Karl Rappan

Karl Rappan
Karl Rappan (1969)
Personnel
birthday	September 26, 1905
place of birth	Vienna ,  Austria-Hungary
date of death	January 2, 1996
Place of death	Bern ,  Switzerland
Men's
Years	station	Games (goals) 1
1922-1924	SV Donau Vienna
1924-1928	SC Wacker Vienna
1928-1929	FK Austria Vienna
1929-1930	SK Rapid Vienna
1931-1935	Servette Geneva
National team
Years	selection	Games (goals)
1927	Austria	2 (1)
Stations as a trainer
Years	station
1931-1935	Servette Geneva (player-coach)
1935-1948	Grasshopper Club Zurich
1937-1938	Switzerland
1942-1949	Switzerland
1948-1957	Servette FC Geneva
1953-1954	Switzerland
1958-1959	FC Zurich
1960-1963	Switzerland
1964-1968	Lausanne Sports
1 Only league games are given.

Karl Rappan (born September 26, 1905 in Vienna , Austria-Hungary , † January 2, 1996 in Bern ) was an Austrian football player and coach . As a club coach in Switzerland with Servette FC , Grasshopper Club Zurich and Lausanne-Sports, he has won the championship title nine times and the Cup eight times . He coached the “Nati” three times at the world championship finals (1938, 1954, 1962) and developed the game system of the Swiss bar , which was later refined into a catenaccio in Italy .

Later he was together with Ernst B. Thommen initiator of the UEFA Intertoto Cup , which was also temporarily called the Rappan Cup .

career

player

Rappan was born and raised in Vienna at a time when playing soccer was often the only pleasure a suburban boy could indulge in. He was a child of the "Viennese game", which was characterized by close-knit combinations with precise passing as a basis, but the playfulness that lies in Vienneseism, the gracefulness gave the game a specific Viennese character, tore it off the template, gave it to it unexpected, gripping turns, furnished it with graceful shapes and evoked the memory of the dance, which was always joyfully and successfully cultivated in Vienna. It was the union of precision and playfulness.

Karl Rappan gained his first experience in the senior sector at SV Donau, before he belonged to the first class of the Vienna League with SC Wacker Vienna from the 1924/25 season - from the introduction of professional football . With the black and whites from the Obermeidling district , he finished 7th and scored four goals in 20 league appearances. The combination soccer player, who mostly appeared as a right half-forward, was active with the "Schönbrunnern" from the stadium on Rosasgasse until 1927/28. Association captain Hugo Meisl called the midfielder from Wacker Vienna for the first time for the international match on April 10, 1927 in Vienna in the stadium Hohe Warte against the big rival Hungary in the national team . At the side of team captain Josef Blum , Johann Horvath , Karl Jiszda and Ferdinand Wesely , Rappan played on half right and scored the 2-0 opening goal in the sensational 6-0 win against the Hungarian team around star striker Imre Schlosser in the 29th minute. For his second appearance in the national team, Rappan came on September 18, 1927 in Prague at the first game for the European Cup of the national soccer teams against Czechoslovakia. Austria started with the same attack line-up as in the 6-0 win against Hungary, but lost 2-0 to the host's team led by goalkeeper František Plánička .

In the 1928/29 season Rappan stormed at Austria Wien at the side of Matthias Sindelar , the storm leader of the " wonder team ". His guest appearance (19-7) with the "Veilchen" lasted only one year, from 1929/30 he played with the green-whites of SK Rapid Vienna . At the side of Ferdinand Wesely and Franz Weselik (24 goals), Rappan won the championship with Rapid . In November 1930 he belonged to teammates like Matthias Kaburek and Josef Smistik and the Rapid team, which won the Mitropa Cup in two games (2: 0/2: 3) against Sparta Prague . In both finals, Rappan was used as the right runner.

The former employee in a Viennese textile company, married to Ernestine Holaubek since 1925, was transferred to Geneva in 1931, where he started working for the Societe de Surveillance and joined Servette FC as a footballer, where he became the player's coach from 1932 exercised. In this role, Rappan won the first two championships in Switzerland in 1933 and 1934 . Before national goalkeeper Frank Séchehaye , he formed the defenders pair with Leopold Marad . In the attack, his former Austrian club mate from Wacker Vienna, Ignace Tax , stormed alongside Alexandre Laube , Raymond Passello , Leopold Kielholz , Georges Aeby and Lauro Amadò (until December 1933). During the years of his career as a player-coach, the man at the Vienna Football School had primarily drawn from the rich treasure trove of various technical and tactical components that he had previously got to know in his active career. In 1935 he expanded through a year-long study at the University of Physical Education in Berlin under Dr. Otto Nerz , in addition to his theoretical knowledge and therefore well prepared, accepted the offer from the Grasshopper Club Zurich for the 1935/36 season, and thus took over his first pure coaching position.

Club coach

With the blue-whites from the Hardturm Stadium , a long-term, well-functioning working relationship developed right away, which was only to end after the 1947/48 season. With five championships (1937, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1945) and seven cup successes (1937, 1938, 1940 to 1943, 1946) Rappan set himself a monument as a coach. Player personalities such as Max Abegglen , Lauro Amadò , Alfred Bickel , Hans-Peter Friedländer , Willy Huber , August Lehmann , Severino Minelli , Hermann Springer , Sirio Vernati , as well as the brothers Max and Walter Weiler enabled Rappan to successfully implement his ideas for football training and team management. His time with the "Hoppers" was accompanied by two additional periods with the national team: 1937 to 1938 and 1942 to 1949.

For the 1948/49 season, Rappan returned to Geneva and took over the "Grenats" from the Stade des Charmilles for the second time . With the Servette team around the top performers Olivier Eggimann and Jacques Fatton , he continued his streak of success and won the Cup in 1949 and the championship in 1950 . In the second section at Servette, after the 1954 World Cup, he was unable to pin any further title success to his flag until 1957. After only one year and third place in 1958/59, he already finished the FC Zurich chapter and then worked for the national team for three years before he was again intensively active in club football at Lausanne-Sports from 1964. With the blue and whites from the Stade Olympique de la Pontaise , he won his ninth championship title in the 1964/65 season and made it to the cup final in 1966/67 , which was lost to FC Basel. In the 88th minute, the referee whistled a controversial penalty kick for Basel when the score was 1: 1. After the 2-1 result for Basel, the Vaudois refused to resume the game and demonstratively sat down on the lawn. The referee had to stop the game, Basel won 3-0 by forfait .

As the last club activity, Rappan briefly held the position of technical director in his home town at Rapid Vienna in 1969.

National coach

The first phase with the federal national team began for the native Viennese with an international match on September 19, 1937 in Vienna against Austria. In the 3: 4 defeat against the host's team led by Walter Nausch , Willibald Schmaus and Matthias Sindelar , the new national coach Eugène “Genia” Walaschek made his debut in the “Nati”. On February 6, 1938, Rappan's team defied Germany in front of 78,000 spectators in front of 78,000 spectators and Rappan had already used his regular formation for the World Cup in France, with the exception of André Abegglen . On May 1, 1938, he and his team won the World Cup qualifier against Portugal 2-1 in Milan and the Swiss had qualified for the World Cup finals. In the last international match before the World Cup tournament, Switzerland defeated England 2-1 on May 21 in Zurich; it was the Swiss' first victory over England's national team. Eight days earlier, England had overrun Germany in Berlin with 6: 3 goals, with the wing tongs with Stanley Matthews and Cliff Bastin in particular causing major problems for the German defense. In the World Cup preliminary round match on June 4 in Paris, tactician Rappan again defied a 1-1 draw against Germany and five days later there was an acclaimed 4-2 win in the replay, after a 2-0 deficit after 15 Game minutes. Without the 63-time national defender Severino Minelli and the dangerous winger Georges Aeby - both were injured - Switzerland lost the quarter-final against Hungary on June 12 with 2-0. After returning from the World Cup, Karl Rappan resigned as a selection coach.

In the middle of World War II, on February 1, 1942, he was again responsible for the Swiss national team. It started with a bang: his team around the great goalkeeper Erwin Ballabio won 2-1 against Germany in Vienna. DFB coach Herberger built on a “Vienna block” with Sesta, Schmaus, Wagner, Mock, Hanreiter, Fitz, Decker and Durek, supplemented by Helmut Jahn , Hermann Eppenhoff and Fritz Walter from the “Altreich”. In the following years, victories and defeats alternated in colorful succession; negative results like the defeats against Sweden (2: 7 on July 7, 1946), the Netherlands (2: 6 on September 21, 1947), Hungary (4: 7 on April 21, 1948) and the 0: 6 on December 2 In 1948 in London against England there were successes against Sweden (3-0 on November 25, 1945), Austria (1-0 on November 10, 1946), England (1-0 on May 18, 1947), Scotland (2-1 on November 10, 1946) May 17, 1948) and a 4-0 win against Wales on May 26, 1949 in Bern. Rappan won the two World Cup qualifiers against Luxembourg with his selection in June and September 1949 5: 2 and 3: 2 and Switzerland was thus qualified for the World Cup in Brazil in 1950. At the end of 1949, his second period as Swiss national coach ended, in South America Franco Andreoli was in office as a selection coach.

His start into his third term in office with the Swiss national team, 1952 to 1954, was not very encouraging for Rappan: On November 9, 1952, Switzerland lost the international match 1: 5 in Augsburg against Germany. On the home stretch of preparation for the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland, he met again on April 25th in Basel on the team of national coach Herberger. The later sensational world champion prevailed with 5: 3; Fatton, Ballaman and Kernen scored for the World Cup host's team. In the immediate run-up to the tournament, Rappan played two more preparatory internationals: on May 23 in Lausanne against defending champions Uruguay (3: 3) and on May 30 in Zurich against the Netherlands (3: 1). Roger Vonlanthen managed a hat trick against "Oranje" . The Swiss started the World Cup on June 17th in Lausanne with the first group game against the favored Italy. According to Jessen, "the host got in shape in time for the tournament, the World Cup host was on the way up after the 3-1 dress rehearsal against the Netherlands." The Italian attack was able to beat the dreaded 12-1 corners despite great field superiority Hardly ever decisively enforce “Swiss bars”. In the 17th minute, midfielder Robert Ballaman had given the Rappan team a 1-0 lead after a counterattack. Shortly before the half-time whistle, Giampiero Boniperti scored the equalizer for the "Azzuris". In the second half, Josef Hügi scored the 2-1 winner in the 78th minute after a negligence in the Italian defense. On June 20, Rappan and his team lost 2-0 to England in “a tired kick” in Bern, so that Switzerland was facing a playoff for second place against Italy three days later. Here Rappan surprised the Italians with an unexpected offensive tactic - three storm peaks with Charles Antenen , Josef Hügi and Jacques Fatton, as well as the two offensive connectors Robert Ballaman and Roger Vonlanthen - and won unexpectedly 4-1. With that, the "underdog" made it to the quarter-finals. There, on June 26th in Lausanne, the Swiss met their clearly favored neighbor Austria with the outstanding Austria driver Ernst Ocffekt . The game went down in the history of world championships as the " Heat Battle of Lausanne ". Less than 20 minutes were played in tropical temperatures and Switzerland led 3-0. At halftime, Austria was already leading 5: 4. What exactly was the temperature, how much influence it really had on the creation of the goals, cannot be clarified with absolute certainty, only the temperatures had an influence on the flood of goals at the quarter-final match in Lausanne between Austria and Switzerland . Beat Jung's “Nati story” records the following about this game and coach Rappan: “In the following game in the 5-7 defeat in the quarter-finals against Austria - 'an insane game in which all dams broke' (Walter Lutz,“ The saga of world football ”) - Rappan made the most serious mistake of his entire coaching career. Switzerland had given up a 3-0 lead. Bar defender Roger Bocquet was paralyzed by a sunstroke. During the break he asked his teammates in confusion about the score. Instead of changing the team and ordering a striker into the defense - player replacements were not possible at the time - Rappan watched idly. The bolt broke apart. The strategist had lost track in the scorching heat of Lausanne. "

Under national coach Jacques Spagnoli, Switzerland missed out on the World Cup qualification for the 1958 tournament in Sweden against rivals Spain (2: 2, 1: 4) and Scotland (1: 2, 2: 3). Since things did not improve under his successor Willibald Hahn , the Viennese's time was up after an 8-0 away defeat against Hungary on October 25, 1959 in Budapest. The SFV selection was in one of their biggest crises and Rappan took the reins of the national team for the fourth time. As in the previous three terms of office - 1937/38, 1942–49, 1953/54 - he had met a waning national team in 1960 and the task of successfully qualifying for the World Cup for the 1962 tournament in Chile was demanding. His first responsible game took place on March 27, 1960 in Brussels against Belgium, where the first qualifying match would take place on November 20. The host won the friendly match against attacker Jef Jurion 3-1. Rappan won the following three international matches against Chile (4: 2), the Netherlands (3: 1) and France (6: 2) with the national team and therefore went back to Brussels in November with a certain optimism. Charles Antennen gave Switzerland a 1-0 lead in the 21st minute and extended the lead to a 4-1 with two more goals in the 48th and 78th minutes, before the hosts cut it to the final result of 2: 4 could. In defense, Rappan had counted on goalie Karl Elsener , Rolf Wüthrich , Willy Kernen , Andre Grobety and Heinz Schneiter , who were to be supplemented by Ely Tacchella in the next games . The second leg was won 2-1 on May 20, 1961 in Lausanne, with Robert Ballaman distinguished himself as a two-time goalscorer. Eight days later, the Rappan team collapsed in Stockholm against the vice world champions of 1958, Sweden, with a 4-0 draw. The second leg decided Norbert Eschmann with his goal in the 80th minute to a 3-2 home win. This resulted in a play-off between Switzerland and Sweden on November 12th in Berlin. The Confederates prevailed in the divided city after goals from Schneiter and Antennen with 2: 1 and were thus qualified for the 1962 World Cup in Chile. To have asserted itself against the remaining World Cup heroes of 1958 in the form of Orvar Bergmark , Bengt Gustavsson and Agne Simonsson was to be seen as a success for Switzerland. In the group stage in Chile, Switzerland then lost all three games against the organizers (1: 3), Germany (1: 2) and Italy (0: 3). The team was no longer able to build on the brilliant performance they had shown against Sweden. Too many top performers were sick, injured or convalescent; The team also played too decently and fairly.

A mammoth competition like a World Cup exceeded the strength of the Swiss amateur footballers, who were used to "a leisurely, often downright ridiculously slow championship rhythm" (Rappan), unless everything really fit together. Rappan: “Our players are not professionals and they cannot maintain a professional program. That doesn't change the fact that they now earn as much as their professional colleagues. Most of the players work. It is not possible to be a full-fledged professional and a full-fledged athlete. ”(“ Sport ”, August 17, 1962).

The misery of the "Nati" continued after the 1962 World Cup in Chile, as feared by Rappan. The negative trend culminated on June 5, 1963 at the international friendly match against England in Basel, in a disastrous 8-1 home defeat. Under Rappan, the later midfield icon Karl Odermatt made his debut at the side of the young Köbi Kuhn and the old top performers on the defensive with Andre Grobety, Ely Tacchella and captain Heinz Schneiter. On the English side, Bobby Charlton had distinguished himself as a triple scorer alongside teammates such as Jimmy Armfield , Ray Wilson , Bobby Moore and Jimmy Greaves under the direction of the new team manager Alf Ramsey .

Rappan withstood the pressure and criticism of himself and his system even after the further defeat on November 3 in Zurich with 2-0 to Norway, but resigned in mid-December 1963 after the "Nati" a good month had previously played a 2-2 draw in Paris against France, without a bolt, without a cleaner, with a back four on a line in defense. At the time of his resignation, the old master also surprised his French critics, who showered him with praise after the 2: 2 in Paris, and gave a final test of his unpredictability, which was part of his success.

Director of the SFV, 1970 to 1975

In 1970 Rappan became director of the Swiss Football Association. This enabled him to go to the roots of his sport for the first time. Measures that he introduced in this administrative function included lowering the minimum age of the youngest junior category from eleven to nine years. His introduction of "rapid boiling courses" for teachers across the country proved to be very important. Year after year, over 1,000 teachers were introduced to the ABC of football, thus establishing the game of football in school sports and at the same time improving the social prestige of football.

Swiss bars

Born in Vienna, he went down in sports history thanks to a tactical coup of the century: the invention of the Swiss bolt, a game system based on reinforced defense. Rappan had introduced the bar at Servette FC in Geneva, where the outrunner of Rapid Vienna traded as a player in 1931 and as a coach the following year. The bolt was a combination of room and man covering. The two outside runners covered the opposing wings, while the two defenders, who had this task in the then usual World Cup system, moved into the central defense and practiced a kind of space cover staggered as stoppers and cleaners. Advancing the central defense played the middle runner, who had to put up "persistent resistance" - as Rappan put it -, supported by two half-strikers who were hanging back. One of these insides acted as a link to the three attackers. The central defense quartet, consisting of the cleaner, stopper, center runner and the backward half-striker, was pushed back and forth as a bolt, depending on which side the opponent's attack was carried forward. That is the description of Beat Jung in “Strategists of the Game”.

Hennes Weisweiler's textbook also notes: “When he took over the Swiss national team, the Viennese trainer Rappan realized that he would have little success with the player material available. Because the selection wasn't too big in little Switzerland. So he temporarily strengthened the defense using the cover system of the 'offensive system', because as an Austrian he only played in the offensive system. ”He continues the Austrians, even playing in the old 'offensive system' until the 1954 World Cup in Switzerland . They were able to afford this certain backwardness because up to that time they had numerous excellent footballers. Another proof that the system is not always as decisive as many footballers and supporters believe.

In the “offensive system”, the offensive middle runner was the decisive figure, the mediator between attack and defense, while the other players were more one-sided with tasks in defense or in attack. The two defenders covered the inside, one was the so-called standing defender, the other the attacking defender. He was instrumental in the offside trap. With the help of the "old" offside rule (until 1925), the rear team who covered space understood how to catch the strikers right behind the center line. The outside runners shielded the wingers on the sidelines, whereby the runners often defended in clever positional play between the opposing winger and half-striker. They delayed the enemy attack while covering space and also set the offside trap. Through this delaying tactic of the two outer runners and defenders, which was only made possible by the impending offside danger, the offensive middle runner found connection to his own defense. He usually took over a leaning inside striker, and the ratio between defense and attack was the same again at five. This tactic supported the old three-man offside rule. After the offside rule was changed, Arsenal coach Herbert Chapman introduced the man-covering World Cup system to international football, but first on the island.

With the Swiss bar, Rappan achieved a mixture of his learned Austria system and Chapman's adaptation to the new offside rule, whereby the situation-related shifting of the "bar", the mixture between room and man covering, was decisive.

Rappan had turned Switzerland's football deficits into a dreaded weapon. He invented the bolt "because the Swiss player couldn't technically match the foreigners, nor did he have their playful imagination, but was willing to uncompromisingly apply his hardness and discipline while neglecting his own personality in the service of the team's interests and team success put".

Views on the trainer and characteristics of the trainer Rappan

He was more intelligent than the most intelligent player. A gentleman, completely taken with himself, a monsieur who - almost impossible to touch - always kept the distance, correct from A to Z, a coach who never yelled around, always knew what he wanted, the greatest and best coach throughout his entire career - this is how Rappan is described by three former players on his team: goalie Eugen Palier, bolt defender Willi Steffen , bolt defender and captain Heinz Schneiter.

Rappan was a grand master of trapping. Before the World Cup in 1938, he used to not understand certain journalists' questions, despite his excellent knowledge of French, or not to publish the team line-up before the game, or then to announce the wrong one. Even in the run-up to the meeting against Greater Germany, Rappan drew from the repertoire of his lists. He managed the feat of turning something everyone knew - Switzerland would play the bolt against Greater Germany - to make a secret again and to cause confusion. Switzerland would, he spread in the media, raise a new defense system against Germany. He skilfully parried inquiries from journalists: "Disclosed secrets are no longer terrifying."

His art consisted of a curious mixture of relentless severity and understanding gentleness. First of all, he demanded tactical obedience from the players, which he himself called "system loyalty". Anyone who did not stick to the concept he had sketched out was thrown out. Point. Rappan was never a buddy for his people, more of a strict father. He certainly had an ear for the ailments of the most varied nature. It was simply clear to him that only an actor who is in balance is capable of good performance. Rappan found it easy to respond to personal needs; his education, his intelligence and his level made communication with the footballers easier everywhere. No doubt the tough dog also had a soft core. Above all, he could become wild as fox if he suspected a kicker of unsound lifestyle. Alcohol and nicotine were taboo, and not just for his players. As a rule, he trusted in older people he had known for a long time; the champions suspected young footballers to be too unsteady, too reckless. Once he had accepted, he would no longer let them down; he was reluctant to make personnel corrections to his teams. The shape of the day didn't interest him. Experience and submission were important. Rappan ruled his footballers like a family man of that time ruled his children, authoritarian and not tolerating contradiction. At the same time he was aware that his strategic ideas could only be implemented by players "who are also convinced of the correctness of the task taken on". So Rappan tried to convince her, sometimes with gentle force. In short player meetings he knew how to make his people "hot", to motivate them.

At the end of his coaching career, he was described by critics as adamant, tough and incapable of compromise. Rappan's authoritarian, apodictic manner, albeit underlaid with Viennese charm, no longer caught on with the boys. He was suddenly living in the wrong time. In his eyes, the young players were corrupted by money, effeminate, with a lack of harshness towards themselves. Although he intimidated the new generation, the Kuhn and Odermatt, he was never able to conquer or win them over.

A "Nazi" for the "Nati"?

According to Beat Jung, the whole von Rappan family was involved in various Nazi organizations in Zurich: son Manfred as a Rotten leader, later as a squad leader in the Hitler Youth, daughter Ilse in the Bund deutscher Mädel, Frau Ernestine in the women's association of the German Colony, which is notorious for its fanaticism in Zurich. Rappan himself was a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), registered as such by the Federal Prosecutor's Office in 1942, according to files in the Federal Archives.

“It seems inconsistent”, the report by the police department of the canton of Zurich concluded on April 17, 1946, “that the children of the Reich German youth participated, and not reluctantly, but with full commitment. The alleged anti-Nazi attitudes of the parents should, one would think, have been reflected on the children through the daily upbringing and contact at home. ”The report then nevertheless comes to the conclusion that Rappan had only made a pact with the Nazis,“ about it not to spoil them ”. So no country reference. There is also no reason not to extend Rappan's residence permit, especially since the football association continues to employ Rappan as the coach of the national team, "in full knowledge of the political situation". The Rappan case was shelved by the authorities in 1946.

Rappan had received the definitive settlement permit three years after the Second World War.

statistics

Karl Rappan

As a player

• 1922–1924 SV Donau Vienna
• 1924–1928 SC Wacker Vienna
• 1928–1929 FK Austria Vienna
• 1929–1931 SK Rapid Wien ( Austrian champion 1930 and Mitropa cup winner )
• 1931–1935 Servette Geneva (player- coach ; 2 × champion )
• 2 international matches and one goal for the Austrian national team (1927)
• 4 selection games in the Vienna team

As a trainer

• 1935–1948 Grasshopper Club Zurich (5 × champions and 7 × cup winners )
• 1948–1957 Servette FC Geneva (1 × champion and 1 × cup winner)
• 1958–1959 FC Zurich
• 1964–1968 Lausanne-Sports (1 × champion)

He also sat 77 times - spread over four periods, u. a. at the World Championships in 1938 , 1954 and 1962 - on the coaching bench of the Swiss national football team , which is still a record today.

As national coach

• 1937–1938 Swiss national football team
• 1942–1949 Swiss national football team
• 1953–1954 Swiss national football team
• 1960–1963 Swiss national football team

As technical director

• 1970–1975 Swiss Football Association

tomb

Rappan is buried in the Schosshaldenfriedhof in Bern .

literature

• Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling (ed.): Strategists of the game: The legendary football coaches , Werkstatt GmbH, 2005, ISBN 3895334758 , p. 116f.
• Beat Jung: Karl Rappan - a "Nazi" for the Nati , in: Beat Jung (Ed.): The Nati: the history of the Swiss national football team , Die Werkstatt, 2006, ISBN 3895335320 , pp. 120f.
• Ludger Schulze: Trainer. The great football strategists. Copress Publishing House. Munich 1989. ISBN 3-7679-0292-3 . Pp. 43-48.
• Swiss Football League, Philippe Guggisberg (ed.): 75 years of the Swiss Football League, National League SFV. 2009. ISBN 978-3-9523556-0-2 .
• Gottfried Schmid (Ed.): The golden book of Swiss football. Publishing house Domprobstei. Basel 1953.

Web links

• Hans-Dieter Gerber: Rappan, Karl. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
• Statistics FC Zurich

Individual evidence

1. ^ Bernd Rohr, Günter Simon: Football Lexicon. Copress Publishing House. Munich 1993. ISBN 3-7679-0829-8 . P. 381
2. ^ Bernd Rohr, Günter Simon: Football Lexicon. Copress Publishing House. Munich 1993. ISBN 3-7679-0829-8 . P. 382
3. ^ Bernd Rohr, Günter Simon: Football Lexicon. Copress Publishing House. Munich 1993. ISBN 3-7679-0829-8 . P. 205
4. ↑ Wolfgang Maderthaner, Alfred Pfoser, Roman Horak (ed.): The elegance of the round leather. Viennese football 1920–1965. Publishing house Die Werkstatt. Göttingen 2008. ISBN 978-3-89533-614-0 . P. 19
5. ^ Christian Jessen, Volker Stahl, Erik Eggers, Johann-Günther Schlüper: Football World Cup 1954 Switzerland. The miracle of Bern. Agon Sportverlag. Kassel 2003. ISBN 3-89784-218-1 . P. 61
6. ^ Christian Jessen, Volker Stahl, Erik Eggers, Johann-Günther Schlüper: Football World Cup 1954 Switzerland. The miracle of Bern. Agon Sportverlag. Kassel 2003. ISBN 3-89784-218-1 . P. 62
7. ↑ Beat Jung (Ed.): The Nati. P. 124
8. ↑ Beat Jung (Ed.): The Nati. P. 138
9. ↑ Beat Jung (Ed.): The Nati. P. 140
10. ↑ Beat Jung (Ed.): The Nati. P. 141
11. ↑ Beat Jung: in Strategists of the Game. P. 125
12. ↑ Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling (Ed.): Strategists of the game. Pp. 118/119
13. ^ Hennes Weisweiler: The football. Tactics, training, team. Publishing house Karl Hofmann. Schorndorf near Stuttgart 1980. ISBN 3-7780-3028-0 . P. 85
14. ^ Hennes Weisweiler: The football. Tactics, training, team. Publishing house Karl Hofmann. Schorndorf near Stuttgart 1980. ISBN 3-7780-3028-0 . P. 76
15. ↑ Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling (Ed.): Strategists of the game. P. 119
16. ↑ Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling (Ed.): Strategists of the game. P. 120
17. ↑ Ludger Schulze: Trainer. The great football strategists. P. 46
18. ↑ Ludger Schulze: Trainer. The great football strategists. P. 47
19. ↑ Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling (Ed.): Strategists of the game. P. 124/125
20. ↑ Beat Jung: The Nati. P. 119
21. ↑ Beat Jung: The Nati. P. 120
22. ↑ Beat Jung: in Strategists of the Game. P. 125