Johanna Haarer

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Johanna Haarer , née Barsch , (born October 3, 1900 in Bodenbach , Tetschen district ; † April 30, 1988 in Munich ) was a Bohemian- German doctor and author of high-circulation pregnancy and parenting guides during the Nazi era , which closely followed the National Socialist ideology were based. Haarer had been a member of the NSDAP since 1937 and at times " Gausach staffer for racial issues " of the Nazi women's associationin Munich. Even after 1945 her books were reissued in the Federal Republic of Germany in a form that had been cleared of Nazi terminology and thus influenced the mothers of the war and post-war generations.

Life

Johanna Barsch was born as the younger of two children on October 3rd, 1900 in Bodenbach (near Tetschen ) in Bohemia . Her older brother died when she was ten. Her father Alois Barsch was a master bookbinder and paper dealer, her mother Anna nee. Fremrova was of Czech origin. In 1905 the family changed from the Catholic Church to the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Because she wanted to study medicine, from 1917 Johanna attended the Hermann-Lietz-Schule Haubinda and Schloss Bieberstein in Germany as a reform educational boarding school . After the break-up of Austria-Hungary in 1918, she was a citizen of Czechoslovakia . Johanna Barsch was the only girl at the Schloss Bieberstein boys' school to graduate from high school in 1920 .

She then studied medicine at the universities of Heidelberg , Göttingen and Munich . In 1924 she married the doctor Hellmut Weese , who later worked in pharmaceutical research at IG Farben and who invented the injection anesthetic hexobarbital ("Evipan"). The following year she passed her state examination. In 1926 Johanna Weese received her license to practice medicine . In the same year she did her doctorate, her dissertation dealt with the " Aetiology of pachymeningitis haemorrhagica interna" and was rated cum laude . After her divorce in 1929, she practiced as an assistant doctor for lung diseases at the Harlaching Municipal Sanatorium in Munich. In 1932 she married her second colleague, the senior physician Otto Haarer. When the couple had twins in 1933, Johanna Haarer stopped working as a doctor and began writing columns on infant care in order to add to the family budget.

Publications during the Nazi era

Although Johanna Haarer had no training in pediatrics or education , her columns on infant care, which were published in newspapers from 1933, were enthusiastically received, as there were no other general guidelines on this topic at that time. Their counselors contributed to general hygiene improvements and reduced infant mortality. On the other hand, however, they promoted the equalization of education, the ideological goal of which was hardship towards oneself and others as well as unconditional integration into the National Socialist national community. Their contributions were supported by Nazi propaganda and were widely distributed.

In 1934 her first advice on baby care appeared: The German mother and her first child . Two years later, she published her second guide, Our Little Children . In 1939 the children's book Mother, tell about Adolf Hitler! , in which it also reproduces the familiar elements of Nazi propaganda , in particular anti-Semitic and anti-communist prejudices. It is a typical children's book from the Third Reich. She consistently portrays the enemies as evil and bad, underlined by corresponding caricatures, while she depicts the (“Aryan”) Germans without any blemish. The aim of the book, this becomes particularly clear at the end, is to make the children good members of the HJ or the BDM . The book is written in fairy tale form. The main character is Hitler as the savior of the Germans and at the same time as the savior of the world:

"Among the many soldiers [...] there was one who was hit even harder by the suffering of the fatherland than all the others [...] despite everything, he didn't want to despair! From now on he wanted to live only for one goal and devote all his energy to just one work: to bring Germany and the German people out of all the misery and to make them strong and happy again. 'And what kind of soldier was that?' asked the children? 'That was Adolf Hitler', said the mother [...] 'Tell me about Adolf Hitler, mother!' called the children. "

She also wrote articles about education in newspapers like the Volkischer Beobachter .

After 1945

In 1945 she was interned for a year; her second husband Otto committed 1946 suicide . In the period that followed, Haarer's educational pamphlets appeared in an "adjusted version" in ever new editions; she herself wrote other books on health topics. She no longer received a license to practice medicine in the Federal Republic ; however, she worked in health departments until her retirement in 1965.

Haarer had five children. After 1945, her daughter Anna Hutzel worked on a contemporary cleaning of the "German mother" as a co-editor in order to secure further marketing. In an interview with the scientist Susanne Blumesberger in 2000, Hutzel stated that Haarer had never changed her National Socialist attitude. Until her death, no one could talk to her about the Third Reich; All children had to suffer from the mother's cold feeling, while problems within the family were solved with violence. Gertrud Haarer, her youngest daughter, published her biography in 2012, in which she for the first time publicly deals with her mother and confirms the portrayal of her sister. She describes how she experienced her mother as a child and adolescent and how she suffered as an adult under her upbringing ideals. The mother, whose care she last took over, was an alcohol and pill addict who was a staunch National Socialist until her death.

Parenting guide

General

Your educational guides were closely based on the Nazi ideology and pointed the way for education under National Socialism . They were a basis for the training of young women in the Reichsmütter training course of the National Socialist Women's Association.

"The image of the mother drawn by Haarer is clearly formulated both in her first work 'The German Mother and Her First Child' (1934) and in her sequel 'Our little children' (1936) and is synonymous across both works [...] The Haarer- Books are, not only with regard to the mother's image, [...] peppered with demands, ideas and goals of the Nazi ideology and thus represent a clear answer to the time from which Haarer wrote her books. The husband and father are of no importance in their books. "

- Michaela Schmid : Educational guide in the first half of the 20th century. [...] Berlin 2008.

According to Haarer, the first pregnancy classifies the woman "in the great events of national life [...] at the front of the mothers of our people, who carry the stream of life, blood and inheritance of innumerable ancestors, the goods of folk and homeland, the treasures of Carry on language, customs and culture and allow them to be resurrected in a new generation ”. The role of women is reduced to their function as childbearing and educating.

According to Haarer, the educational goal of even small children was to prepare them for submission to the Nazi community or for conformity in the sense of their ideology:

“Let us realize that this age, at which our child is now, offers relatively little space for actual upbringing; H. for the spiritual, directed in a certain direction. But the greater is its [sic!] Importance for the development of really healthy and socially acceptable living habits, which will make educational work easier for us, later for schools and other educational institutions up to the labor service and even for the army . "

- Johanna Haarer : Our little children. Lehmanns, Munich 1936, p. 182

In the Soviet occupation zone , Haarer's writings were Motherhood and Family Care in the New Reich (1937), Mother, tell about Adolf Hitler! (1939), The German Mother and Her First Child and Our Little Children (1943) placed on the list of literature to be discarded. In the Federal Republic of Germany , a critical examination of Haarer's works did not begin until 1985. B. with Julius H. Schoeps : (the "German mother") is a typical lesson in the impartial German coming to terms with the past .

The German mother and her first child

background

Haarer's best-known guidebook - The German Mother and Her First Child - was published in 1934 by JF Lehmanns Verlag in Munich , which had been marketing ethnically oriented medical literature since the late 1900s . Neither Haarer nor other contemporary authors created an independent National Socialist pedagogy or even an independent National Socialist anthropology of the child, but Haarer made an effort to implement at least the sparse ideas that Hitler had expressed in Mein Kampf zur Erbildung in her book. The only points of a National Socialist education program that Hitler had specified were the imparting of the National Socialist ideology , which was essentially a racial ideology , and a "health education", which in fact amounted to an early military education for the boys. Just as the boys should be oriented towards war, the girls should be oriented towards giving birth and raising Aryan offspring. Haarer assumed this position and wrote:

"The most urgent and urgent need for us women is an ancient and eternally new duty: to give children to the family, the people, the race."

- Johanna Haarer : The German mother and her first child, introduction

content

The book was primarily a guidebook for pregnant women . The focus was on health advice for the mother-to-be. B. should refrain from alcohol and cigarettes and limit their sporting activity and physical work. Furthermore, Haarer listed what was needed as initial equipment for the newborn and advised her readers not to buy baby clothes but to knit them themselves. She also recommended labor-intensive ways of feeding babies: making fresh fruit juice and vegetable puree every day and giving the child biscuits and rusks from their own bakery instead of purchased pastries. In further sections, Haarer described the preparation for the birth, the birth itself, and finally the puerperium. With regard to infant education, Haarer gave the same advice that was given throughout the Western world until the appearance of Benjamin Spock's bestseller Infant and Child Care (1946). For example, she warned against taking the infant in all the time during the day, argued that breastfeeding should be used to nourish the child, not to calm him , and advised unmodified weaning , a method developed by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine , for night-time crying is still recommended today as the standard procedure for treating behavioral sleep disorders in children. Haarer promoted home births and the use of midwives . She was also an ardent advocate of breastfeeding ; In 1937 she was critical of the establishment of human milk collection points because she did not profanate breast milk as a commodity and did not want to prevent mothers from breastfeeding their children themselves; As a result, she fell out of favor with the political leadership. Although washing machines in private households gained prominence only in the late 1950s and the diaper washing laborious manual work was warned Haarer against the child, threatening the otherwise physical and psychological harm, too early with the toilet training to begin.

reception

The head of the Reich midwife, Nanna Conti , warmly recommended the book to her colleagues in 1936. The Nazi leadership made it the basis of the mother training courses that were held as part of the Reich Mothers Service and which had around 3 million participants by April 1943. 400,000 copies of the book had been sold by 1941 alone. By the end of the war there were 690,000 copies.

Even after 1945, until the 1970s, Haarer's book was found in a version that had been cleared of National Socialist propaganda in almost every household in the Federal Republic. After 1945 the book was published with the omission of "deutsche" in the title and some retouching. There were frequent new editions, first in the church-evangelical publishing house Laetare, Nuremberg 1949, from 1951 without obvious Nazi propaganda at Gerber.

In the 1960s and partly in the 1970s, the book was still used in vocational and technical schools, e.g. B. in the training of home economics teachers, used as a textbook. In 1987 the Munich publisher Gerber, which had the exploitation rights since 1951, published the book for the last time. According to the publisher, the total circulation at that time was 1.231 million.

context

Johanna Haarer's book was not the only pregnancy and infant care guide that was read in National Socialist Germany and in the post-war period. The work has to be compared with, among other things, Modern Infant Care and Its Insertion into Household and Family (1934) by Anni Weber and with Nanna Conti's ABC of Home Delivery (1942). As early as 1899, the Munich pediatric professor Joseph Trumpp had published his infant care handbook , which was reprinted several times until 1921. At least as important for the development of infant care in the German-speaking area was Adalbert Czerny ( The Doctor as Educator of the Child , 1908), who founded the international pediatric school as a professor at the Berlin Charité (since 1910).

reception

Haarer's writings have been classified as documents of black education several times in the press, on private websites of individual authors and in Internet forums . In the late 1970s , Katharina Rutschky and Alice Miller described the education of the Enlightenment and philanthropism as “black pedagogy” , the literature of which they had taken out of their respective historical context and subjected to a psychoanalytic interpretation. This approach has been criticized as problematic by both historians and educational historians; the term has not been able to gain a foothold in educational literature. But neither this nor the fact that Rutschky and Miller did not mention Johanna Haarer in their writings could prevent parts of their readership from extending the term “black pedagogy” as a catchphrase to Haarer and many other authors of the 20th and 21st centuries to have.

Fonts (selection)

  • Infant care for young girls. A textbook for schools . Castle library, Esslingen 1931.
  • The mother and her first child . Completely revised and expanded edition, 1222. – 1231. Thousands of the total print run. Gerber, Munich 1987, ISBN 978-3-87249-158-9 (original title: The German mother and her first child . First edition: Lehmanns, Munich 1934, without reference to earlier editions). * Digitized version of the 1940 edition on archive.org
  • Our little children. Lehmanns, Munich 1936 a. ö .; later, cleared of certain Nazi terms: our school children. Carl Gerber, Munich 1950; last in 1970. * Digitized version of the 1943 edition on archive.org
  • Motherhood and Family Care in the New Kingdom . People's education office, Munich 1937 (contributions to people's teaching and community care).
  • “ Mother, tell me about Adolf Hitler! “A book to read, retell and read for yourself for children of all ages. Lehmanns, Munich 1939. * (digitized version) on archive.org
  • Our school children . Gerber, Munich 1949.
  • My knitting book / 1. Pattern knitting . Gerber, Munich 1949.
  • My knitting book / 2. Multi-colored knitting . Gerber, Munich 1950.
  • Be a woman and stay healthy . Gerber, Munich 1950.
  • My knitting book / 3. Knitted clothes . Gerber, Munich 1951.
  • with Esther von Reichlin: Big children, big worries: Children in their maturity period . Humboldt Verlag, Frankfurt, Vienna 1954.
  • Children on the farm are raised in the family and in the village community . Bayerischer Landwirtschaftlicher Verlag, Bonn 1957.
  • German everyday life. A conversation book for foreigners . 9th edition. Max Hueber Verlag, Munich 1959.
  • The world of the doctor. A medical reading book for foreigners . 3. Edition. Max Hueber Verlag, Munich 1966.

literature

  • Johanna Haarer, Gertrud Haarer: The German mother and her last child. The autobiographies of the most successful Nazi education expert and her youngest daughter . Ed .: Rose Ahlheim. Offizin, Hannover 2012, ISBN 978-3-930345-95-3 .
  • Ute Benz: breeding grounds of the nation. “The German mother and her first child” or the continued success of an educational book. In: Dachauer Hefte , 4. 1988, pp. 144–163.
  • Ute Benz: “Mother tell you about Adolf Hitler!” Demagogy in the children's room. In: Wolfgang Benz (Hrsg.): Prejudices in children's and youth literature. Berlin 2010, pp. 161–182.
  • Manfred Berger : Leading women in social responsibility: Johanna Haarer. In: Christ and Education. H. 7, 2005, p. 27 (see also web links)
  • Ders .: Johanna Haarer: An example of the forgetting of upbringing , in: Our children 2009 / H. 5, pp. 12-13
  • Susanne Blumesberger: “The hair is frizzy, the noses are crooked.” Enemy images in National Socialist children's books. Using the example of “Mother, tell about Adolf Hitler” by Johanna Haarer. In: Biblos. 49, 2, pp. 247-268, Böhlau, Vienna 2000.
  • Gudrun Brockhaus: Mother power and fear of life. On the political psychology of Johanna Haarer's educational guide. In José Brunner ed .: Maternal power and paternal authority. Parent images in the German discourse. Tel Aviv yearbook for German history , 36. Wallstein, Göttingen 2008. ISBN 3835302442 . Pp. 63-77.
  • Sigrid Chamberlain: From the nursery of the master man. About two German educational books. In: Psychosocial. No. 63, 19th year 1996, 1, ISSN  0171-3434 , pp. 95-114.
  • Sigrid Chamberlain: Adolf Hitler, the German mother and her first child. About two Nazi education books . Psychosozial-Verlag , Giessen 1997, ISBN 3-930096-58-7 . Epilogue Gregor Dill.
  • Gregor Dill: National Socialist Infant Care. An early education to become a mass man. Thieme, Stuttgart 1999 ISBN 343230711X .
  • Miriam Gebhardt : The fear of the child tyrant. A history of education in the 20th century , DVA , Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-421-04413-6 ; here in particular chap. II. 4. With Johanna Haarer through the generations , pp. 81–90.
  • Michaela Schmid: Educational guide in the first half of the 20th century. A comparative analysis. Continuity and discontinuity in the mother image as well as the (early) child care and upbringing in selected educational guides from the Weimar Republic and the Nazi era. Weißensee, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89998-123-0 .
  • Anna Kemper : Gertrud Haarer. "I stood before her like a judge". In: Zeitmagazin 39/2019, September 18, 2019 ( zeit.de ; PDF p. 41. )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Johanna Haarer , fembio.org
  2. ^ Catholic parish office Bodenbach - baptismal register No. 111/1900 .
  3. ↑ Šťáhlavy Parish Office - baptismal register. Retrieved September 23, 2019 (cz).
  4. ↑ Biographical note in the 1949 edition of "Deutsche Mutter", Laetare-Verlag Nürnberg (p. 269)
  5. ↑ Johanna Haarer, b. Perch. In: Ärztinnen im Kaiserreich , Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine, Charité, Berlin 2015.
  6. ↑ a b A Nazi bestseller with a long shadow, Justina Schreiber ( memento from June 9, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Bayerischer Rundfunk on September 20, 2011.
  7. ↑ a b Manfred Berger: Women in the history of the kindergarten: Johanna Haarer. In: The Kita-Handbuch. Martin R. Textor, Antje Bostelmann, accessed on February 6, 2019 (German).
  8. ^ Anne Kratzer: Pedagogy: Education for the leader. - In order to raise a generation of followers and soldiers, the Nazi regime demanded that mothers deliberately ignore the needs of their small children. The consequences of this upbringing continue to have an impact today, say attachment researchers. Spectrum of Science , January 17, 2019 (archive) . “ By the end of the war, advertised by Nazi propaganda, it had a circulation of 690,000. But even after the war - cleared of the roughest Nazi jargon - it was bought again by almost as many Germans until 1987: in the end a total of 1.2 million times. ”This made it one of the best-selling educational guides and official teaching material during the Nazi era and then until the 1970s.
  9. ↑ Haarer 1939, p. 47.
  10. ↑ Source: Telephone conversation with Blumesberger on November 3, 2000, see Haarer Johanna, geb. Persch, doctor and author.
  11. ↑ Johanna Haarer / Gertrud Haarer: The German mother and her last child. Edited with a foreword by Rose Ahlheim, Offizin Verlag, Hannover 2012.
  12. ↑ http://www1.wdr.de/fernsehen/information/frautv/sendung/erziehungsideale100.html ( Memento from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Education through hardship. A mother, her upbringing ideals and the consequences for her daughter , WDR, FrauTV , broadcast on April 16, 2015 (accessed on June 21, 2016)
  13. ↑ Weltwissen: Who was Johanna Haarer? ( Memento from January 6, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) NDR Info - Welt-Wissen - August 27, 2015 (audio, 4:16 min., Accessed on January 6, 2016)
  14. ^ Michaela Schmid: Educational guide in the first half of the 20th century. [...] Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89998-123-0 , p. 114.
  15. ↑ Johanna Haarer: The German mother and her first child. JF Lehmanns, Munich, 1936, p. 5.
  16. ^ German administration for popular education in the Soviet zone of occupation, list of the literature to be separated: Berlin: Zentralverlag, 1946
  17. ^ German administration for popular education in the Soviet zone of occupation, list of the literature to be sorted out: Second addendum ... 1948
  18. ↑ Schoeps means “impartial” here negatively: not meant seriously, superficial. Die Zeit 1985, No. 14.
  19. ↑ Quoted from: Sarah Mick: Johanna Haarer - The German mother and her first child: A text interpretation in systemic change . GRIN Verlag, 2010, ISBN 978-3-656-15866-0 , pp. 3 ( limited preview in Google Book Search - Bachelor thesis).
  20. ^ E.g. John B. Watson : Psychological Care of Infant and Child , 1928, p. 81 f; Adalbert Czerny: The doctor as educator of the child , Leipzig 1908
  21. ^ E.g. Luther Emmett Holt : The Care and Feeding of Children. A Catechism for the Use of Mothers and Children's Nurses . 15th edition. 1935
  22. ↑ Sleep Strategies: A Cry in the Dark: The Best Therapy for Childhood Insomnia? Retrieved February 6, 2015 .
  23. ↑ a b Anja Katharina Peters: Nanna Conti (1881-1951): A biography of the Reich midwife leader . Lit Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-643-13985-6 , pp. 79 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  24. ↑ Viktor Fast: The mechanization of housework from 1950 to 1970. Retrieved on January 24, 2019 .
  25. ↑ a b Matthias Lohre: The legacy of the war grandchildren: What the silence of the parents does to us . Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2016, ISBN 978-3-641-18823-8 , p. 137 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  26. ↑ Petra Fischbäck: On the educational guide "The German mother and her first child" by Johanna Haarer . GRIN-Verlag, S. 3 ( limited preview in the Google book search - master's thesis, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf).
  27. ^ Dorothee Klingsiek: The woman in the Nazi state. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt , Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-421-06100-9 , p. 90.
  28. ^ The Laetare publishing house (Nuremberg) belongs to the pietistic environment of the diaconal Burckhardthaus .
  29. ^ Anne Kratzer: Pedagogy: Education for the leader. - In order to raise a generation of followers and soldiers, the Nazi regime demanded that mothers deliberately ignore the needs of their small children. The consequences of this upbringing continue to have an impact today, say attachment researchers. Spectrum of Science , January 17, 2019. “ By the end of the war, advertised by Nazi propaganda, it had a circulation of 690,000 copies. But even after the war - cleared of the crude Nazi jargon - it was bought again by almost as many Germans until 1987: in the end a total of 1.2 million times. ”This made it one of the best-selling educational providers and official teaching material during the Nazi era and then until the 1970s.
  30. ↑ Johanna Haarer's mother and her first child . Retrieved July 31, 2019 (WorldCat).
  31. ↑ Anni Weber: Modern infant care and its inclusion in the household and family . Lindau 1934 (2nd edition 1939). Anja Katharina Peters: Nanna Conti (1881-1951): A biography of the Reich midwife leader . Lit, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-643-13985-6 , pp. 204 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  32. ↑ limited preview in the Google book search
  33. ^ Adalbert Czerny: The doctor as educator of the child , Leipzig 1908; 6th edition, Deuticke, Leipzig 1922. Digitized at archive.org
  34. ↑ Florian Stark: Toilet without flushing for the bed-wetter from the home. In: The world. May 11, 2013, accessed January 22, 2019 . Werner Bartens: love instead of kitchen psychology. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung. June 4, 2014, accessed January 22, 2019 .
  35. ↑ Three thoughts on authoritarian Nazi education. Retrieved January 22, 2019 . Structural degradation. Johanna Haarer's school. Black pedagogy. The Nazi education continues to this day. Retrieved January 22, 2019 .
  36. ^ Black pedagogy & Johanna Haarer as our evil. Retrieved January 22, 2019 . Between drill and abuse: Johanna Haarer's “The German mother and her first child”. Retrieved January 22, 2019 .
  37. ↑ Michael A. Milburn and Sheree D. Conrad: Raised to Anger. The Politics of Anger and the Roots of Authoritarianism . The MIT Press, Cambridge, London 2016, ISBN 978-0-262-53325-6 , pp. 5 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  38. ↑ Zvi Lothane: In defense of Schreber: soul murder and psychiatry . Hillsdale, NJ [u. a.]: Analytic Pr. 1992 ISBN 0-88163-103-5
  39. ^ Christian Grabau: Making life: Pedagogy and biopower . Wilhelm Fink, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-8467-5579-2 , p. 9 f . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  40. ^ Juliane Kühn: Aims and Methods in Black Education . Bachelor Master Publishing, Hamburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-95820-015-9 , pp. 5 ( limited preview in the Google book search - Bachelor thesis, Evangelical University for Social Work Dresden, June 2012).
  41. ↑ Angela Bachmair: Amy Chua: Learning from the tiger mother? In: Augsburger Allgemeine. February 3, 2011, accessed January 22, 2019 . Semiha Ünlü: Bernhard Bueb devoured the tiger mother's book. In: RP Online. February 7, 2011, accessed January 22, 2019 . Shocking evening. Retrieved January 22, 2019 .
  42. ↑ The author explores the latent messages that were essential to Haarer's success. Brockhaus shows that Haarer reinterpreted the Nazi rhetoric of “sacrificing oneself for the national community” as the mother's chances of power and therefore justified the mother's total exercise of power over the child as an educational necessity.
personal data
SURNAME Haarer, Johanna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Barsch, Johanna (maiden name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Bohemian-German doctor and author of high-circulation pregnancy and parenting guides in the time of National Socialism
DATE OF BIRTH October 3, 1900
PLACE OF BIRTH Bodenbach , Tetschen district
DATE OF DEATH April 30, 1988
Place of death Munich