JaAZ-200

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YesAZ
Model of a JaAZ-200 (2018)
Model of a JaAZ-200 (2018)
JaAZ-200
Manufacturer: Yaroslavsky Avtomobilny Zavod
Sales designation: ЯАЗ-200
Production period: 1947-1951
Previous model: JaG-7
Successor: MAZ-200
Technical specifications
Designs: Flatbed , tractor unit , tipper
Engines: Four-cylinder two-stroke diesel engine , type JaAZ-204
Power: 82 kW
Payload: 7 t
Perm. Total weight: 13.5 t

The JaAZ-200 ( Russian ЯАЗ-200 , German transcription JaAS-200 ) was a heavy two-axle truck from the Soviet Jaroslawski Awtomobilny Sawod (short JaAZ). It was the first heavy Soviet truck after the war and was built in series from 1947 to 1951. Production was then transferred to the Minski Awtomobilny Sawod , where the vehicle, initially almost identical to the MAZ-200 , was manufactured until 1966.

The JaAZ-200 was the basis for a number of JaAZ trucks, including the three-axle JaAZ-210 , and the first series-produced truck with a diesel engine from the Soviet Union. Although only about 1,800 copies were built, the design influenced many later models from various manufacturers, even long after production in Yaroslavl ended .

Vehicle history

Front view of the model with a radiator grille with horizontal struts and the Yaroslavl bear as a hood ornament
Driver's side with spare wheel under the loading area
Passenger side with tank
A MAZ-200 from Minsk production, visually identical except for the radiator grille and hood ornament (2012)
Restored MAZ-205 in front of the manufacturing plant in Minsk. Except for the emblems and grill, identical to the first JaAZ-205 (2015)
A JaAZ-210 as the basis for a type K-104 mobile crane at the Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy . Easy to see: the identical driver's cab (Moscow, around 1957)
Model of the prototype NAMI-012 with a steam engine

prehistory

In the 1930s and 1940s, the Jaroslawski Awtomobilny Sawod was the only Soviet company that built significant numbers of heavy trucks. However, the designs were outdated and mostly underpowered or dependent on imported engines. The problem was already known in the mid-1930s. A new truck, the JaG-7, was designed around 1938 . The original plan was to start series production of the vehicle from 1942, which prevented the outbreak of World War II. Instead, production in Yaroslavl was switched to armaments such as the Ja-12 artillery tug.

During the war, the Lend Lease Act brought many US goods to the Soviet Union via Vladivostok , including trucks and diesel engines. These included a larger batch of Detroit Diesel 4-71 two-stroke diesel engines , which were initially used in artillery tugs. They were also built into the prototypes of the JaG-7, which was further developed despite the war. This is how new prototypes were created, first the Ja-14 and finally the JaAZ-200 in 1944. It received the new three-digit number in view of the imminent introduction of the new standardized designation system for motor vehicles, which was uniform across the country and assigned the type numbers 200 to 249 to the Yaroslavl plant. The first copy was ready to go on December 23, 1944. The vehicles have been visually revised and adapted to the design of the Mack L series of the early 1940s.

In June 1945 the vehicle was presented together with others in the Moscow Kremlin . The responsible political authorities then approved series production. At the same time, the plan was made that the new Minski Awtomobilny Sawod, together with Yaroslavl, should take over the Soviet truck production for vehicles with diesel engines and payloads in the range between five and seven tons. For 1947 a production of 5000 copies was planned for JaAZ, in 1950 25,000 copies were to be produced in Yaroslavl and 15,000 in Minsk .

Serial production

In reality, production started much more slowly. The testing of the vehicles initially lasted until 1946, and the design of the diesel engine was also revised. All measurements have been changed from inches to millimeters because the metric system was used in the Soviet Union, unlike in the USA . Series production began in August 1947 with the commissioning of the press shop for the body parts; the first finished series vehicles took part in the celebrations for the 30th anniversary of the October Revolution in Yaroslavl.

The JaAZ-200 was a very modern vehicle for Soviet standards at the time, not only because of its high gross vehicle weight of 13.5 t and the trailer load of 9 t. It was the first Soviet truck with a diesel engine to be produced in significant quantities and already had a partially synchronized five-speed gearbox, only first gear and reverse gear were unsynchronized. He got a speedometer , another novelty in Soviet truck construction and a modern compressed air-actuated brake system , which even had a connection for the trailer brake . A tachometer and displays for air and oil pressure were also installed; the injection pump was the first in the USSR to be designed for this purpose. However, extensive maintenance was required every 12,000 km, and minor work every 6,000 km.

The JaAZ-200A and JaAZ-205 models were still being developed in 1946 and 1947. The JaAZ-200A was a version with a significantly longer wheelbase that never went into series production. The JaAZ-205 was a tipper on a shortened frame, of which only a few copies were completed in Yaroslavl. In 1947 its production went to the new Minski Avtomobilny Zavod, where the trucks were built in large-scale production as MAZ-205 . Although the number of units increased in the following years, the specified production quantities were never even rudimentarily achieved. The following table shows the Yaroslavl production between 1947 and 1951 according to current sources (as of 2018):

Type 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 Total by model
JaAZ-200 52 271 497 281 33 1134
JaAZ-200 chassis - - 10 633 - 643
JaAZ-205 2 A) - A) - - - 2
JaAZ-200W - - - 52 2 54
Total according to year of construction 54 271 507 966 35 overall: 1833

A) JaAZ manufactured between 25 and 119 chassis in 1947 and 1948, depending on the information, which were delivered more or less completely (with or without a driver's cab) to Minsk and completed there to make tippers. These chassis are not included in the table. Older sources state that JaAZ-200s were produced in 1802 or 1845, with annual production differing slightly. The first number comes from the manufacturer itself, the latter from the responsible Ministry for the Automobile and Tractor Industry of the USSR.

Until 1950, the JaAZ-200W, a tractor unit, was brought to series production, but significant numbers of this type were only built in Minsk, where the entire series production was handed over until 1951.

aftermath

Shortly before the end of series production in Yaroslavl, the plant had started manufacturing the three-axle JaAZ-210 , which took over essential parts of the JaAZ-200. This included the entire cabin, the gearbox and, up to a certain point, the engine, albeit in the six-cylinder version JaAZ-M206 . These vehicles were built until 1958 and were even further developed on site to create the JaAZ-219 . In 1959 the complete production went to KrAZ , as KrAZ-219 and KrAZ-257 the trucks were produced in Ukraine until the 1990s.

The JaAZ-210 was also the starting point for the construction of the first Soviet large dump trucks, which were later modified by MAZ (types MAZ-525 and MAZ-530 ) and BelAZ ( BelAZ-540 ).

A few years later, the aim of relocating production for both the JaAZ-200 and the JaAZ-210 was that Yaroslavl would henceforth only produce engines and transmissions. With the outsourcing of truck production, however, the same problems arose in Minsk and at KrAZ that JaAZ had before the war. The limiting factor for the number of units was engine production, which neither MAZ nor KrAZ itself took place on site. The JaAZ plant, which has now been renamed Jaroslawski Motorny Sawod , was the only large production facility for truck diesel engines in the entire USSR until the opening of engine production at KamAZ in the mid-1970s and was therefore always overloaded. All small and medium-weight trucks kept their gasoline engines until the collapse of the Soviet Union , since neither the Moscow Sawod imeni Lichatschowa nor the Gorkowski Avtomobilny Sawod could set up their own diesel engine production.

Unlike other trucks from this period, the JaAZ-200 never developed a four-wheel drive variant . This step was only taken at MAZ in the 1950s, which resulted in the MAZ-501 and then the MAZ-502 . Despite this, the JaAZ-200 was used in the Soviet Army , among other things as a tank truck and for other special tasks.

Model variants

Various trucks were built on the basis of the JaAZ-200, with more or less major modifications. Not all of them went into series production, some were also built by other manufacturers.

  • JaAZ-200 - basic version with flatbed, mass-produced at JaAZ from 1947 to 1951. In 1949 and 1950, a total of 643 units were delivered as chassis, which other companies, for example, provided with special bodies. MAZ built large series as MAZ-200 until 1966, where about 230,000 pieces were produced.
  • JaAZ-200A - prototype from 1946 with a long wheelbase of 5770 mm and a high open structure, not built in series.
  • JaAZ-200W - tractor unit for semi-trailers up to 16.5 tons total weight. 52 units were built in 1950, and another 2 in 1951. Then the production went to MAZ and was continued there, the new name was MAZ-200W.
  • JaAZ-205 - short wheelbase tipper, developed in 1946. In 1947 at least 2 vehicles were built at JaAZ, other sources assume around 20 copies. Production went to Minsk in 1947, where it was mass-produced as the MAZ-205 . In 1948 JaAZ built a number of more or less complete chassis for production in Minsk, with a minimum of 25 and a maximum of 119 pieces.
  • JaAZ-210 - Based on American tank transporters from World War II, JaAZ built a three-axle version of the JaAZ-200, the JaAZ-210, from 1948. It was built in Yaroslavl until 1958 and then replaced by the JaAZ-219 , which had hardly any differences apart from a more powerful engine and a revised cabin.
  • NAMI-012 - The prototype was built by NAMI from 1948and was a steam car . The truck used the chassis of the JaAZ-200, was built in front-link design, the steam engine and the steam generator were located behind the driver in the extended cab. The payload was about 7000 kg, later various special bodies were designed based on the chassis. In 1950, a total of 26,000 km were covered during the tests, and there was never any series production. The vehicle was intended for the wood industry, where wood waste could also have been used as fuel.

Parts of the JaAZ-200 were still used in the design of the Ural-375 , in particular the five-speed manual transmission was adopted almost unchanged. In addition, various special vehicles were built on the basis of the JaAZ-200, including the BZ-JaAZ-200 tanker for use on airfields .

Technical specifications

The data refer to vehicles of the basic version JaAZ-200 from the year of construction 1949.

  • Engine type: JaAZ-204 1)
  • Engine: four-cylinder two-stroke diesel engine , water-cooled
  • Power: 112 hp (82 kW) 2) at 2000 min -1
  • Displacement: 4.65 l
  • Bore: 127.0 mm
  • Stroke: 108.0 mm
  • Compression: 16: 1
  • maximum torque: 471 Nm at 1000 to 1300 min -1
  • Firing order: 1–3–4–2
  • Fuel consumption: 35 l / 100 km
  • Tank capacity: 225 l diesel fuel
  • Clutch: single-plate dry clutch
  • Gearbox: manual gearbox with 5 forward gears and one reverse gear, partly synchronized
  • Top speed: 60 km / h nominal, up to 72 km / h without a trailer
  • Brake system: drum brakes on all four wheels, pneumatically operated
  • On-board voltage: 12 V, switchable to 24 V for starting
  • Starter: 24 V, 7.5 HP power
  • Alternator: G25, 250 W
  • Batteries: 2 × 128 Ah
  • Drive formula : 4 × 2

Dimensions and weights

  • Length: 7620 mm
  • Width: 2650 mm
  • Height: 2430 mm
  • Wheelbase: 4520 mm
  • Ground clearance: at least 290 mm
  • Turning circle (diameter): 18.4 m, measured on the front wheel
  • Front track: 1950 mm
  • Rear track: 1920 mm (double tires)
  • Dimensions of the loading area (L × W × H, inside): 4500 × 2480 × 600 mm
  • Tire size: 12.00-20 ″
  • Empty weight: 6290 kg
  • Payload: 7000 kg, on unpaved roads 5000 kg (each +210 kg in the cab)
  • permissible total weight: 13,500 kg
  • Front axle load: 3530 kg
  • Rear axle load: 9970 kg
  • permissible trailer load: 9000 kg
  • permissible total weight of the truck combination: 22,500 kg

1) In original documents about the vehicle, the engine is referred to as JaAZ-204 , in later literature it is sometimes referred to as JaAZ-M204 (M for engine, as a distinction to the vehicle designations of the designation system for Soviet vehicles )

2) Modern sources give a rated power of 110 hp for the engine, with the actual power fluctuating between 105 and 113 hp at rated speed.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e L. M. Shugurow: АВТОМОБИЛИ России и СССР . First part, various pages.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l G. Ju. Kling (Editor-in-Chief): Автолегенды СССР Грузовики: ЯАЗ-200 . P. 3 ff.
  3. ↑ a b ЯАЗ-200 ГРУЗОВОЙ АВТОМОБИЛЬ . (Russian)
  4. ^ Yevgeny Kochnev: Автомобили Советской Армии 1946–1991 . Eksmo, 2011, ISBN 978-5-699-46736-5 .
  5. ↑ LM Shugurow: АВТОМОБИЛИ России и СССР. First part. P. 248 f.
  6. ↑ Первый залп «Салюта». Аэродромный бензозаправщик БЗ-ЯАЗ-200 . (Russian)
  7. ^ A b Ministry of Automobile and Tractor Industry of the USSR; Yaroslavsky Avtomobilny Zavod: Автомобиль ЯАЗ-200. Инструкция по уходу . Maschgis, Moscow 1949, p. 3 ff.

literature

  • LM Shugurov: АВТОМОБИЛИ России и СССР . First part. Ilbi / Prostreks, Moscow 1993, ISBN 5-87483-004-9 .
  • Ministry of Automobile Transport of the RSFSR ; Vehicle Construction Institute NIIAT: Short Automobile Manual (краткий автомобильный справочник). Transport Publishing House, 6th edition, Moscow 1971.
  • Model of the Soviet automobile industry: the JaAS-200 truck. Automotive engineering 7/1952, p. 213.
  • Ministry of Automobile and Tractor Industry of the USSR; Yaroslavsky Avtomobilny Zavod: Автомобиль ЯАЗ-200. Инструкция по уходу . Maschgis, Moscow 1949.
  • G. Ju. Kling (Editor-in-Chief): Автолегенды СССР Грузовики: ЯАЗ-200 . No. 19, DeAgostini, Moscow 2018.

Web links