Klingenberg thermal power station
| Klingenberg thermal power station | |||
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| Coordinates | 52 ° 29 '24 " N , 13 ° 29' 42" E | ||
| country |
 Germany
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| Data | |||
| Type | Thermal power station | ||
| Primary energy | Fossil energy | ||
| fuel | natural gas | ||
| power | 164 MW electrical output 1010 MW thermal output |
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| owner | Vattenfall | ||
| operator | Vattenfall Europe heat | ||
| Project start | 1925 | ||
| Start of operations | 1927 | ||
| Chimney height | approx. 146 m and approx. 144 m | ||
| Website | kraftwerke.vattenfall.de/klingenberg | ||
The Klingenberg combined heat and power plant is a combined heat and power plant in the Berlin district of Rummelsburg that supplies more than 300,000 households with electricity and heat . While the listed shell of the Klingenberg power plant from 1925 to 1926 was operated by the Berliner Städtische Elektrizitätswerke Akt.-Ges. ( Bewag ) built thermal power plant is largely preserved faithfully the technical components from the 1970s were completely replaced.
Until May 2017, mainly lignite from the Lusatian lignite mining area was burned. In May 2017, the HKW was converted to combustion with natural gas. The power plant is an important supplier of district heating for the eastern part of Berlin. It belongs to the Swedish energy group Vattenfall and is operated by the subsidiary Vattenfall Europe Wärme, which is part of the German subgroup .
The historic hard coal power plant
Location
A convenient location in east Berlin was chosen for the power plant. It is located on the north bank of the Spree at Köpenicker Chaussee 42–45 just before the Rummelsburger Bucht in Rummelsburg . This area is connected to the Upper Silesian coal region by the Oder and Oder-Spree Canal . It is also located directly on the Berlin - Erkner - Frankfurt (Oder) railway line .
During the First World War , an aluminum factory was set up on this site in order to respond to the increasing demand for aluminum ( aircraft , airships , replacement material for electrical engineering ) due to the war . Since Germany had to accept massive restrictions on the import of raw materials and the bauxite, which had hitherto been preferentially obtained from southern France, was no longer available, the raw material clay was now used, which, however, only provides a very low aluminum yield. The aluminum factory was merged with other factories to form the imperial-owned company Vereinigte Aluminum-Werke (VAW).
The Rummelsburg power plant, located around 600 m up the Spree on the Rummelsburger Landstrasse 2-12 site, which went into operation in 1907 , was initially used to supply power to the Rummelsburg aluminum plant . This power plant was expanded in the years 1925 to 1929 parallel to the new construction of the Klingenberg power plant according to plans by the architect and head of the BEWAG construction department, Hans Heinrich Müller . The city of Berlin entrusted the construction work to AEG and spent around 60 million marks on it.
After the damage caused by the Second World War had been repaired , the Rummelsburg power plant went back into operation in the summer of 1945 as Berlin's first power plant. It was shut down in 1966. The machine hall and the operations building, some outbuildings and some of the equipment are still there and are occasionally used for filming and as an event location.
Since the demand for electricity continued to grow during the First World War, further power plants were required, which were now built directly at the production sites of the energy carriers. So the plans incurred before the war began were implemented, near the central German lignite -Tagebaugebietes Golpa - Jeßnitz (northeast of Bitterfeld ) the power plant Zschornewitz to build.
In order to carry the electricity from the Zschornewitz power plant to Berlin, a supraregional 110 kV high-voltage overhead line from Zschornewitz to Berlin was built with the Golpa line , which was put into operation in July 1918. The line led to a junction on Rummelsburger Chaussee. One branch was led to a substation located at the Rummelsburg power station in order to supply the aluminum works on the Rummelsburg Bay. For the first time, Berlin was connected to a power plant outside the city.
The other branch of the high-voltage line led further north to a substation near Friedrichsfelde . This line was extended until 1925 in the course of Ostseestrasse, Bornholmer Strasse and Seestrasse to the Moabit power plant in order to create a network for the Berlin power plants.
After the First World War, the requirement of the Allied victorious powers (prohibition of the construction of airplanes and airships) drastically decreased the demand for aluminum . The very uneconomical Rummelsburg aluminum plant was closed. The buildings were sold for demolition with a contract dated September 1919 to the entrepreneur Jakob Zwick from Neustadt an der Haardt .
The location of the former aluminum works on the banks of the Spree and the connection to the high-voltage line favored the later settlement of another power plant. From 1925, the new Klingenberg power plant was built on the cleared site.
Power plant construction
On July 9, 1925, Berliner Städtische Elektrizitätswerke AG ( Bewag , since 2006: Vattenfall Europe Berlin AG & Co.KG ) signed a contract with Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft ( AEG ) for the turnkey construction of a hard coal-fired power plant with 270 MW electrical output in Rummelsburg . Ten years earlier, the Berlin magistrate had taken over Bewag, which was initially called Berliner Elektricitäts-Werke (BEW), from AEG.
The technical concept of the power plant was created by the pioneer of modern power plant construction Georg Klingenberg , after whom the power plant is named. Architects were his brother Walter Klingenberg and Werner Issel , who created an impressive industrial complex in expressionist architecture . When it opened, the coal-fired power plant was the largest and most modern in Europe. The regeneration of the feed water preheating was also unique .
The groundbreaking ceremony took place on September 15, 1925. The construction was carried out under the most primitive safety conditions, so that numerous serious and fatal accidents occurred during the construction work. Despite delays due to strikes, the power plant was completed on July 30, 1927 after less than two years of construction. As early as December 19, 1926, the first expansion stage of the power plant with 30 MW was connected to the grid for the first time to help cover the winter peak of 1926/1927.
One of the largest customers for the Klingenberg power plant was the Deutsche Reichsbahn , which in 1928 concluded an electricity supply contract with Bewag to supply the Berlin city, ring and suburban railways, which later became the Berlin S-Bahn . For this purpose, a switchgear was built on Markgrafendamm near the Ostkreuz S-Bahn station and connected to the power plant.
The installed machine output was 270 MW, whereby a doubling of the power plant output was already planned. The plant was operated by three steam turbine groups of 90 MW each, divided into a main turbine of 80 MW and a preheating turbine of 10 MW. The boiler system consisted of 16 boilers, each with a continuous maximum output of around 18 MW. They generated live steam of 35 atmospheres and 410 ° C. The coal grinding plant comprised four groups, each with 24 tons of hard coal per hour grinding capacity. The raw coal store could hold up to 220,000 tons, two mobile conveyor bridges had an output of 140 tons / hour each.
building
The original power plant consisted of several administrative buildings, the power station, the heating plant with eight brick chimneys each 70 meters high, coal bunkers, grinders, a separate branch canal as a branch from the Spree with the harbor, a road bridge ( Klingenbergbrücke ) and a designed surrounding wall. All of the buildings on the street, including the bridge and the surrounding wall, are made of dark clinker bricks in simple industrial architecture and are listed buildings . The historic control room, whose technical equipment was documented between 2005 and 2006 by a project group from the Berlin School of Technology and Economics , has also been preserved.
Originally there was a large open-air swimming pool in the immediate vicinity of the power plant from 1927, the Lichtenberg municipal river bath , in which the bath water was heated with the warm cooling water from the power plant. The bathing water should have reached temperatures between 30 and 35 ° C. The facility comprised 26,000 m² of beach area, large shower facilities, four bathing pools: warm pool 50 m × 25 m, school pool 50 m × 25 m, sports pool 100 m × 25 m, paddling pool 1400 m². At the time, the bath was the most modern open-air bathing facility in the heart of the city of Berlin.
Second World War
Between 1942 and 1945, up to 108 forced laborers worked at times on the site of the power plant . A corresponding barrack camp was put into operation in 1943 on the premises of the Berliner Kraft- und Licht .
At the end of the Second World War , the fate of the power station seemed sealed, the SS planned a demolition, which could be foiled at the last minute. The General Fyodor J. Bokov reported this in his memoirs that the power plant was a resistance group, which included the workers Alfred Wülle and Robert Zorkisch which with soldiers of the 230th Infantry Division which on April 22, 1945 the Red Army in Connect and informed them of the intended demolition. During the attack the next day, a pioneer unit penetrated the engine room and was able to prevent the demolition with the help of two captured German pioneers and the engineer Karl Meining and other workers.
In 1945, large parts of the technical systems were dismantled so that the output of the plant was reduced to 90 MW. Five years later, the dismantled system components were reinstalled. During the Berlin blockade , as in all power plants in the Soviet sector of Berlin, deliveries to the western part of the city were completely stopped. Until the blockade, the power plants in the east of the city provided 75 percent of the electricity for the western sectors.
Building additions and conversion to newer energy sources
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The thermal output of the combined heat and power generation was 590 MW, the electrical output 188 MW. The supplementary buildings and renovations carried out in 1965 and 1974 led, on the one hand, to the modernization of the technical equipment with the replacement of the old chimneys with two new ones made of reinforced concrete. These are now 146 and 169 meters high (2016: approx. 144 m and approx. 146 m) and are equipped with electrostatic precipitators. On the other hand, a company outpatient clinic and a vocational school were added as new buildings . In 1987 the cogeneration plant was converted to run on lignite ; since 2017 it has been converted to natural gas.
In addition to lignite for the base load , natural gas has also been used for the peak load since around 2011 . The lignite came from the opencast mines around Cottbus , which were also operated by Vattenfall.
The feed takes place at the 110 kV high voltage level in the network of the Vattenfall subsidiary Strom Berlin GmbH.
Future of the power plant location
Lignite combustion at the site was ended on May 24, 2017, after the shutdown date previously planned for 2020. This should save 600,000 tons of CO 2 . Then everything is to be converted to natural gas on site. Extensive modernizations are planned for this. The end of the technical lifetime for the entire system is specified as 2025. A power-to-heat system, in which excess wind power is converted into heat, is also planned at the site. [outdated]
Discontinued or dormant planning
Construction of a new hard coal power plant
Originally, Vattenfall wanted to build a new hard coal power plant with 800 MW el and 650 MW th for heat extraction instead of the old power plant . Because of the high CO 2 emissions, these plans were very controversial in Berlin from the start. The necessary new construction of a cooling tower with a height of up to 140 meters was also met with protests from residents because of the considerable visual consequences for the entire area.
New construction of a gas and biomass power plant
After a hard coal-fired power plant was ruled out as an option due to protests in 2009, the concept by Vattenfall and the Berlin Senate envisaged the construction of two small biomass power plants with 20 MW of electrical output each and the construction of a larger gas and steam plant. Combined power plant . The biomass power plants should cover the heat base load and benefit from the feed- in tariff under the Renewable Energy Sources Act . The laying of the foundation stone was planned for 2013 and the completion of construction in 2016, the current coal-fired power plant should then be shut down when it reaches full capacity.
Both supporters and opponents in the neighborhood had found themselves for this concept. The opponents criticized that neither the demand for raw materials nor sustainable production were guaranteed to operate the biomass power plants and that an oversized system would be created. The necessary 60 meter high cooling tower would also disrupt the cityscape. Originally, Vattenfall had planned to obtain the approximately 700,000 tons of wood chips and round wood mainly from cultivation areas in the Brandenburg area. At the end of 2010, however, the group declared that a large part of the biomass should come from a cooperation project with the Buchanan company from Liberia .
In December 2012 Vattenfall announced that it would not burn any biomass in the planned power plant. Vattenfall's further course of action is now unclear. Although the combined cycle power plant has already been approved, construction has not yet been decided.
In a public information bulletin, those responsible assured that further thought would be given to both the cooling tower and any noise pollution within the development plan procedure.
See also
literature
- M. Rehmer: The large power station Klingenberg. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1829–1830.
- R. Tröger: The guidelines for the design of the system. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1831–1834, panels 7 and 8.
- R. Laube: The construction facilities of the large power station Klingenberg. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1841–1854, Sheet 33.
- Friedrich Münzinger: The boiler system of the large power station Klingenberg. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1855–1868, plate 9, sheet 34.
- EA Kraft: The turbine systems in the Klingenberg power plant. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1869–1876, Plate 10, Sheet 35 and 36.
- Heinrich Denecke: The auxiliary machines of the large power station Klingenberg. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1877–1887.
- Pohl: The power generators at the Klingenberg power plant. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1888–1890.
- H. Probst: The electrical part of the large power station Klingenberg. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1891–1901, Sheet 37 and 38.
- R. Tröger: Profitability of the large power station Klingenberg. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1902–1910.
- Directory of construction and delivery companies. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 71, Issue 53 (December 31, 1927), pp. 1910–1912.
- WE Wellmann: Acceptance tests on an 80,000 kW turbo dynamo from the Klingenberg power plant. Journal of the Association of German Engineers, Volume 72, Issue 31 (August 4, 1928), pp. 1077-1081.
- Berliner Städtische Elektrizitätswerke Akt.-Ges. (Ed.): The large Klingenberg power plant . Description of the facilities and contributions of companies involved in the construction. Series 2, Volume 5. Felix Lehmann Verlag, Berlin 1928.
- Gerhard Flügge: Klingenberg. In: Berliner Zeitung , no year (around 1975).
Web links
- Klingenberg thermal power station on the Vattenfall website
- Klingenberg power plant - entry in the Berlin state monument list
- Klingenberg thermal power station. In: Structurae
- Kraftwerk Klingenberg - Landesdenkmalamt Berlin on the website of the Senate Department for Culture and Europe
- Klingenberg power plant at luise-berlin.de
- Klingenberg power plant (PDF). Information sheet from the Berlin Center for Industrial Culture at HTW Berlin
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Klingenberg thermal power station . Vattenfall AB website , accessed November 12, 2017.
- ↑ a b c d Energy supply: The last batch of lignite. Berliner Zeitung , May 25, 2017, accessed on May 25, 2017 .
- ↑ aluminum. In: Otto Lueger , Moritz Fünfstück (Hrsg.): Lexicon of the entire technology. 2nd supplementary volume (= Vol. 10), Stuttgart 1920, p. 32. ( online at www.zeno.org, accessed on February 26, 2011)
- ↑ Supplement Finanz und Handelsblatt: AEG is building the Rummelsburg power station . In Vossische Zeitung , July 14, 1925, morning edition, p. 11.
- ↑ Silva-Karte 1925 on: ZLB Berlin, accessed on May 16, 2020
- ↑ Belli, page 111, footnote 469
- ↑ wp.s-bahnstromgeschichten.de: BSW Foundation - How does electricity get to the S-Bahn? Retrieved January 27, 2017.
- ^ Bewag / Vattenfall: Historisches Kraftwerk Rummelsburg - Documentation control room (research assistants I) , accessed on January 31, 2013
- ↑ Lichtenberg Municipal River Pool at hafenundhof.com
- ↑ Information on forced labor camps in the Lichtenberg district from 1939 to 1945 ( PDF )
- ↑ Fyodor J. Bokow : Spring of Victory and Liberation . Berlin 1979, p. 208 ff.
- ^ "The Airlift" (documentation) by Peter Adler .
- ↑ Information from Vattenfall on the operation of the Klingenberg HKW ( PDF ( Memento from January 17, 2007 in the Internet Archive ), offline; as of August 2, 2011)
- ↑ Power plant list of the Federal Network Agency as of March 31, 2017, accessed on November 12, 2017 (XLSX; 681 KB) .
- ↑ Rummelsburg Vattenfall thermal power station converts from lignite to natural gas. berliner-zeitung.de, September 27, 2016, accessed on September 28, 2016 .
- ↑ BZ : Energy dispute Power plant will not be built. March 11, 2009
- ↑ a b With the concerns of the residents. The governing mayor Klaus Wowereit (SPD) visited the Klingenberg power plant. In: Berliner Woche , June 9, 2010, p. 3 (Local)
- ↑ Energy company Vattenfall buys wood from Liberia. In: Berliner Morgenpost , October 15, 2010
- ↑ Farewell to the wood chips. In: Berliner Zeitung , December 13, 2012. Accessed December 13, 2012.