Hans Grüninger
Johann (es) Reinhard , alias Hans Grüninger or Johann (es) Grüninger (* around 1455 in Grüningen ; † around 1532 in Strasbourg ), was a Swabian printer and publisher who had set up his own business in Strasbourg. He published several bestsellers , such as the " Eulenspiegel ", and made a significant contribution to establishing the continent name " America ".
Origin, life and work
Miller's son from Grüningen
Hans Grüninger (also "Johannes Grienynger"), who named himself after his hometown Grüningen ("Margt Grienyngen"), came from the long-established Reinhard family (mostly written as "Renhart"), who owned the " Renharts " in the 15th and 16th centuries -Mühle “on the Glems near Markgröningen . He was probably born in the mill and attended the Grüninger Latin School , apparently with the support of the Heinrich Volland Foundation “for poor students” . In the appraisal of 1471, the "Renhart Müller" stated a fortune of only 40 guilders and thus belonged to the "upper class" (mainly craftsmen). A brother or nephew of Grüninger is still called "Renhart Müller" in 1528.
With Magister Heinrich Grininger, who at the end of the 15th century was employed in Nuremberg as a “teacher of oratorio and poetry” and in 1500 published an “Epitome de generibus nominum”, and “Claus Grieninger zu Heudorf in the county of Möskirch ” could Hans Grüninger according to the ADB , but probably only shared the eponymous place of origin with them.
Professional background
Grüninger presumably spent his apprenticeship years in Nuremberg , Speyer and Strasbourg and became the “maistro” of “black art” in Venice . Around 1480 he worked in Basel , where "Johannes von Grüningen, the printer" was cited in court by the widow of his Venetian companion Erhard Goldsmid because of unsettled debts for board and lodging in the amount of ten guilders. In 1482 Grüninger finally appeared in Strasbourg, where he acquired citizenship and a house in the hose alley. Here he founded his own printing company for the production of illustrated books and pamphlets as well as a publishing house with a sales booth at the Münster . His start-up capital may have consisted in part of the dowry of a Strasbourg citizen's daughter; However, nothing is known about his marriage (s). At that time, many intellectuals frequented the cosmopolitan imperial city, who gave the printing trade plenty of orders.
From around 1483 he worked together with his brother Markus Reinhard, a master of woodcut who had started his career in Strasbourg and had gained valuable experience as co-owner of a printing company in Lyon . Around 1491 Markus opened his own print shop in Kirchheim , Alsace , which in 1495 was already running a successor. A common monogram, the use of Lyonesian letters and the improvement of the woodcuts testify to the fraternal partnership.
Grüninger's letters were known for their beautiful shape and clarity. He used 25 fonts; Funke considers his Gothic type in the Lyonesian style to be particularly noteworthy . Since he did not keep any Greek letters in his office , these were cut into wood if necessary (e.g. in Locher's Libri philomusi ). Grüninger's woodcuts for the illustrations, which were initially of rather modest quality, eventually resembled copperplate engravings. In addition to Markus Reinhart, the so-called Terenz Master and Hans Baldung Grien , who moved from Schwäbisch Gmünd to Strasbourg in 1509 , ensured the increase in quality .
Publications
During his time in Strasbourg, Grüninger printed countless pamphlets and around 300 larger works, which he often also published: Folk books, legends, comedies, "novels" (mostly in verse), dictionaries and scientific works, including primarily medical, geographical and spiritual writings . He worked both on behalf of and on his own account. Some of its authors remained anonymous. Occasionally he also contributed himself as a co-author, which he did not make clear.
Philosophical and spiritual literature
In addition to Latin classics, Grüninger also printed works by the humanists of his time, for example by Jakob Wimpheling , Sebastian Brant and Ulrich von Hutten , as well as the moral sermons by Johann Geiler von Kaysersberg .
Grüninger Bible
The tenth German Bible also comes from his shop: the "Grüninger Bible", first published in May 1485. It was the first printed Bible in hand format and because of its handiness it became a trend-setter for the printing of family and house Bibles for a long time. In 1526 he received this from Heinrich Vogtherr d. Ä. illustrated Catholic "New Testament" out.
Aeneid
In addition to the text in Latin, the edition of the Aeneid printed by Grüninger also integrates, for the first time, large-format, vivid woodcuts that function as an “understanding aid”. Sebastian Brant wrote the preface and commented on the illustrations as follows: "Here the scholar can read the stories and inventions, and no less the unlearned can read them." The book, printed in quart format, was published in Strasbourg in 1502 under the title Pubij Virgilij maro [n] is opera cum quinque vulgatis commentariis .
Murner's Luther Polemic
The Reformation did not join Grüninger unlike most Strasbourg citizens. He published writings for and against Martin Luther , including, in December 1522, the anti-reformatory polemic Von der Große Lutherischen Fren by Thomas Murner . Almost under the fool's cap, this theologian had written a 4800 verse humiliation pamphlet, which was celebrated on the one hand as the “most ingenious indictment against the Reformation par excellence”, and on the other it caused outrage among the numerous local sympathizers of the Reformation. Both editions printed by Grüninger were forbidden and confiscated by the Strasbourg magistrate. That he was expecting trouble in advance is shown by Grüninger's distancing closing words, in which he cited the freedom of fools and emphasized his neutrality as a printer who ultimately had to live off printing (see illustration).
Murner's brother, the printer Beatus Murner , who left Strasbourg around 1510 and started his own business in Frankfurt am Main , could have been an apprentice at Grüninger.
Medicinal writings
Grüninger printed a number of medical publications, in particular by Hieronymus Brunschwig and Lorenz Fries , both of whom were temporarily based in Strasbourg and apparently were on friendly terms with him.
Hieronymus Brunschwig:
- The Book of Cirurgia. Handling of Wundartzney. Strasbourg 1497. Digitized
- Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus ( Small distilling book ) in three volumes. 1st edition: Strasbourg, May 8, 1500, further expanded editions 1505, 1509, 1515, 1521, 1528 and 1531. Digitized .
- Liber pestilentialis de venenis epidimie. The book of the poison of pestilentz. Strasbourg, August 18, 1500.
- Liber de arte Distillandi de Compositis: The book of were art to distill. Strasbourg 1512. Digitized version (PDF 76 MB) .
Lorenz Fries:
- Mirror of the remedy . Strasbourg, 1st edition 1518, 2nd edition 1519, 3rd edition March 17, 1529, digitized (1518)
- Treatise on Wild Baths Nature . Strasbourg, July 24, 1519;
- Synonyma and interpretation of the words in medicine . Strasbourg, Nov. 29, 1519.
- Ars memorativa . Strasbourg, March 7th, 1523. and a short account of how to strengthen the memory . Strasbourg, March 12, 1523.
Geographical and astrological works
As early as 1509 Grüninger brought out a book with travel reports by " Americus Vespucius zu Lißbon " about the "New World". Together with Fries, who also worked as a geographer and astrologer, Grüninger finally published the maps of Martin Waldseemüller in a scaled-down form and the explanatory volume “Uslung der Mercarthen or Cartha Marina” in four well-known editions published between 1525 and 1531. With the more manageable printing of the world map divided into individual sheets and the German explanations, Grüninger and Fries made the knowledge of the latest discoveries available to a wider audience and made a significant contribution to the establishment of the continent name " America ".
In Chapter 52, which is oversized in comparison to the previous chapter on "Gallia" or the following chapter on "Gretia", on Grüninger's hometown " Grienyngen ", the second edition of the publisher and printer sprinkled detailed knowledge and, according to Riße, probably also family aspects: the distinguished family “Reim” is possibly of the same origin as the “Reinhards”.
He owes his hometown to Grüninger, who, according to Riße , must have been to Grüningen again around 1525 , probably during a business trip to Frankfurt or Nuremberg , so that the first geographical description and some valuable historical evidence: in particular on the genesis of the prefix "Mark (t)" .
In the 106th chapter of the same edition (1527) Fries wrote about “ Suevia ” that it had a “beautiful, brave, hardworking people who walked far”. In doing so, he provided evidence of how old certain clichés are already, and because of the patriotic influence, nourishes the previously unproven assumption that he himself was of Swabian origin. Unless this chapter also came from Grüninger's pen.
Grüninger could not implement the planned, far more detailed version of the description of the cards because Fries had left Strasbourg after the first edition (1525).
Fiction
The book Ein kurtzweiliglesen by Dyl Ulenspiegel , born in the country of Brunßwick, how he made his life ... is said to have been printed for the first time around 1500. The oldest surviving versions date from the years 1510/11 and 1515. The first authentically secured reference is provided by the colophon of the Strasbourg Eulenspiegel edition from 1515: "Printed by Johannes Grieninger in the free state of Strasbourg vff sant Adolffo day Im iar MCCCCCXV." This forerunner The classic picaresque novel developed into a "world bestseller" and was translated into several European languages while Grüninger was still alive. The author remained anonymous. The theories on authorship published so far ignored the fact that between 1497 and 1521 Grüninger maintained an intensive collaboration with Hieronymus Brunschwig , whose place of origin, both mentioned in the book title (“uß dem Land zu Brunßwick”) and documented in his surname, has a more precise knowledge of the im The Ulenspiegel legend handed down to the Braunschweig region could suggest.
From 1496 Grüninger published comedies by Terence and 1500 The King's Daughter of France , an epic composed by Hans von Bühel between 1400 and 1410 comprising around 15,000 verses, the plot of which is based on the subject matter of May and Beaflor .
One of the bestsellers from Grüninger's print shop was also the ship of fools by Sebastian Brant , which Jakob Locher translated into Latin in 1497 , which held up a mirror to the upside-down world with an entertaining description of its vices and was read across Europe. In 1497 Grüninger also published Locher's Opuscula: Panegyricus ad Maximilianum Tragoedia de Turcis et Soldano. Dialogus de heresiarchis.
Insertion of Grüninger at Fries about his hometown Grienyngen
Illustration from the Eulenspiegel edition of 1515
Woodcut for Hans von Bühel's princess of France
Page from Sebastian Brant's Ship of Fools (1497)
Succession
His sons Christoph, and especially Bartholomäus, who had already been involved in the business, continued the printer's workshop after Hans Grüninger's death (1532/33). A third son or grandson named Wolfgang appears in the sources only in 1533, when he and Bartholomew sold the father's business premises on Strasbourg Sandplatz to the printer Peter Schöffer. Bartholomäus suffered from a decline in orders and tried to stay afloat with new editions of earlier bestsellers. However, in 1538 he had to close his printing house and moved to Colmar with a few remaining wooden sticks . Five years later, his company, which was overindebted due to censorship interventions, was confiscated by the city and Grüninger was expelled from the city. Nothing is known about his further career.
In Strasbourg, other descendants of Grüninger were still active as printers up to the end of the century: the last one is "Johannes Grüninger, the book printer", who was named in 1590 with Cyriacus Spangenberg as a member of the Strasbourg Mastersingers Guild.
reception
Today the Hans-Grüninger-Gymnasium and the Hans-Grüninger-Weg in Markgröningen are named after him. The way led to the now demolished Upper Mill in Glemstal , also called "Renhart Mill", where Grüninger alias Reinhard or Renhart, according to Römer , is said to have grown up.
The working group for historical research and the preservation of monuments in Markgröningen dedicated an exhibition to Hans Grüninger in the municipal museum in October and November 1988. For this purpose, the City Archives in Strasbourg, the Colmar City Library, the Württemberg State Library and other institutions made numerous documents from Grüninger's business dealings and other documents available. The state library in Stuttgart has around two thirds of all Grüninger's books as original editions in its holdings. The Bayerische Staatsbibliothek in Munich offers a special service, which not only presents digital copies on the Internet, but also offers high-resolution PDFs for download.
The Austrian Post and Telegraph Administration selected Grüninger woodcut motifs from the holdings of the theater collection of the Austrian National Library for a special stamp. The stamp shows three characters from the comedy "Eunuchus" by the Roman poet Terenz (see illustration), published by Grüninger in 1496.
literature
- Werner Cohn: Single-sheet prints from the Strasbourg printing company Johannes Grüninger . Strasbourg 1937.
- Jakob Frank: Gruninger, Johannes . In: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB). Volume 10, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1879, pp. 53-55.
- Theresa Friedrichs-Berg: The "History of the Emperor Octaviano". Studies in the history of tradition on the printed editions of a prose novel from the 16th century and its Yiddish adaptation from 1580. Buske, Hamburg 1990.
- Lorenz Fries : Laying out the Mercarthen or Cartha Marina, in which one can see where one is in the waves and where there is actually land, water and city. Strasbourg 1527. Digitized version (1527)
- Fritz Funke: Book customer; an overview of the history of books and writing . Documentation publishing house, Munich 1969.
- François Ritter: Grüninger, Johann. In: New German Biography (NDB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1966, ISBN 3-428-00188-5 , p. 201 ( digitized version ).
- Wolfgang Irtenkauf: About the origin of Johann Grüninger from Markgröningen. In: Ludwigsburger Geschichtsblätter , Heft 24 (1972), pp. 65–74.
- Robert Riße: Johannes Reinhard alias Hans Grüninger, the early printer from Markgröningen. From the writing guild to the industrially manufactured book; Exhibition catalog, ed. from the Working Group on Historical Research and Monument Preservation in Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1990.
- Hermann Römer : Hans Grüninger and the Reinhard book printer family from Markgröningen . In: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages. Renczes, Markgröningen 1933, pp. 278–329.
- Karl Stehlin : Regesta on the history of book printing up to 1500 . Basel 1891.
- Catarina Zimmermann-Homeyer: Illustrated early prints of Latin classics around 1500. Innovative illustration concepts from the Strasbourg office of Johannes Grüninger and their effect , Wolfenbütteler Abhandlungen zur Renaissanceforschung 36, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2018, ISBN 978-3-447-10939-0 .
Web links
- Literature by and about Hans Grüninger in the catalog of the German National Library
- Prints by Hans Grüninger in the complete catalog of the cradle prints
- Incunabula catalog, tick digitized material and search for Grüninger
Individual evidence
- ^ S. Corsten in: Lexikon des Mittelalters IV, 1755.
- ↑ In 1325 the name Conrat Renhart was mentioned for the first time when the Pfaff Werner Altar Foundation was given a location. Due to the volatility of first and last names at the time, the sources contain all possible spellings: Johannes, Johann and Hans or Reinhard, Reinhardt or Renhart or Grüninger, Grieninger or Grienynger. He himself signed in 1524 as "Johannes Grienynger".
- ↑ Cf. his biographically tinged insert in Lorenz Friesen's geographical work “Uslung der Mercarthen or Carta Marina”, which also suggests a relationship with the Reim or “Rem” family, which is described in detail, and explains in passing why the miller's trade in Grüningen was not very profitable : because of great competition from another three "large" grain mills on the Glems (see works and illustration of a facsimile published by Hermann Römer, Markgröningen 1933, p. 285).
- ↑ Peter Fendrich: The city and its citizens in the late Middle Ages. On the social structure of the Württemberg district town of Markgröningen in the context of state history . In: Volume 3 of the series "Durch die Stadtbrille", ed. v. Working group on historical research and monument preservation Markgröningen, Markgröningen 1987, pp. 94–119.
- ↑ Source: Stock book, Markgröningen city archive.
- ^ Source ADB : Waldau, Beytr. for business d. City of Nuremberg IV, p. 237 .
- ^ Source ADB: Hans Müller in his Zimmer'schen Chronik (III, 280, 9-10) .
- ↑ Woodcut for Hartmann Schedels Weltchronik (Nuremberg 1493), fol. cxxxix verso and cxl recto.
- ↑ This assumption is based on the later correspondence with professional colleagues in these places (see Robert Riße: Johannes Reinhard alias Hans Grüninger, the early printer from Markgröningen , exhibition catalog, Markgröningen 1990, pp. 109-212).
- ^ Karl Stehlin: Regesten on the history of book printing up to 1500 , Basel 1891 (source: UB No. 164 (1480), p. 443), and Robert Riße: Johannes Reinhard alias Hans Grüninger, the early printer from Markgröningen (exhibition catalog), Markgröningen 1990, pp. 187ff.
- ↑ Markus Reinhard “from Strasbourg” is documented as the owner of a printing works in Lyon together with Nicolaus Philipp from 1476. See Robert Riße, exhibition catalog, Markgröningen 1990, p. 233.
- ^ Hermann Römer : Hans Grüninger and the Reinhard book printer family from Markgröningen . In: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages , Markgröningen 1933, p. 42f. and 278-329.
- ^ Fritz Funke: Buchkunde; an overview of the history of books and writing , Munich 1969, p. 85.
- ^ Fritz Funke: Book customer . Munich 1969, p. 84.
- ↑ Secured by Friesens : Application of the Mercarthen (1527).
- ^ Fritz Funke: Book customer . Munich 1969, p. 110f.
- ^ Carl von Lützow : History of the German copper engraving and woodcut, Berlin 1891, p. 172.
- ↑ digitized version
- ↑ Erwin Iserloh: Thomas Murner (1475-1537) . In: Erwin Iserloh (ed.): Catholic theologians of the Reformation period . (KLK: Association publications of the society for the publication of the Corpus Catholicorum, 3) Münster 1987, ISBN 3-402-03345-3 , pp. 19–32.
- ↑ Hedwig Heger: Thomas Murner . In: Stephan Füssel (Ed.): German poets of the early modern period (1450-1600). Your life and work. Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-503-03040-9 , pp. 296-310.
- ↑ Theodor von Liebenau: The Franciscan Dr. Thomas Murner . Freiburg im Breisgau 1913. Digitized
- ↑ See also Das Distilierbuoch - the book of the right art to distil and burn the waters dressed with figures useful to keep the human body healthy / first coligated by Jeronimo Brunschweick ... Strasbourg 1521. Digitized .
- ↑ Robert Riße, exhibition catalog, Markgröningen 1990, p. 98.
- ↑ Lorenz Fries : Laying out the Mercarthen or Cartha Marina. Therefore one may see what [where] one is in the world, and what [where] is every land, water and state. Find all that in the Büchlin ze [u]. Strasbourg 1527. Digitized version (1527) ; see also Hildegard Binder Johnson: Carta Marina. World Geography in Strasbourg 1525 . Minneapolis 1963.
- ↑ Quotation: “The new lant, described here, called America, ..., has received its name from a well-known shiplord, called Americus Vesputius” (who discovered this fourth continent in 1497).
- ^ Robert Riße: Johannes Reinhard alias Hans Grüninger, the early printer from Markgröningen. Exhibition catalog, Markgröningen 1990, pp. 109–212.
- ↑ See chapter on authorship in Till Eulenspiegel .
- ^ Digitized (Grüninger 1500) and digitized (1508)
- ↑ Lorenz Fries : Application of the Mercarthen . Sheet 13 verso. Strasbourg: Grüninger 1527 (facsimile from Hermann Römer, Markgröningen 1933, p. 285)
- ^ Sebastian Brant , Stultifera Navis per Jacobum Locher in latinum traducta . Printed by Hans Grüninger in Strasbourg on June 1, 1497
- ^ François Ritter: Grüninger, Johann , in: Neue Deutsche Biographie 7 (1966), p. 201.
- ↑ Robert Riße, in exhibition catalog, Markgröningen 1990, pp. 215–217.
- ^ Timotheus Wilhelm Röhrich, History of the Reformation in Alsace III, Strasbourg 1832, p. 127.
- ^ Hermann Römer, Hans Grüninger and the Reinhard family of printers from Markgröningen , Markgröningen 1933, pp. 278–329.
- ^ Robert Riße, Johannes Reinhard alias Hans Grüninger, the early printer from Markgröningen. Catalog for the exhibition from October 2 to November 13, 1988, Markgröningen 1990, 240 pages, with numerous illustrations of prints and letters.
- ↑ z. B. Lorenz Fries, Johannes Grüninger: Application of the Mercarthen or Cartha Marina In it one can see where one is in the wave and where there is actually land, water and city; All of this can be found in the büchlin digitized version of the Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, accessed on September 21, 2018.
- ↑ Jidische schtudies, 3; ISBN 3-87118-942-1 ), chap. II.1.2: Johannes Grüninger's Offizin in Straßburg (1483-1532) , pp. 45-55.
- ↑ In it an insert from Grüninger about his hometown with a biographical note: sheet 13 verso, as a facsimile from Hermann Römer, Markgröningen 1933, p. 285 and in various facsimile versions from Robert Riße, exhibition catalog , Markgröningen 1990, p. 109ff.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Grüninger, Hans |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Reinhard, Johannes; Renhart, Johannes; Grienynger, Johannes; Grüninger, Johann |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | German printer and publisher |
| DATE OF BIRTH | around 1455 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Grüningen |
| DATE OF DEATH | around 1532 |
| Place of death | Strasbourg |