Konotop (Kolsko)
| Konotop | |||
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| Basic data | |||
| State : | Poland | ||
| Voivodeship : | Lebus | ||
| Powiat : | Novosolski | ||
| Gmina : | Kolsko | ||
| Geographic location : | 51 ° 56 ' N , 15 ° 54' E | ||
| Residents : | 1288 (March 31, 2011) | ||
| Postal code : | 67-416 | ||
| Telephone code : | (+48) (+48) 68 | ||
| License plate : | FNW | ||
Konotop ( German Kontopp , formerly Konntopp ) is a village in the municipality of Kolsko in the powiat Nowosolski of the Polish Lubusz voivodeship .
Geographical location
The village is located to the right of the Oder in Lower Silesia on the Upper Obra , which flows there through marshy terrain. The Schlawaer See is located southwest of the village .
history
Founded in the Middle Ages (it probably already existed in the 13th century), got Konotop early 18th century, the town charter . Although the urban episode lasted a little longer than 100 years, Kontopp never developed into a real city, which was evident in its rural architecture and in the fact that there were no guilds .
After the Napoleonic Wars , reforms were carried out, and the new Prussian laws brought with them requirements that the population either refused or could not meet, so that city rights were lost again. It belonged successively to Bohemia , Austria , Prussia and the German Empire . Until 1945 Kontopp was a market town in the district of Grünberg in the Prussian province of Lower Silesia and around 1930 had a population of around 1000. There was a district court, which distinguished the place from a village, as well as a bank, a school, a small hospital and a pharmacy. Today Konotop also has a swimming pool and a football club.
In old documents the place is called Kunitup or Contop . In popular parlance, Kontopp means something like “horse pond” or the place where the horses are led into the river to cool their legs after working in the field and to wash them, which may have to do with a ford on the Obra .
The first settlement is believed to be in the 13th century, the Church of St. Anne is first mentioned in 1308. In the 15th century the village was owned by the von Zabeltitz family , who also owned Deutsch-Wartenberg . Sigismund von Zabeltitz is mentioned by name for 1451 and two von Zabeltitz brothers were executed as robber barons by Johann II of Sagan . The rule of the von Zabeltitz family ended in 1482. The owners Balthasar von Löbell , Wolff von Dyherrn (1572) and Sigismund von Kottwitz (1576) are known to have been the owners in the 16th century . During this time the Church of St. Anna was rebuilt, as it may have burned down; it was Protestant from 1550 to 1654. A fortified Renaissance castle was built on the site of the old moated castle in 1592 . The owner of Kontopp, Anne von Kottwitz, donated the separately standing wooden bell tower to the Church of St. Anna in 1595 (the bell from that time and the owner's gravestones in the vestibule still exist today). On the ruins (?) Of the Renaissance castle, Adam Wenzel von Kottwitz built the baroque castle in 1693 on new oak piles in the boggy ground, the moat was redesigned and the park laid out. After the death of her husband, Anna von Kottwitz completed the building in 1696. In order to give their seat more importance, the Kottwitz family tried to obtain town charter, which was granted by Emperor Joseph I in 1706 . Thereupon the place got its coat of arms and other privileges. At that time the Church of St. Anna was redesigned in the baroque style and a presbytery was added. In 1742, Adam Heinrich von Kottwitz had the Protestant Peace Church built in a simple half-timbered construction, also known simply as the "Prayer House".
From 1788 onwards the Lords of Luckow , Counts of Rothenburg (until 1811), Barons of Falkenhayn , the Barons of Kalckreuth and the Lords of Birkhahn were named as owners of the estate . Around 1790 Kontopp was divided into the city and the property of the castle owners. It had 831 inhabitants, 3 windmills, a hospital, 2 rectories and, since 1790, an evangelical school. Around 1835 Kontopp was considered a market town and had a Protestant church, a Catholic church, a castle, eighty houses and around 500 residents.
As early as 1809, the von Kontopp magistrate had declared that it would not be able to make use of the urban order. In 1839 Kontopp lost its town charter and transferred to the rural communities. In 1845 there were 67 houses, a royal post office, a brewery, a distillery, two windmills, four blacksmiths, three bakeries, four tailors and only 471 inhabitants (34 of them Catholic) in the village. After the purchase by Heinrich Constantin Adelbert Foerster in 1845, the estate developed and enlarged, commercial and residential buildings were newly built, the distillery expanded, the castle thoroughly renovated and rebuilt and connected to the side wings, part of the park into an English park redesigned and built an arbor and a neoclassical tomb in it. Overall, the place experienced a significant upswing. The opening of a Catholic school is dated to the year 1885, shortly afterwards a district court was added. In 1900 Kontopp had 1073 inhabitants again, got a train station in the first years of the 20th century and thus became the railway junction of the single-track line from Wollstein via Neusalz to Sagan with the line from Glogau to Züllichau and Schwiebus . A locomotive shed and a storage area for timber transports were created. This development brought a further upswing.
Under Kurt Adalbert Lothar Foerster , who managed the estate from 1922 to 1945 as the last owner, the estate was 2,000 hectares in size, including almost 375 hectares of arable land, 125 hectares of meadows and 1,500 hectares of forest. On his initiative, the meadows were drained with drainage ditches and the distillery for industrial spirit made from non-edible potatoes received a larger license . In contrast, the vineyard, the sawmill and the steam-powered peat press were given up. The farm became a model operation in Lower Silesia, Kurt Foerster was a well-known expert on seed potatoes. As their patron, he had the two churches thoroughly renovated, as well as the castle.
Until 1939 the village population was purely German and consisted of farmers and civil servants. After the Germans were drafted into the war , Polish workers came from the Wollstein district a few kilometers away, which had belonged to Poland since 1918 and had a mixed population. From there they were expelled in 1939 and the German government assigned them to other farms, while the Germans from the Baltic States were resettled to the Polish farms in the province of Posen . On January 23, 1945 the trek from Kontopp to the west began, the escape from the Soviet Army , which was already within earshot . A few days later, after consuming the industrial spirit from the distillery, she waged a major massacre among those who remained and desecrated the family tomb of the landowners. In the years that followed, the Polish communists tore down the Evangelical Church of Peace and blew up the castle, of which only the brick core of one half remains to this day. The farm with the dairy cows and the farms were continued as a state enterprise (PGR = Państwowe Gospodarstwo Rolne - state agriculture, which corresponded to an LPG in the GDR ), the distillery came under the Polish alcohol monopoly . Apartments for Poles relocated from the east by the Soviets were set up in the Protestant rectory and in the hospital . The district court is still used as a school today, and for some time an agricultural evening school was set up there. The railway line was only closed for passenger traffic in 2002 and has only been used for some freight traffic, occasional wood transports or excursions by mushroom pickers and nostalgic lovers of steam locomotives since then.
Lordship and manor
Kontopp was a "rule", that is, in the Bohemian period (14th - 16th centuries) the owners were responsible for the jurisdiction (with the courtroom in the castle). The Bohemian laws were retained during the Austrian period. The rulership consisted of the manor Kontopp with the castle, the Polame manor (1945: 1,500 hectares of forest mainly pine) and the three outbuildings Marienhof (today Marianki ), Heinrichau (near Striemehne, today Strumiany ) and Birkvorwerk each with stables, barns, paddocks and workers' housing. There were two forest districts and the Schwendtsee was also part of the estate. Since the soil was not good enough for wheat and sugar beets , the fields were used to grow seed potatoes , rye , barley , oats , maize , fodder beet , lupins and for "mixes" as green manure, which was plowed under or used as fodder. During the war, sunflowers and rape were also planted for oil production.
The castle had 32 rooms and was surrounded by the park and the moat. In the park was the crypt of the Foerster family and members of the Graeff family by marriage , including Graeff , including the politician Heinrich Graeff (1800–1861). Between the street and the castle was the courtyard with the houses for the employees and craftsmen, with the distillery for industrial alcohol made from potatoes not suitable for consumption or sowing, with a forge, stables, storerooms, barns, feed kitchen and wagon shed . Behind the park there was a nursery with a gate to the village, for shopping for the villagers. Today's farmers live in the old long houses of the workers on the manorial farm, continue to run the distillery and keep cows, but today geese are raised instead of ducks as in the past .
Population figures before 1945
- 1790: 831
- 1845: 471, including 34 Catholics
- 1900: 1073
- 1885: 1.180
- 1933: 1.418
- 1939: 1,326
literature
- Otto Wolff : History of the city of Grünberg in Lower Silesia from its creation to the introduction of the Reformation . Weiss, Grünberg 1848, pp. 159-160.
- Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of all villages, towns, cities and other places in the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia, including the entire Margraviate of Upper Lusatia, which is now part of the province, and the County of Glatz. Breslau 1830, pp. 353-354.
- Hugo Freiherr von Saurma-Jeltsch : Book of arms of the Silesian cities and towns . Berlin 1870, p. 141.
- Siegismund Justus Ehrhardt : Presbyterology of Evangelical Silesia . Volume 3, Liegnitz 1783, pp. 443-445.
Web links
- Website about the village (Polish, partly English)
- Historical view of Schloss Kontopp
Individual evidence
- ^ CIS 2011: Ludność w miejscowościach statystycznych według ekonomicznych grup wieku (Polish), March 31, 2011, accessed on July 6, 2017
- ^ Karl August Müller: Vaterländische Bilder, or history and description of all castles and knight palaces in Silesia and the County of Glatz. Second edition, Glogau 1844, p. 536.
- ^ Leopold von Zedlitz-Neukirch : The Prussian State in all its relationships . Volume 3, Berlin 1837, p. 112.
- ↑ Johann Georg Knie : Alphabetical-statistical-topographical overview of all villages, spots, cities and other places of the royal family. Prussia. Province of Silesia . Breslau 1830, pp. 353-354.
- ^ Heinrich Simon: The Estates Constitution of Silesia . Breslau 1846, p. 59, footnote 2).
- ↑ Summer timetable 1939, course book route 116r (later 129r) http://www.deutsches-kursbuch.de/1_92.htm
- ^ A b c Michael Rademacher: German administrative history from the unification of the empire in 1871 to the reunification in 1990. Landkreis Grünberg (Polish Zielona Góra). (Online material for the dissertation, Osnabrück 2006).