Hospital West (Stralsund)
| Hanseklinikum Stralsund Hospital West |
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|---|---|
| place | Stralsund , Rostocker Chaussee |
| state | Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania |
| Country | Germany |
| Coordinates | 54 ° 19 '43 " N , 13 ° 4' 48" E |
| areas of expertise | areas of expertise |
| Affiliation | Helios clinics |
| founding | 1912 |
| Website | www.helios-kliniken.de |
The West Hospital is a hospital in Stralsund . The West Hospital houses psychiatric , geriatric and oncological clinics on the site on Rostocker Chaussee . Under the name Hanseklinikum Stralsund , it belongs to the HELIOS Kliniken GmbH together with the Krankenhaus am Sund . It was founded in 1912 as the fourth Pomeranian sanatorium and nursing home .
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history
Until the 19th century
Stralsund mentions Stralsundische chronicle of Johann Berckmann an accommodation possibility Insane , "Thoren-box" called, in 1452, the memorial book Lindemanns mentioned for the year 1579 to build on Frankentor, this accommodation is also for the year 1627 by Nicholas Dinnies described . Another house called "madhouse" for the accommodation of the mentally ill was in the Johanniskloster ; In the 19th century, the sick were also housed in the city hospital , penitentiary or infirmary , as the military doctor Knorr described in a manuscript about the Stralsund doctors. Again and again demands were made for the building of an " insane asylum " and plans were drawn up; Ultimately, the 6th communal parliament of New West Pomerania decided in 1837 to set up a provincial insane asylum in Stralsund. In the lead road a first building was built (now at number 13), which as in the summer of 1842, lunatic asylum and infirmary opened. The first director was Ferdinand Picht . At that time, 30 patients could be cared for in it. The institution was closed in 1900 because of the new building of the Treptow an der Rega Provincial Hospital ; at that time the institution was designed for 75 patients. The Stralsund patients came to the infirmary at Tribseer Straße 25 or to a building in the hospital on Frankenwall .
1908 to 1918
The 35th Pomeranian Provincial Parliament decided in March 1908 to build a new Provincial Sanatorium, which was based on the institutions in Lauenburg i. Pom. , Treptow a. R. and Ueckermünde should be the fourth; The 36th Provincial Parliament in 1909 chose the city of Stralsund as the seat of this institution. The area of 400 acres, which the city had made available for construction free of charge, was at that time still outside the city limits. Construction began in April under the direction of the Drews Regional Building Council and the architect Gustav Broder ; Senior physician Wilhelm Horstmann designed the construction program. The patients should be treated with occupational therapy whenever possible, otherwise with bed and long bath treatment and with isolation or sedation .
As early as November 1911, a safe-keeping house surrounded by a wall had been built for around 50 people who were considered to be particularly dangerous. On May 21, 1912, the first 63 patients from the institution in Lauenburg i. Pom. coming, delivered; by the end of May 1912 there were 314 patients. On June 5, 1912, the IV. Pomeranian Provincial Sanatorium for the treatment of the mentally ill was opened, the guests were the Lord President of the Province of Pomerania, the Provincial Committee, the Governor, the District President, Lord Mayor Ernst Gronow , other representatives of the authorities and several hundred visitors . By the end of 1912, the institution had 397 patients and thus reached its admission limit of 400 beds. In April 1914, construction work began to build an extension, which was supposed to allow a total capacity of 910 patients, at that time still separated into women and men. The provincial parliament provided 1.5 million marks for this. On the women's side, a three-part corridor-style house was built for 285 patients, on the men's side a house for 56 patients and an infection barracks for 50; the workshops for occupational therapy were expanded. Further plans were not implemented because of the beginning of the First World War . When the war began, a military medical psychiatric department was set up and maintained until 1919.
During the First World War there were starvation deaths and tuberculosis victims in the institutions throughout the empire; In the Stralsund institute, the death rate rose from 4.8 percent (28 deaths of 581 patients) in 1914 to 23.6 percent (134 deaths of 567 patients) in 1917.
1918 to 1933
After the war, patient care was initially further strained; Little is known about the development of the Stralsund institute, which was now called the state hospital. In 1924 Governor Johannes Sarnow wrote that the four institutions had been expanded and expanded; In fact, it was not until July 1924 that the decision was made to expand the houses planned before the war, as the number of sick people rose steadily. The aim was to be able to accommodate the 1,000 patients that were planned when the institution opened; among women, the overcrowding in Stralsund in 1924 was 139 percent. The new building for 216 women was completed in 1927, followed by a house for 70 "restless" women, one for 55 "restless" men and one for 25 infectious people each .
The reports of the visiting commission for the supervision of the institutions from 1925 to 1933 contain mostly positive reports. The work therapy after Hermann Simon was established. Work was carried out on the institute's own fields and in workshops. The permanent baths, which were often used at the beginning, were mostly out of order. In 1925 it was also established that the Stralsund doctors used biological therapy methods such as malaria therapy , and epileptics were also treated with Luminal . The family care was established in a very low level, but the more the outdoor relief by Gustav piston . In 1932 150 patients were cared for in the external care areas Sellin , Putbus , Bergen , Juliusruh and Breege .
The global economic crisis also affected the Stralsund institute. While in 1928 a doctor was still available for a maximum of 150 patients, in 1933 there were already 208 patients per doctor. The allowance granted by the Provincial Association of Pomerania for the sick fell from 415 Reichsmarks in 1928 to 249 Reichsmarks in 1931. Occupational therapy was reduced because of the lack of funds, beds were pushed together without gaps; Means of restraint such as isolation and the permanent bath were reintroduced. In the "restless" department, the director of the facility Wilhelm Horstmann introduced a Panopticon for monitoring.
1933 to 1939
In 1933, after 21 years, the director of the facility, Wilhelm Horstmann, was replaced by Franz Enke. This in turn resigned in April 1936 for reasons of age and handed over the management to the lawyer Kurt Reinhold Drews (* 1882). In May 1938, Hans-Dietrich Hilweg was assigned to him as medical director, who came from a mental institution in Lauenburg / Elbe . After Hilweg was transferred to the mental institution Obrawalde in 1939 , Franz Encke returned to work .
The law for the prevention of hereditary offspring in 1933 created the basis for forced sterilization on a large scale. Erwin Walraph's investigations from 1984 onwards came to the conclusion that 656 people were forcibly sterilized in the Stralsund Clinic, 452 of which were reported by the Stralsund State Hospital. These measures reached their limits because of the tense personnel situation; in 1936 a doctor was responsible for 300 patients. In general, it can be stated that the treatment of the patients had taken a back seat to their mere custody. Occupational therapy was promoted for the efficient use of able-bodied patients.
The Gauleiter of the NSDAP in the province of Pomerania , Franz Schwede-Coburg , decided shortly after the start of the Second World War to open the four state hospitals in Stralsund, Ueckermünde, Meseritz-Obrawalde and Treptow a. R. to use for other purposes; he offered the Stralsund institute to Heinrich Himmler as barracks. In October 1939, Swede-Coburg gave Kurt Eimann the order to shoot the sick who had been transported to Neustadt in West Prussia . Fritz Hube was commissioned by him with the evacuation of the Stralsund state hospital as part of the National Socialist policy of eugenics ; the eviction began on November 17, 1939 - before the official start of the Nazi murders . In ten transports from November 17 to December 14, 1939, a total of 1162 patients were removed from the institution. The first three transports only indicated the destination “verl in westpr Anstalt” (moved to a West Prussian institute) in the main medical records; They were shot by members of the SS guard Eimann during the Piaśnica massacre . The other seven transports had the Ueckermünde State Hospital (two transports with a total of 226 patients), Lauenburg i. Pom. (two transports with a total of 367 patients) and Treptow a. R. (three transports with a total of 279 patients). Only 109 patients remained in the Stralsund institution, who were transported to Meseritz-Obrawalde when it was finally closed. The Stralsund state hospital was the first completely evacuated institution in the German Reich.
When the institution was cleared, 1285 patients were deported and probably more than 1101 sick were murdered.
In December 1939, the premises were handed over to the SS-Totenkopfverband . From then on, the buildings served as barracks .
1939 to 1945
Immediately after the evacuation, the 2nd SS Totenkopf Recruit Regiment moved into the buildings of the former state hospital, and the SS Panzer Grenadier Training and Replacement Battalion 9 and the SS Infantry Replacement Battalion were also stationed here The Führer , the SS-Totenkopf-Ersatz-Bataillon I, an SS-Kraftfahr-Staffel and the SS-Panzer-Grenadier-Schule. The German research institute for food and resources of the SS Economic and Administrative Office of the Reich SS took over on 1 May 1940 manor of the institution.
The hospital church was gutted and used as a warehouse for the SS, the stalls were destroyed, the bells were dismantled and melted down for weapons production. The military use of the former park resulted in the lawns of the east-west axis dividing the site being destroyed and the gardens overgrown. The buildings were given camouflage paint.
Since the newly built hospital, which opened in October 1938 as a naval hospital on the Sund , was soon overcrowded after the start of the war, a reserve hospital was set up on the site of the former state hospital; on December 21, 1939 it was closed again. On June 1, 1940, the hospital department sanatorium opened in the premises . The ward for the nervous and mentally ill of the naval hospital was probably also located on the premises of the former sanatorium.
From 1941 the former permanent house was converted into an auxiliary hospital for up to 120 patients, and the first floor served as a gynecological clinic from January 1943. By the end of the war, the house was expanded again and used as an auxiliary hospital.
The SS withdrew their troops from the site from the beginning of 1945, only a few soldiers remained. The remaining residents of the site, mostly families of the employees, were asked to leave the site at the end of March 1945. The withdrawing SS members destroyed the director's residence and the administration building; the attempted demolition of the water tower on April 30, 1945 prevented citizens. On May 1, 1945, the 90th Rifle Division of the Soviet Army moved into Stralsund.
1945 to 1953
The Soviet Army initially used the former state hospital until the end of 1945 to accommodate their soldiers and 800 horses. The city of Stralsund took over the establishment's estate. In July 1946, the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) handed over the assets of the former institution to the Mecklenburg Social Insurance Agency .
To accommodate refugees from the former eastern regions, the city initially used the Stralsund theater and a camp on Rügen dam ; from the beginning of 1946 to the end of 1946, refugees were also housed on the former prison grounds; among them was the future mayor Harald Lastovka . An orphanage was also set up.
Three of the houses were also used as a hospital again, they were used to care for infectious people, which became a tuberculosis sanctuary from October 1946 . The tuberculosis sanatorium was run by the Mecklenburg Social Insurance Institution under the name Tuberkulose-Heilstätte Stralsund from 1949 ; it offered 229 patients inpatient care, and by 1954 the capacity had grown to 580 beds. After the disease had been pushed back, the sanatorium as such was closed and from 1965 it was run as a lung clinic; later the lung disease department moved to the hospital on the Sound .
1953 to 1990
From the beginning of 1953, 30 beds in the tuberculosis sanatorium were used to accommodate psychiatric patients; the Psychiatric Clinic opened on November 1, 1954. It was designed for 200 patients and an annual increase of 250 beds was planned. The first chief physician was Hans-Heinrich Gerhard (* 1898), who had been an assistant at the sanatorium from 1924–1926. From October 13, 1955, the clinic was officially called Stralsund-West District Hospital , Psychiatric Department . In August 1958 the clinic had 470 beds. The work therapy was re-attached great importance. On June 1, 1957, a children's psychiatric ward with 30 beds was set up. The lack of bed capacity soon became a problem again.
In 1958, Hans Leidenberger became the clinic's new chief physician. He initiated a complete restructuring of the clinic from December of the same year: A children and youth department with school and workshops was created, a clinical and forensic psychiatry and a department for occupational therapy. The management and administration of the two Stralsund hospitals Am Sund and West as well as the Poliklinik am Frankenwall were merged in 1959. In the same year the neurological department was opened with 30 beds. Hans Leidenberger, who moved to Brandenburg-Görden in March 1960 , was followed by Friedrich-Rudolf Groß (* 1920) as chief physician. He complained about the lack of capacity, be it in terms of beds, specialist staff and the financial resources of the clinic. He described the clinic as "(...) the most primitively furnished and otherwise backward psychiatric facility in the GDR". In November 1965, the Rodewian theses were mentioned in a working paper as the basis for a restructuring. Horst Giermann (* 1930) became the new chief physician in 1966. He also remained the chief physician when the clinic was divided into two clinics on January 1, 1972; Ulrich Müller became the chief physician of the second clinic, the children's clinic. The old clinic buildings were described by Müller as inadequate. After 1976 there was a positive development in the personnel area according to a letter from the medical director Brauner; It was also rated positively that the bed capacities of the pulmonary clinic were gradually made available to psychiatry.
Until the beginning of the 1980s, the sanatorium and the district hospital treated alcoholics mainly because of secondary diseases. In the psychiatric counseling center on Neuer Markt 5 there was an alcoholic consultation hour from 1964 . In 1983, a department for alcohol and drug sufferers was opened on the prison premises, in building 6, and in the following year it advanced to become the clinic for alcohol and drug users of the Stralsund district hospital . Horst Tretzel was chief physician for a long time.
Building P 8/9, House 5, erected as a storage house in 1911, was used as forensics from October 1988 ; Michael Gillner became chief physician in January 1987. It was renovated from 1988 to 1990.
Since 1990
General development
From 1987 forensics became an independent clinic. An extension was built in the late 1990s.
After the German reunification , the situation for clinical care in Stralsund was absolutely unsatisfactory. There was an urgent need for action.
The report on the situation of psychiatry in the former GDR , published by an expert commission on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Health in spring 1991, described the conditions found in Stralsund as inadequate . For the hospital West with 604 beds, which is divided into five clinics (psychiatric clinic, neurological clinic, children's neurological clinic, clinic for alcohol and drug addicts and clinic for forensic psychiatry), shabby buildings, overcrowded wards, accommodation of patients with mental and psychological disabilities on one Station, understaffing and other grievances denounced.
In addition to chief physician Horst Giermann, Gerd Müller-Esch came to Stralsund as medical director in 1990 . The architectural office Schnittger Architekten from Lübeck developed an analysis of the current situation of the Stralsund district hospital and was henceforth involved in the implementation of the renovation and expansion measures.
In September 1996, the New Psychiatry , which is housed in House 3 and a modern extension, was opened. In the same year, Harald J. Freyberger replaced Horst Giermann as chief physician. In 1997 he became director of the clinic and polyclinic for psychiatry and psychotherapy at the Stralsund Clinic ; The university clinic was created as a cooperation between the Stralsund municipal clinic, the University of Greifswald and the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania . In 1998 a day clinic and an outpatient clinic were opened, and further day clinics in Stralsund, Bergen, Ribnitz-Damgarten and Grimmen were also opened.
The Damp Holding took over in 2004, the operation of the hospital from municipal ownership.
Decided in 2004, construction of a building for child and adolescent psychiatry began in September 2009, which was opened on August 31, 2011 under the name of Haus Löwenherz . The clinic school was restructured as an independent school under the name of Ernst von Haselberg in 2008 .
In December 2011 the clinic and polyclinic for psychiatry and psychotherapy had 137 beds plus a ward for addiction therapy, as well as over 100 places in day clinics in Stralsund, Bergen, Ribnitz-Damgarten and Grimmen and 20 day clinics at the Greifswald University Medical Center. The clinic for child and adolescent psychiatry, psychotherapy and psychosomatics had 45 beds and 26 places in day clinics at that time. The Forensic Psychiatry Clinic had 80 beds and eight places in training apartments.
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In March 2012 HELIOS Kliniken GmbH took over the former Damp clinics in Stralsund as well; Since then, the West Hospital has been operated under the name HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund .
After Michael Gillner's withdrawal, Stefan Orlob (* 1963) headed the forensic psychiatry department as chief physician from 2013 to 2018. Michael Gillner was still active as senior physician in the extended forensic outpatient department until 2017.
areas of expertise
The following list shows the most important facilities of the West Hospital:
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Institution director / chief physicians (selection)
The directors or chief physicians of the institution included (the term of office is given in brackets)
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Patients (selection)
The institution's patients included:
- Rudolf Ditzen (later he called himself Hans Fallada), 1921, because of (according to the patient record) "morphinism" and "degenerative psychopathic constitution"
- Gerhard Moll , May 11, 1942 to October 23, 1942
- Waldemar Grzimek , February 3, 1944 to May 2, 1944, because of "obsessive-compulsive psychopathy with disease value"
Research and remembrance
Until the state hospital was dissolved in 1939 and then until the end of the war, there was no research into the history of the institution.
In 1947, in its September 10th edition, the Landes-Zeitung published a report entitled 1400 people disappeared without a trace . After that, inquiries with the nursing staff would have remained inconclusive. In 1970, the research officer at the Schwerin State Archives prepared the analysis of the topic of 'euthanasia crimes' in the three northern districts of the GDR, Schwerin, Rostock and Neubrandenburg, which, however, since the documents relating to the murders were kept by the Ministry of State Security , " found no evidence of euthanasia or other crimes against humanity ”. From 1984 Erwin Walraph and Horst Tetzel did private research on the history of psychiatry under National Socialism; the results of which appeared in the Nordkurier only after the fall of the Wall in 1990 . A commemorative plaque requested by the directorate of the district hospital in Stralsund on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the sanatorium in 1987 was rejected by the SED district leadership ; the medical director Horst Tetzel gave a speech instead.
In 1996 a torso created by the sculptor Margret Middell was set up in the hospital church, and in 2001 a sculpture by the sculptor Thomas Radeloff on the hospital grounds in front of House 3.
Plant and building
Basics
The buildings built on the spacious, park-like grounds on Rostocker Chaussee were given a remote water heating system that was modern at the time when they opened. The west-east central axis of the complex also separated the buildings for women and men. In 1911, the year the institution opened, the facility consisted of 31 buildings.
The original main entrance on Rostocker Chaussee was the beginning of the north-south axis. However, the central axis, which runs in a west-east direction and leads to the hospital church, dominates. The buildings are arranged on this axis, which rises slightly from east to west; an avenue of lime trees characterizes this axis.
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Clinic Church
The hospital church, building 20 of the facility, was inaugurated on June 2, 1912. It was used for church services from 1912 to 1939. With the use of the facility as barracks for the Waffen-SS in 1939, the church was gutted and fortasn was used as a warehouse for the Waffen-SS, the stalls were destroyed, the bells were dismantled and melted down for the production of weapons. In 1958 the chapel was still being used as a storage room.
The church stands on the so-called Galgenberg ; this elevation once served as a place of execution - the gallows stood here, which was visible from afar on this elevation.
graveyard
When the sanatorium opened in 1912, a cemetery was laid to the west of the hospital church . A cemetery for the fallen was added during the First World War. Many of the patients who died due to inadequate care during World War I were buried in the institution's own cemetery behind the hospital church; from 1915 to 1918, 265 patients died. It was used for the burial of patients and staff until the institution was closed in 1939, and from 1939 the Waffen SS also used the cemetery for burials. After the end of the war, deceased refugees and patients were buried.
The application by the tuberculosis sanctuary to put the overgrown cemetery back into orderly use was rejected by the cemetery administration in September 1950 . This officially closed the prison cemetery. In the following years almost all gravestones were lost; The last nine gravestones that have been preserved are kept in a room in the hospital church.
In September 2016, the area of the former cemetery was made visible through a fence and two steles were set up in memory of the cemetery, on which the history is depicted.
memorial
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A memorial was opened to the side of the hospital church in June 2013. The names of over 1,100 psychiatric patients who were deported and murdered in 1939 can be read on five steel panels.
See also
literature
- Jan Armbruster , Harald J. Freyberger (Ed.): Safekeeping, Destruction, Therapy. Publishing house Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8300-6356-8 .
- Angelika Pfennig : Brick & Green. Garden culture in the Hanseatic city of Stralsund. Edition herre, Stralsund 2003, ISBN 3-932014-15-4 .
- Freia Sachtleber: Safekeeping, Destroying, Treating - On the history of caring for the mentally ill in the Hanseatic city of Stralsund from the beginnings to the time of the Nazi state. Medical dissertation. Greifswald 2000.
- Wilhelm Horstmann: The fourth Pomeranian provincial hospital in Stralsund. In: Psychiatric-Neurological Weekly . No. 10, pp. 115-125.
Web links
- Literature about the West Hospital (Stralsund) in the State Bibliography MV
- www.helios-kliniken.de Homepage of the HELIOS Clinic Stralsund
- www.klinikumskirche.de Homepage of the Klinikumskirche
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Jan Armbruster, Harald J. Freyberger: custody, destruction, therapy. Publishing house Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8300-6356-8 .
- ↑ Overview of the history of care for the mentally ill in Pomerania , www.ns-eugenik.de
- ↑ Hans Laehr, Georg Ilberg (ed.): The institutions for the mentally ill, nervous, feeble-minded, epileptic, alcoholic, etc. in Germany, Austria and Switzerland including the psychiatric and neurological scientific institutes , Verlag Walter de Gruyter, 2015. p. 67 .
- ↑ Witnesses and documents about the former cemetery of the former Provincial Sanatorium in Stralsund wanted , www.stralsund.de, May 16, 2009 ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
- ^ Ekkehard Kumbier, Holger Steinberg: Psychiatry in the GDR. Contributions to history , be.bra Wissenschafts-Verlag, 2018, p. 42.
- ↑ An eventful year is coming to an end: The HELIOS Hanseklinikum has arrived , press release on www.helios-kliniken.de, December 31, 2012.
- ↑ New chief physicians at the HELIOS Hanseklinikum Stralsund , press release on www.helios-kliniken.de, August 15, 2013 .
- ↑ Departments in the West Stralsund Hospital, as of October 2018 . Retrieved October 23, 2018.
- ↑ Ostsee-Zeitung Stralsund, September 29, 2016
