Leading medium
In journalism and media studies, individual media are designated as leading media , which have a pronounced "main function in the constitution of social communication and the public ". The term is used for individual media offers that exert a particularly strong influence on public opinion and on other mass media .
Historical examples
- Middle Ages : manuscript , certificate and code
- Early modern times : pamphlet , book
- Modern history : book and newspaper
- since the mid-1930s: radio
- from the 1960s: television
- since the turn of the 21st century: television and the Internet
Press
Germany
In 1999, the media scientist Jürgen Wilke published an investigation into which media in the printed press are frequently consulted by journalists in their research . Wilke determined the most frequently used press titles from a survey carried out among German journalists in 1993. According to this, between a third and two thirds of all journalists used (in descending order of frequency of mention):
In a study in summer 2005, German journalists were asked which media they regularly use. A good third of those surveyed said, by a large margin, that they regularly used the Süddeutsche Zeitung and Spiegel . The five leading press products are:
- Süddeutsche Zeitung - 35%
- The mirror - 34%
- Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung - 15%
- The time - 11%
- Image - 10%
These data from the study by communications scientist Siegfried Weischenberg are based on a survey of 1533 representative selected journalists.
The International Herald Tribune took up this in 2011 and used the leading medium as Germanism when it asked about the leading medium in German . She considered five newspapers and magazines for this position - each in conjunction with the associated websites:
The reader analysis of decision makers in business and administration has published regular surveys on the use of selected media every two to three years since 1975 and annually since 2010.
International (selection)
Criticism and loss of trust
The leading media (in Germany) found themselves exposed to increased criticism in the mid-2010s, with their credibility, independence and journalistic ethics in particular being called into question. In the Wulff affair , for example, prejudice and disproportionality (“scandalization excess”) were criticized. Overall, there was a significant loss of trust in the leading media, with the result that their influence decreased and media consumers made use of other sources.
Sebastian Turner came to a different assessment , according to which the influence of the leading media has increased significantly since the mid-1990s and they are also the strongest source in social media. An analysis of seven selected print media showed that their reach remained almost constant during this period (from 14.7% to 14.0%), but increased significantly overall by 23.9% (2015).
See also
literature
- Jürgen Wilke : Leading media and target group organs. In: Jürgen Wilke (ed.): Media history of the Federal Republic of Germany . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 1999, pp. 302–329.
- Uwe Krüger : Power of opinion. The influence of elites on leading media and alpha journalists - a critical network analysis . Halem Verlag, Cologne 2013, ISBN 978-3-86962-070-1 .
Web links
- Gerhard Vowe , Philipp Henn: Leading medium television , section What do we understand by a leading medium? Federal Agency for Civic Education , Media Policy, December 9, 2016
- Peter Gendolla , Daniel Müller: Old and new leading media . In: extracts. 3, 2007 (uni-siegen.de).
- Daniel Müller: Ghetto and niche programs for parallel societies or integration function? Project examines old and new key media for migrants in Germany . In: extracts. 3, 2007 (uni-siegen.de).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Udo Göttlich: mass medium. In: Helmut Schanze (Ed.): Metzler Lexikon. Media Theory Media Studies . Verlag JB Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2002, pp. 193–194.
- ↑ Veronika Westhoff, Ernst Ulrich Große: Die Leitmedien. (No longer available online.) In: DeuFraMat. 2003, archived from the original on December 15, 2010 ; Retrieved February 27, 2009 .
- ^ Siegfried Weischenberg, Maja Malik, Armin Scholl: Journalism in Germany 2005 . ( Memento from March 5, 2016 in the Internet Archive ; PDF)
- ↑ “ While both Bild and Der Spiegel may want to be a German leitmedium, at least three other publications could lay claim to that role: the dailies Frankfurter Allgemeine and Süddeutsche Zeitung and the weekly Die Zeit. ”Eric Pfanner: Gloves Off in German Media Scramble . In: International Herald Tribune , March 14, 2011, accessed March 15, 2011.
- ↑ Self-description of the LAE
- ↑ WebCite query result. (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on May 6, 2014 ; accessed on January 7, 2018 (English).
- ^ The press in Belgium . November 16, 2005 ( bbc.co.uk [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ^ The press in Belgium . November 16, 2005 ( bbc.co.uk [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ The leading media. In: German-French materials. Retrieved January 10, 2018 .
- ↑ German language reform resisted . In: The Washington Times . ( washingtontimes.com [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Eric Pfanner: Gloves Off in German Media Scramble . In: The New York Times . March 13, 2011 ( nytimes.com [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Eric Pfanner: Gloves Off in German Media Scramble . In: The New York Times . March 13, 2011 ( nytimes.com [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Eric Pfanner: Gloves Off in German Media Scramble . In: The New York Times . March 13, 2011 ( nytimes.com [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Thomas Fuller, International Herald Tribune: But French paper's venture is a risky one: World of Le Monde looks set to expand . In: The New York Times . August 25, 2003 ( nytimes.com [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ^ Philippe Larroque: Le Figaro, premier quotidien national . In: Le Figaro . August 6, 2010 ( lefigaro.fr [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Alibaba Buys HK's SCMP to Counter 'Western Bias'. In: Asia Sentinel. December 13, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2019 (American English).
- ^ National Newspapers of Record. In: Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers. Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ^ National Newspapers of Record. In: Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers. Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ^ Penny Campbell: Troops to the Rescue . In: Time . June 1, 2003 ( time.com [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ I cinque quotidiani più venduti in Italia - Cinque cose belle . In: Cinque cose belle . August 31, 2016 ( cinquecosebelle.it [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ I cinque quotidiani più venduti in Italia - Cinque cose belle . In: Cinque cose belle . August 31, 2016 ( cinquecosebelle.it [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Haaretz. Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ^ The Asahi Shimbun: Media Kit - Circulation. (No longer available online.) May 17, 2008, archived from the original on May 17, 2008 ; accessed on June 19, 2019 .
- ↑ What's behind the shake up at 'Canada's newspaper of record'? In: rabble.ca. Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ↑ Where's Mario? - Macleans, approx . In: Macleans.ca . August 25, 2008 ( macleans.ca [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Bruno Waterfield: Geert Wilders on course to be next Dutch prime minister . In: telegraph.co.uk . March 4, 2010 ( telegraph.co.uk [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Neue Zürcher Zeitung. In: Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ^ Rainer Stadler: Ringier adorns himself with "Le Temps" . In: Neue Zürcher Zeitung . April 11, 2014 ( nzz.ch [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ^ Spain's most famous paper stumbles amid Catalonia independence crisis . In: Columbia Journalism Review . ( cjr.org [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ↑ Ceylan Yeginsu: Turkey detains Prominent opposition Journalists . In: The New York Times . October 31, 2016 ( nytimes.com [accessed January 8, 2018]).
- ↑ National Newspapers of Record | Web Literacy for Student Fact Checkers. Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ^ National Newspapers of Record. In: Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers. Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ^ National Newspapers of Record. In: Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers. Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ↑ On The Washington Post and the 'newspaper of record' epithet . In: Politico Media . ( politico.com [accessed January 7, 2018]).
- ^ National Newspapers of Record. In: Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers. Retrieved January 7, 2018 .
- ↑ Heribert Prantl: In the sights of the media pack. In: diepresse.com. March 28, 2015, accessed March 31, 2015 .
- ↑ "Quite disastrous media disaffection". Interview with Bernhard Pörksen. March 9, 2015, accessed on March 31, 2015 : “On the other hand, the creeping disenchantment with the media is attaching itself to current hot topics - just think of the Sarrazin debate, the dispute over Christian Wulff, the Ukraine conflict and the Reporting."
- ↑ The dictation of the loud minority. (No longer available online.) February 4, 2015, archived from the original on February 8, 2015 ; accessed on March 31, 2015 : "The loss of trust in the media is high - especially when it comes to controversial topics such as the Ukraine conflict."
- ↑ Sebastian Turner: Who decides our heads? In: Die Zeit , No. 40/2015, p. 11
- ↑ Klaus Stratmann: Of decision-makers and followers . In: Handelsblatt , October 7, 2015, accessed on January 22, 2016