List of Heads of State 648

Overview
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Other events

America

• Maya
  • Caracol
    • Ruler : K'an II (618–658)
  • Copan
    • Ruler : Rauch Imix (628–695)
  • Palenque
    • Ruler : K'inich Janaab Pakal I (615–683)
  • Tikal
    • Ruler : K'inich Muwaan Jol II (around 628–650)
  • Toniná
    • Ruler: K'inich Hix Chapat (595–665)

Asia

• Bagan
  • King : Shwe Onthi (646–652)

• China
  • Emperor : Tang Taizong (626–649)

• Western Empire of the Gok Turks
  • Khan : Tu-lu II. (634-653)

• Iberia (Kartlien)
  • King : Stefanos I Patrikios (637 / 642–650)

• India
  • Eastern Chalukya
    • King : Jayasimha I (641–673)
  • Pallava
    • King : Narasimha Varman I (630–668)

• Japan
  • Empress : Kōtoku (645-654)

• cashmere
  • King : Durlabhavardhana (625–661)

• Korea
  • Baekje
    • King : Uija (641–660)
  • Goguryeo
    • King : Bojang (642–668)
  • Silla
    • King : Jindeok (647-654)

• State of the Muslims
  • Caliph: Uthman ibn Affan (644-656)

• Sassanid Empire
  • Shah (Great King) : Yazdegerd III. (632-651)

• Tibet
  • King : Songtsen Gampo (617–649)

Europe

• Byzantine Empire
  • Emperor : Konstans II. (641–668)

• England ( heptarchy )
  • Bernicia
    • King : Oswiu (642–670)
  • Deira
    • King : Oswine (642–651)
  • East Anglia
    • King : Anna (640–654)
  • Essex
    • King : Sigeberht I. (617–650)
  • Kent
    • König: Earconberht I. (640–664) and Eormenred (640– approx. 660)
  • Mercia
    • King : Penda (626–655)
  • Wessex
    • King : Penda (645–648)
    • King: Cenwalh (648-672)

• Greater Bulgarian Empire
  • Khan: Kubrat (632-665)

• Frankish Empire
  • Neustria
    • King of Neustria and Burgundy : Clovis II (639–657)
  • Austrasia
    • King: Sigibert III. (639-656)
  • Autonomous areas:
    • Duke of Baiern : Theodo I (640–680)
    • Duke of Thuringia : Heden I (642–687)

• Longobard Empire
  • King : Rothari (636–652)
  • Autonomous Lombard Duchies:
    • Duke of Benevento : Grimoald (647–662)
    • Duke of Friuli : Ago (645–660)
    • Duke of Spoleto : Theudelapius (601–653)

• Scotland
  • Dalriada
    • King : Ferchar I (642–650)
  • Strathclyde
    • King : Guret (645–658)

• Wales
  • Gwynedd
    • King : Cadfael Cadomedd ap Cynfeddw (634–655)

• Visigoth Empire
  • King : Chindaswinth (642–653)

Religious leaders

• Pope : Theodor I (642–649)
• Patriarch of Constantinople: Paul II (641–653)