Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway
| Berlin – Wrocław main line from 1875 |
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|---|---|
 Frankfurt train station in Berlin around 1870
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| Route number (DB) : |
S-Bahn Berlin: 6004 Bln Ostbf – Bln Rummelsbg (3rd line) 6152 Berlin – Guben: 6153 |
| Route number : |
Gubinek – Wrocław Muchobór 275 Wrocław Muchobór – Wrocław Główny 273 Miłkowice – Jezierzany (formerly 3rd level) 775 |
| Course book section (DB) : |
S-Bahn Berlin: 200.3 Berlin – Guben: 201 Frankfurt (Oder) –Guben: 211 |
| Course book range : |
Żagań – Legnica: 270 (PKP) Legnica – Wrocław: 260 (PKP) |
| Route length: | 329.5 km |
| Gauge : | 1435 mm ( standard gauge ) |
| Power system : |
S-Bahn Berlin: 750 V = Miłkowice – Wrocław Główny: 3 kV = |
| Power system : | Berlin – Guben: 15 kV 16.7 Hz ~ |
| Top speed: | 160 km / h |
The Lower Silesian-Märkische Eisenbahn (NME) was initially a private railway line that connected Berlin and Wroclaw from 1846 . It was acquired by the State of Prussia on August 21, 1852 and, in 1920, merged with the other former Prussian state railways as part of the Deutsche Reichseisenbahnen .
history
The beginnings
Around 1840 all of the larger states of the German Confederation began building long-distance railways. From 1837 to 1839 the first German long-distance line was the Leipzig-Dresden Railway in Saxony , in 1837 Austria began building its northern line and from 1838 to 1840 the Magdeburg-Leipzig railway was the first cross-border line ( Prussia - Anhalt - Saxony ) to be built. One of the next Prussian railway projects was the 81-kilometer Berlin-Frankfurt Railway, built between 1840 and 42 and opened on October 23, 1842 . It led from the Frankfurt train station (later Schlesischer Bahnhof) in Berlin via Fürstenwalde (Spree) to Frankfurt (Oder) .
On November 27, 1843, according to the address calendar 1844 page 412, the Lower Silesian = Märkische Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (NME) was founded with the participation of the Prussian state to establish a connection from Berlin via Frankfurt to Wroclaw , the second largest city in the kingdom. The construction of the Upper Silesian Railway leading to Upper Silesia had already started there. The end section Liegnitz –Breslau of the NME route Frankfurt – Breslau was completed on October 19, 1844. The course of the rest of the larger part had not yet been finally determined at that time. A year later, on October 1, 1845, the Bunzlau –Liegnitz section was opened.
On January 1, 1845, according to the 1846 address calendar page 390, the Berlin – Frankfurter Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft was merged with the NME-Gesellschaft with the consent of its shareholders. Lower Silesian-Märkische Eisenbahn (NME) was kept as a common name .
According to the 1846 address calendar, page 603, the Berlin-Frankfurter-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft was established on May 15, 1841, and on July 30, 1845, when it expired.
The remainder of the route Frankfurt- Guben - Sorau - Kohlfurt - Bunzlau became passable from September 1, 1846. This completed the Berlin – Breslau line (length 357 kilometers). At that time, it was possible to continue traveling to Ratibor with the Upper Silesian Railway .
On September 1, 1847, the NME branch line from Kohlfurt to Görlitz and the easternmost section of the Saxon-Silesian Railway between Reichenbach / OL and Görlitz went into operation at the same time . This provided a continuous rail connection from Breslau via Dresden , Leipzig , Magdeburg , Oschersleben (Bode) , Wolfenbüttel and Braunschweig to Hanover . A month and a half later, on October 15, the continuous connection reached Deutz on the banks of the Rhine opposite Cologne , which already had a connection to the Western European railway network via the Rheinische Eisenbahn . With the commissioning of the connecting line between the stations in Wroclaw on February 3, 1848, a continuous rail connection from Deutz to Krakow was established via the Upper Silesian Railway , which was completed on October 18, 1847, and the Krakow-Upper Silesian Railway , which was completed on October 13, 1847 . Less than a year later, on September 1, 1848, with the gap between the Upper Silesian Wilhelmsbahn and the then Austrian Oderberg (Czech: Bohumín ), the end point of the Kaiser Ferdinand's Northern Railway since April 1, 1847 , the rail connection between Berlin and Vienna was perfect . On April 1, 1848, the Warsaw-Vienna Railway opened its southern terminus next to the Szczakowa station of the Krakow-Upper Silesian Railway.
Takeover by the Prussian state
With the initial takeover of shares worth 1.5 million thalers by the Prussian state, the condition was linked that the state could take over the operation and the administration under certain circumstances. Because the earnings of the railway fell short of expectations in the years 1848/49, with reference to this clause and at the special instigation of the Prussian Minister of Commerce August von der Heydt , management was taken over on January 1, 1850 on behalf of the company. Although the results improved quickly, the railroad was offered for sale to the state by directors 18 months later. The reason for this surprising development is also suggested by v. d. Heydt's planned introduction of the cheaper “one-penny tariff” for coal trains, as a result of which the board of directors would have feared considerable losses in sales.
Von der Heydt endorsed the purchase, but experienced considerable opposition from Finance Minister Carl von Bodelschwingh , who referred to the considerable national debt. Ultimately, King Friedrich Wilhelm IV backed his trade minister on the grounds of the particular economic and military importance of this railway. Despite further protests, the purchase was approved by a narrow majority and completed on January 1, 1852. The NME was thus part of the Prussian State Railways and administered by the newly created Royal Direction of the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway in Berlin.
In autumn 1853 the first express train (running at night) between Berlin and Breslau was set up. After the completion of the Galician Carl Ludwig Railway in the summer of 1868, the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway also served as the shortest connection between Berlin and Bucharest . In 1889 the "Orientzug", a direct express train between Berlin and Budapest, was set up.
On May 15, 1875, a 93-kilometer double-track shortcut line was opened from Gassen via Sagan to Liegnitz.
With the accelerated industrialization towards the end of the 19th century, traffic also increased, especially in Berlin and the surrounding area. After several additional stations were built along the route up to the 1890s, another pair of tracks for the suburban trains was gradually moved to Erkner . As part of this, around 1902 the line in the Berlin urban area was relocated to a dam in order to avoid level crossings at street level.
The NME as an instrument of Prussian railway policy
After it was taken over by the state, the NME became an instrument of Prussian railway policy beyond its own line operations. The state used the technical and operational competencies of the NME now in its hands, especially for the construction or completion of further railways and their operation. With the company's potential, he was also able to influence the behavior of other companies:
- From 1857 the state of Prussia was able to use the railway line from Berlin to Frankfurt with the connecting line to Küstrin to acquire material for the construction of the initially unfinished Prussian Eastern Railway .
- Since the English imported coal was considerably cheaper than the Silesian coal, it was a particular concern of the state to promote the competitiveness of the domestic coal through a one-penny tariff for transports. Minister of Commerce v. d. In 1852 Heydt threatened the opposed Oberschlesische Eisenbahn to commission the NME to carry out coal transports on the routes of the Oberschlesische Bahn at a one-penny tariff. This procedure was made possible by § 27 of the Prussian Railway Act (prEG). The Upper Silesian Railways gave in, with the result that their coal transports almost quadrupled and revenues also rose.
- When the first Berlin connecting line was completed on October 15, 1851 , the NME was given the management of freight traffic.
- After the Berlin Nord-Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, which had been founded for this purpose , was dissolved on December 15, 1875 during the construction of the Berliner Nordbahn due to a lack of financial reserves, the Prussian state acquired the unfinished railway and transferred the further construction work to the NME. The Royal Directorate of the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway was converted to the Royal Railway Directorate of Berlin (KED) on February 21, 1880, with a correspondingly expanded scope of duties.
- On July 17, 1871, the new connection line , which was later to become the Berlin Ringbahn , was built with state funds for freight traffic. The NME was entrusted with the construction and operation of the facility, which also soon started a shuttle service to the new connecting line. The breakpoint was called the Lower Silesian-Märkischer connection .
- In 1895, the company built the Berlin-Karlshorst train station for visitors to the Karlshorst trotting track, which had previously been built . A six-track terminus station was built next to the suburban platform especially for this purpose .
people
- The civil engineer Ludwig Henz was significantly involved in the construction.
- Secret archivist Adolph Friedrich Riedel had been a part-time deputy director from 1843 and a member of the company's management from 1844 to 1848.
- Government councilor Franz Naunyn was chairman of the management and board of directors of the NMEG from 1844.
- Government councilor Christian von Maaßen was state commissioner from 1845 to 1849, chairman of the management and board of directors of the NMEG, and from 1849 to 1869 chairman of the Royal Railway Commissariat in Berlin.
- Privy government councilor Ernst Costenoble was director of the NMEG from 1850 to August 20, 1852, after the nationalization from August 21, 1852 to 1868, chairman of the Royal Direction of the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway.
- The engineer Robert Garbe , later known as the locomotive designer for the Prussian state railways , became workshop manager of the NME central workshop in Frankfurt an der Oder in 1872, and four years later he was transferred to the main workshop in Berlin-Markgrafendamm.
vehicles
One of the first locomotives on the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway was the Weishaupt from the Berlin mechanical engineering company Schwartzkopff.
It is noteworthy in the context of early history that the company procured various steam railcars in 1879 . The steam boiler and steam engine were mounted on one of the car's two bogies.
Accidents
On November 11, 1916, the “ Balkan Express ” express train drove to a group of female track workers at route kilometers 20.2 , killing 19 women. The cause was the warning signal that was given too late and the only superficial briefing of the women who were obliged to do so due to the war. The victims are buried in a common grave in the Rahnsdorf cemetery. The GDR removed the original memorial stone and leveled the graves. Since around 2005 a new memorial stone commemorates the names of the 19 victims.
After 1920 / takeover by the Reichsbahn and its successor
Reichsbahn period until World War II
After the takeover of the Prussian and thus also the “Lower Silesian-Märkian” railway lines in the new Deutsche Reichsbahn , there were apparently multiple reorganizations of the railway operations. In the course book 1944/45 of the Deutsche Reichsbahn the connection Berlin – Breslau is led with the course book number 145, the section Kohlfurt – Bunzlau – Liegnitz was assigned to the connection Dresden – Wroclaw (course book line 160), the section Gassen – Kohlfurt was assigned to Course book route 157.
In 1928, the suburban line to Erkner was provided with a lateral conductor rail for the electrical operation of the S-Bahn, whereas long-distance traffic continued to be operated with steam.
In 1936 the first express railcars ran between Berlin and Beuthen. They covered the 508-kilometer route at a cruising speed of 117 km / h in a time of 4 hours and 21 minutes. Since 1938 the visa-free corridor trains from Berlin to Vienna have been running on the former Lower Silesian-Märkische Bahn. As early as October 1939, additional express trains were set up between Berlin and Krakow , the capital of the Generalgouvernement . Until the Soviet Vistula-Oder operation in January 1945, the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway was a main artery of the German economy.
After the Second World War
The Frankfurt (Oder) –Posen railway branches off in Frankfurt (Oder) and is part of a west-east connection via Warsaw to Moscow . To supply Soviet troops, a track on the line was converted to 1,524 mm wide gauge when the Red Army advanced, so that the first Soviet military train could run to the Berlin city limits on April 25, 1945. On June 28, 1945, the first passenger train from Moscow reached the Silesian Railway Station , where tracks 1 to 3 had been changed. For Stalin's journey to the Potsdam Conference , a track to Potsdam was also changed to Russian broad gauge . The broad gauge tracks were nailed back to standard gauge by September 20, 1945 in order to increase transport performance.
Unlike most of the lines, the long-distance tracks on the Berlin – Frankfurt section were not reduced by half; the route was used to transport reparations to the USSR . For this, however, the tracks of the S-Bahn were completely dismantled, so that electrical operation within Berlin could only take place three years after the dismantling. The route between Berlin and Frankfurt remained a main axis of international traffic. In 1990 it was electrified with 15 kV, 16.7 Hz AC voltage to the Oderbrücke border station .
The section Guben - Żagań (Sagan) running over the Oder-Neisse Line was affected by the demarcation. It was put back on a track. There was no longer any traffic across the border. Freight traffic was only carried over this route in exceptional cases. The last case was in 1994 due to construction work on the route from Guben in the direction of Czerwieńsk (Rothenburg), through which traffic otherwise passed.
On the Polish side, after the war, a Gubinek train station was built near the Polish part of the divided city of Guben. Passenger traffic there was stopped in 1986; In 1994 the more inland section from Zagan to Lubsko (Sommerfeld) followed.
Route expansion
Expansion of the Berlin – Frankfurt (Oder) line
The 85 km long section between Berlin Ostbahnhof and the German-Polish border near Frankfurt (Oder) is part of the European transport axis Paris - Berlin - Warsaw and the Pan-European Transport Corridor II . It has been modernized since 1997 as part of the Berlin - Frankfurt (Oder) upgraded line project and expanded for speeds of up to 160 km / h. This should reduce the travel time to 36 minutes. Completion was originally planned for 2013 with planned investment costs of 565 million euros, now completion is expected by 2020.
The project is divided into three sections:
- Berlin Ostbahnhof - Erkner: In addition to the expansion of the route, the construction of a new regional platform in the Berlin-Köpenick station is planned by 2026; the replacement of the regional train station in Erkner was completed at the end of 2009. Contrary to the original plan, the line speed will only be increased to 160 km / h for the Köpenick – Erkner (–Frankfurt (Oder)) section. The regional platforms at Berlin-Karlshorst station were abandoned when the timetable changed in December 2017 after a regional platform was built at Berlin Ostkreuz station as part of the project there.
- Erkner - Frankfurt (Oder): The line was extensively modernized between 2002 and 2008 and consistently expanded for a line speed of 160 km / h. Eight train stations, including Fürstenwalde train station, were renewed.
- Frankfurt (Oder) - German-Polish border ( Frankfurt (Oder) –Poznań railway line ) with the construction of the new Oder bridge in 2008
The total investment in project sections 2 and 3 was 167.5 million euros. Of this, 61.6 percent was provided by the European Regional Development Fund .
In the Erkner – Fürstenwalde section, ETCS was tested in Level 1 Full Supervision (FS) and Level 1 Limited Supervision (LS) versions around 2012 . The ETCS test setups were out of operation in 2017. The route between Erkner and Frankfurt / Oder is now to be equipped with ETCS. While ETCS Level 1 (LS, ETCS signal-controlled) is to be used in Frankfurt, ETCS Level 2 is planned for the rest of the section .
In preparation for the expansion of the long-distance railway tracks between Erkner and Berlin-Köpenick, the signal box technology on the parallel S-Bahn line was modernized. An electronic signal box (ESTW) and the ZBS electronic train control system between Berlin Wuhlheide and Erkner went into operation on December 13, 2015. Another section between Berlin-Karlshorst and Berlin-Rummelsburg followed by the end of 2016. A total of around 40 million euros was invested in the renewal of the security technology.
From 2016, the tracks and overhead line systems of the long-distance railway between Berlin-Wilhelmshagen and Berlin-Hirschgarten were modernized and the distance between the tracks and the parallel S-Bahn line increased. At the Berlin-Friedrichshagen train station, there was an additional exit to the south to Fürstenwalder Damm. The railway overpasses Neuenhagener Mühlenfließ, road to Fichtenau and Fredersdorfer Mühlenfließ as well as the passenger tunnel at Berlin-Wilhelmshagen station were renewed.
In April 2020, an electronic interlocking for the long-distance railway went into operation in Berlin-Köpenick station. This is a prerequisite for the subsequent renovation of the Köpenick freight yard, including the construction of a regional platform.
As early as the end of 2022, an additional train per hour between Berlin and Frankfurt is to run on line RE 1 during rush hour, which only stops in Erkner and Fürstenwalde. By December 2025 at the latest, all platforms are to be extended from 140 to 210 meters so that longer trains with around 800 seats can be used in regional traffic.
Reconstruction of the Berlin Ostkreuz train station
As part of the Ostkreuz station renovation project, the track and station systems between Berlin Ostbahnhof and Berlin-Rummelsburg are currently being completely renovated . The S-Bahn tracks are being rearranged, so the crossing structure, which was previously located just behind the Ostbahnhof, is being moved to unwind the Prussian Eastern Railway to behind the Ostkreuz station in order to enable directional operations in this section . The Warschauer Straße and Ostkreuz stations will be completely rebuilt and their platforms will be rebuilt in a different location. The long-distance railway systems will also be modernized and converted in this section. A regional platform was also built at Ostkreuz station.
Today's train service
Today is the Deutsche Bahn operated part of the route of the regional express -lines RE 1 ( Magdeburg - Berlin - Frankfurt (Oder) (- Eisenhüttenstadt - Cottbus )) and RB 11 (Frankfurt (Oder) -Eisenhüttenstadt- Guben -Cottbus ) drive on. On the Berlin section to Erkner, the S-Bahn line 3 runs parallel to the long-distance train .
The Euronight line Paris - Berlin - Warsaw - Moscow and the Eurocity line to Warsaw also operate on the section between Berlin and Frankfurt (Oder). There is also brisk freight traffic due to the connection function of the route between Poland and Germany.
Trivia
- Between 1858 and 1870 August Wöhler carried out methodical fatigue strength tests on the NME systems for the first time .
- The playwright Gerhart Hauptmann lived from 1885 to 1889 in Erkner , a place on the route not far from today's Berlin city limits. It was here that he also wrote his work Bahnwärter Thiel , which is set on a railwayman's house further east of the route near the town of Fangschleuse .
- On November 1, 1918 occurred at Briesen the railway accident in Briesen , a rear-end collision in which 20 people died.
See also
literature
- Laurenz Demps : The Silesian Railway Station in Berlin. Transpress, Berlin 1991. ISBN 3-344-70725-6
- Wolfgang Klee: Prussian railway history . Kohlhammer Edition Railway. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1982. ISBN 3-17-007466-0
- Kgl. Pr. Minister d. public Work (ed.): Berlin and its railways. 1846-1896 . 2 vols. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1896, Aesthetics and Communication, Berlin 1982, pp. 190ff. (Repr.) ISBN 3-88245-106-8
- Ryszard Stankiewicz and Marcin Stiasny: Atlas Linii Kolejowych Polski 2014. Eurosprinter, Rybnik 2014, ISBN 978-83-63652-12-8 , pp. F3–4 and G4–7
- Report on the arrangements made for the execution of the Lower Silesian-Märkische Railway Company by the end of 1844. Feister, Berlin 1845 digitized
- Operating regulations, Berlin-Frankfurter Eisenbahn, valid from May 1, 1844. Haenel, Berlin 1844 digitized
Web links
- Berliner-Bahnen.de
- eisenbahn.wikia: Line openings in what is now Poland
- Information and pictures on the expansion of the route in the Berlin area at bastellen-doku.info
Individual evidence
- ↑ Query of the course book route 201 at Deutsche Bahn.
- ↑ Query of the course book route 211 at Deutsche Bahn.
- ↑ Chronicle of the Berlin-Frankfurter (O) Railway ( Memento from December 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Klee, Prussian Railway History, p. 65 ff
- ↑ Klee, Prussian Railway History, p. 121 ff
- ↑ Klee, Prussian Railway History, p. 126 ff
- ^ Jörn Hasselmann: The almost forgotten rail accident in Berlin-Rahnsdorf. In: Der Tagesspiegel . November 11, 2016, accessed November 30, 2016 .
- ↑ Dirk Winkler: Railway metropolis Berlin 1935 to 1955 . EK-Verlag, Freiburg 1998, ISBN 3-88255-563-7 , pp. 42-45
- ^ Warsaw-Berlin railway line. Renovabis, March 2006, accessed May 29, 2016 .
- ↑ a b Berlin - Frankfurt (Oder) upgraded line. Deutsche Bahn, archived from the original on May 24, 2011 ; Retrieved May 2, 2012 .
- ^ Berlin-Frankfurt (Oder) - project section Berlin Ostbahnhof-Erkner. (PDF; 2.7 MB) (No longer available online.) DB ProjektBau GmbH, May 2003, archived from the original on May 4, 2012 ; Retrieved May 2, 2012 .
- ^ Bridge work at Karlshorst station. (No longer available online.) Deutsche Bahn, May 2, 2012, formerly in the original ; Retrieved May 2, 2012 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ↑ Peter Neumann: Start of construction: New train station in Mahlsdorf will be finished in 2017 . In: Berliner Zeitung . ( Online [accessed June 7, 2017]).
- ↑ Stefan Jacobs: No more stopping in Karlshorst. In: Der Tagesspiegel. December 9, 2017, accessed July 18, 2018 .
- ↑ Implementation report for 2007 on the implementation of the Operational Program 'Transport Infrastructure' of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). (No longer available online.) Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development, formerly in the original ; Retrieved May 17, 2010 . ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )
- ↑ Andreas Funke, Jutta Göring, Daniel Trenschel, Volker Schaarschmidt: ETCS competence center planning of DB ProjektBau at the Dresden location . In: The Railway Engineer . tape 63 , no. 8 , August 2012, ISSN 0013-2810 , p. 44-50 ( PDF file ).
- ↑ Dirk Riedel: ETCS operational tasks. (PDF) ETCS equipment border connection line PL - Frankfurt (Oder) border - Erkner (- Berlin) in the area of PD Cottbus ETCS signal-guided / ETCS L2. DB Netz, May 17, 2017, pp. 51, 77 f. (PDF) , archived from the original on January 7, 2020 ; Retrieved on January 7, 2020 (file 02_Bestellung_BAst_QUAST BAst.pdf in folder 02_Bestellung_BAst_QUAST from file Anl. 15_Draftsplan_ETCS , from file 19FEI41550_Verdingungsunterlagen (for information only) .zip from file 19FEI41550.zip ).
- Jump in technology for the S-Bahn line to Erkner. S-Bahn Berlin, December 4, 2015, accessed on January 10, 2016 .
- ^ Stefan Mensah: News from the expansion of the Berlin - Frankfurt / Oder line. In: www.rahnsdorf.net. February 1, 2017, accessed January 11, 2018 .
- ^ Brandenburg / Berlin - news in brief . In: Bahn-Report . No. 3 , 2020, p. 37 .
- ↑ Manja Wilde: More trains, more seats. In: MOZ.de. June 28, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2018 .