kröner, Stuttgart 1977, ISBN 3-520-31601-3 , pp. 14 and 137-138.
  • Heinrich Bartsch: Unforgettable Waldenburg homeland . Norden (Ostfriesl.) 1969, pp. 166-172 and 353-354
  • Dehio -Manual of Art Monuments in Poland Silesia . Munich · Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-422-03109-X , pp. 899-900

Web links

Commons : Szczawno-Zdrój  - album with pictures, videos and audio files

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b population. Size and Structure by Territorial Division. As of June 30, 2019. Główny Urząd Statystyczny (GUS) (PDF files; 0.99 MiB), accessed December 24, 2019 .
  2. ↑ a b Meyer's Large Conversation Lexicon . 6th edition, Volume 17, Leipzig / Vienna 1909, p. 499.
  3. ↑ http://www.geschichtsatlas.de/~gf5/schlesie.html
  4. ↑ Hans-Georg Grams: Our home in Hinterpommern - Eichenwalde - The people and their fate: From settlement to expulsion . Max Schick GmbH, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-9803273-2-9 , p. 287.
  5. ↑ Thomas Urban : The loss. The expulsion of the Germans and Poles in the 20th century . Beck, Munich 2004, p. 153.
  6. ^ A b c d Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. waldenburg.html # ew39wldbsalzbru. (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).
  7. ↑ cf. z. B. Georg P. Mogalla: The salt springs in Silesia and Glatz . Breslau 1802, p. 71 ff. Online
  8. ^ Heinrich Freund: Salzbrunn in Silesia against the most important diseases of the respiratory organs - a balneological contribution . Breslau 1851 Online
  9. ^ Wilhelm Valentiner: The spa town of Ober-Salzbrunn, described for spa guests . Breslau 1865 Online