List of supporters of the NSDAP who died between 1923 and 1933 in actual or allegedly politically motivated acts of violence

This list of members and supporters of the NSDAP who died between 1923 and 1933 in actual or allegedly politically motivated acts of violence includes members of the NSDAP who were fatally injured in confrontations with political opponents or the authorities or in politically motivated attacks during the period mentioned were. It also names members of the affiliated associations ( SA , SS , HJ , etc.) and members of substitute formations of the NSDAP during their prohibition period in the years 1923 to 1925, such as the Wehrverband Frontbann .

Party congress on the occasion of the re-establishment of the NSDAP in February 1925. Behind Hitler hangs the so-called blood flag of the NSDAP, on which the names of three participants in the 1923 Hitler coup were embroidered. The flag served the cult with the traces of blood of these pseudo "martyrs"

backgrounds

Party book of the NSDAP (1935 edition): "Honor roll" for the sixteen "fallen heroes" of the Hitler-Ludendorff putsch

Basics of the list

According to the Institute for Contemporary History , the main basis of the later scientific research on the "martyrs" of the National Socialist movement is an official party "Honor List of Fallen NSDAP Fighters" kept by the NSDAP 's auxiliary fund from 1931 on the instructions of the Reich Treasurer of the NSDAP, Franz Xaver Schwarz ", The z. Sometimes it was also referred to as the "Honor List of Blood Victims of the Movement". This lists people who, according to the party's official reading, “had been murdered by political opponents in the fight for the Third Reich”. An analogous list of the SA stipulated that only those persons were allowed to be included in the corresponding SA list "for whom the cause of death can be proven to be due to a political attack", while cases in which "death as a result of accidents or illnesses suffered in the Service of the party has entered ”would not be eligible for inclusion in the lists. In reality, however, numerous people were included on the party's official “martyrs” list and identified by Nazi propaganda as “victims” of violent attacks by political opponents who in reality died as a result of illness, accidents or suicide Accidentally killed by their own “party comrades” or who died in apolitical brawls. In its martyr cult, the NSDAP also appropriated some people as “martyrs”, for whom it has not been proven whether they actually had a relationship with the NSDAP, or for whom this has even been refuted.

Numbers in the later specialist literature on the Nazi supporters who actually or allegedly perished in the political “struggle” as well as compilations of these people in specialist literature are usually based on the official party “honor list” with the canonized “blood victims”.

According to Daniel Siemens , the honor roll lists five official deaths for 1928, ten for 1929, seventeen for 1930, and eighty-seven for 1932. For his comparative study of Italian fascism and German National Socialism, Sven Reichardt was able to determine the age of 137 Nazi martyrs (including 104 SA men) and came to an average death age of the "Nazi martyrs" of 27.05 years and the SA- Men among the Nazi martyrs of 24.5 years.

Occasionally the "honor list" was supplemented with individual entries for certain years by retrospectively adding certain persons to it: The background to such additions was that individual national groups of the NSDAP or sub-divisions of the party (SA, SS, HJ etc.) enforced further "their" dead, as a higher number of deaths from their part of the "movement" was associated with prestige for them. In addition, the relatives of officially recognized “blood victims” who were on the honor list were entitled to ongoing support payments from the NSDAP's relief fund, so that the various branches of the party also had a material interest in including the dead in their area of ​​responsibility in the “honor list “In order to provide the family members of the deceased financially.

Further sources on which the research is based are contemporary writings published by Nazi journalists or institutions with hagiographic tendencies, as well as contemporary press reports and finally educational pamphlets published by Nazi-critical authors.

Propagandist cult around the party “martyrs” in the Nazi era

Until 1945 the Nazi movement maintained a considerable cult around these people. The Nazi propaganda referred to them as " martyrs " or "martyrs" of the "movement" or the "new Germany". Between 1933 and 1945 numerous streets and public places, buildings (e.g. NSDAP offices, youth homes, schools, etc.) and facilities (e.g. labor camps) as well as formations of SA, SS, HJ and Reich Labor Service were named after these people . “Reality” did not play a decisive role in the construction of Nazi martyr myths, rather the political-propagandistic expediency was central. Heroes or heroic stories were supposed to embody the rise of the Nazi movement, and their own supporters were supposed to be welded together through these narratives .

In February 1931, Edmund Heine , who was then advisor to the SA leadership, presented the following guidelines to Ernst Röhm, who had recently been appointed Chief of Staff of the SA (later largely implemented), for honoring dead SA men:

“The dead of the SA must be honored in such a way and, as far as the good taste somehow allows, such a cult must be practiced with them that dying seems almost worthwhile for the movement. The dead SA man has to benefit from the movement once more through his death. We have to carry out such propaganda with every victim of the Red Terror that the Reds do much more harm than good from the acts of terrorism. "

The guidelines that were subsequently issued essentially followed Heines' ideas. a .:

"Immediately after the murder of a party member, and not until a long time later when the event is no longer relevant, the portrait of the deceased appears in the Völkischer Beobachter and the Illustrated Beobachter [...] if possible on the 1st page [...] and on the page in Adolf Hitler writes his weekly headline [...] In the text part, touching descriptions of the orphaned parents, family, siblings and brides etc. [...] The most gruesome pictures possible are taken of each dead person (on which wounds are visible etc.). These images are put together into a slide show and presented at propaganda meetings [...] a large bust of the murdered person is stuck on the posters with requests to participate in the propaganda parade or protest meetings. Central production and dispatch of these stickers. "

Processing through science and journalism

As early as the 1930s, contemporary anti-Nazi journalists and publicists portrayed the cult of the “martyrs” of the NSDAP as an outright fraud. Many of those who were part of the Nazi propaganda were “victims” of the political opponents of the National Socialists and the “system” police designated persons are not such victims. In 1937, for example, the Neue Weltbühne wrote in retrospect that it was a lie that the NSDAP was portraying itself as the victim of attacks by its opponents, although more than any other political force in the country it was responsible for the increasing brutality of the political climate in Germany and forever growing number of violent - often fatal - attacks on politically dissenters was responsible.

As a result of the opening of the National Socialist archives and the accessibility of relevant documents, after the end of the Second World War , research, press and journalism were able to work through and demystify the personality cult of the National Socialists around their "martyrs" in many cases. The best-known example of this is the case of the Berlin SA leader Horst Wessel , who died in 1930 . Between 1930 and 1945 the NSDAP transfigured Wessel into the ideal of the “brave” SA man and stylized it as a victim of communist murderers who “ assassinated ” him because of his loyalty to his convictions . Later research showed that his killing was mainly the result of Wessel's private conflicts with his landlady.

Key data

According to a compilation by the American historian Peter D. Merkl, between 1923 and 1933 229 members of the NSDAP or people close to it were forcibly killed. Sorted by years, according to Merkl, the losses are distributed as follows:

• 1923: 23 dead (of which 17 were killed in the Hitler putsch )
• 1924 to 1929: 30 dead (of which ten were killed by communists and five by members of the Reichsbanner).
• In 1930 17 dead (of which eight were killed by communists and five by members of the Reichsbanner).
• 1931: 42 dead (of which 29 were killed by communists, nine by members of the Reichsbanner, one by a police officer and one by a Stennes supporter)
• 1932: 84 dead (of which fifty-eight were killed by communists, fifteen by supporters of the Iron Front, four by police officers, two by supporters of the Center Party and one by his father and one by his brother)
• 1933: 33 dead (of which 16 were killed by communists, seven by Reichsbanner supporters and two by police officers)

List of members and supporters of the NSDAP killed between 1923 and January 30, 1933

1923

Call for a party in memory of Albert Leo Schlageter of the NSDAP local group in Schöppenstedt

• May 1, 1923 (in Sickershausen near Kitzingen): Daniel Sauer (born April 10, 1865), SA man, dealer; Father of five children, learned the butcher's trade. Sauer was fatally injured in a shooting by National Socialists and Socialists on May 1, 1923 , on the fringes of a May Day celebration organized by Social Democrats . The exact course of the fighting can no longer be reconstructed, but Sauer was probably accidentally shot by his own people. In August 1933 Florastraße in Würzburg was named after Sauer (today Florastraße again).
• June 21, 1923 (in Marl): Ludwig Knickmann (born August 24, 1897 in Buer).
• May 26, 1923: Albert Leo Schlageter
• September 24, 1923 (in Leipzig): Erich Kunze (* May 8, 1904). Kunze was injured by a shot in the chest in Podelwitz near Leipzig on September 23, 1923 and died of his wounds the following day. In 1936 a new street in the St. Georg settlement near Leipzig was named after him "Kunzeweg" (today: Zschölkauer Weg).

1924

Funeral procession for Willi Dreyer, who died in the French penitentiary of St. Martin de Ré, in the streets of Berlin (April 1924). Dreyer was later, although he had no relationship with the NSDAP, added to the list of their party "martyrs" and instrumentalized in their propaganda.

• March 5, 1924: Rudolf Eck (born February 16, 1907 in Erfurt ), member of the Young German Order and of the Young Storm “Scouts” 155 Ilmenau Thuringia (a replacement formation of the banned NSDAP), apprentice locksmith; Son of a mechanical engineer; attacked by communists on the night of March 4 to 5, 1924 when returning home from a political advertising evening (according to other information from a spinning room ) in the town house of Gehren near Langwiesen, and knocked to the ground with a picket, kicked on the ground, found in the morning on the outskirts of Gehren, taken to the Gehren hospital and died there of his injuries. The autopsy revealed that a blow to the back of the head had been fatal. He was buried on March 8, 1924. The SA-Sturm 137 Gehren in Thuringia was named "Sturm 137 Rudolf Eck" in memory of Eck in 1932. Later u. a. the Rudolf Eck School was named after him.
• March 21, 1924 ( Saint-Martin-de-Ré ): Willi Dreyer , arrested for acts of sabotage against the French occupation troops in the Ruhr area and sentenced to death, pardoned and taken to the French penitentiary on the island of Île de Ré , where he was due to the conditions of detention died.
• July 1, 1924: Rudolf von Henke (* 1906), SA man. On June 29, 1924, Henke took part in a parade of the patriotic associations on the occasion of the inauguration of a memorial stone for those who fell in the First World War. On the way home, he became involved in a confrontation with communists in which he was gunshot and died on July 1, 1924. In 1932 the SA-Sturm 11/22 was named after him.
• December 5, 1924 (in Pirmasens): Artur Prack (born October 4, 1896), SA- / Frontbann-Mann, merchant in Pirmasens. On December 4th, the Völkisch Block held a meeting in the Laudemann Hall in Waldfischbach. Before the meeting there was an argument between SA men, including Prack, with Reichsbanner people, during which Prack was shot down and mortally wounded. The fatal shots were probably fired by SA men. Prack died of his injuries the next day. Later the SA-Sturm 1/1/5 received the honorary name Artur Prack. In Pirmasens, a street after him was renamed Artur Prack-Straße.

1925

• January 11, 1925: Gustav Kammerer , farmer and National Socialist, shot dead in disputes after the mayoral election in Liedolsheim near Karlsruhe.
• June 27, 1925: Matthias Mann (born March 15, 1898 in Oberbalzheim near Laubheim), SA man, former police officer, traveler; World war veteran; from 1921 to autumn 1923, Mann worked at the Bavarian gendarmerie station in Rosenheim and then in Lenggries; after leaving the police, he became a traveler with the Mineralöl- und Nahrungsmittelhandel GMBH in Rosenheim; since 1922 he was close to the NSDAP; On June 26, 1925, he and other members of the NSDAP visited the pub "Geflügeltes Rad", where he got into a dispute with another guest (Gruber), who was disparaging about his war medals. This injured him with a pair of scissors. Thereupon there was a fight between the SA men and the group of the other guest, who belonged to the communist Free Gymnastics Association, which continued on the street, where Mann was seriously injured and died on the scene. The opening of the body revealed twenty injuries caused by knives, brass knuckles and scissors. The cause of death was a stab in the back that hit the lungs from above and injured a blood vessel. The main perpetrator, Albert Stadler, was sentenced to two years in prison by the Traunstein District Court on October 6, 1925. The National Socialists stylized man as a victim of Bolshevism . In fact, the dispute seems to have been motivated primarily privately, in such a way that different pacifist and nationalist-militarist views clashed. In 1933 the perpetrators were sent to the Dachau concentration camp.
• August 9, 1925 (in Berlin): Werner Doelle (born October 8, 1909 in Berlin-Steglitz), member of the Frontbann, apprentice. On August 8, 1925, on the Kurfürstendamm there were clashes between members of the Frontbann and members of the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold : While the Reichsbanner people demonstrated for the Reich constitution , the Frontbann supporters demonstrated against it. After the dissolution of the front banned march, there was a clash of front banned people with passers-by in front of the Alhambra cinema (Kurfürstendamm 68, corner of Wilmersdorfer Straße ). The merchant Schnapp, who wanted to mediate, was then attacked by the front bans: he fled from them by jumping on the footboard of a passing car and - when he was further attacked - fired a shot into the crowd of his pursuers, which the front banner Werner Doelle in front of the house at Kurfürstendamm 68 / corner of Wilmersdorfer Straße. He was buried in Berlin on August 15, 1925. The National Socialists later claimed that Schnapp, the shooter, was Jewish and stylized Doelle as the "movement's first Berlin favor". The SA-Sturm 68/9 in Berlin-Steglitz was named "Sturm 68 Werner Doelle" in memory of Doelle in 1932. In addition, in September 1934, part of Berliner Strasse and part of Lichterfelder Strasse in the south end were named Doellestrasse (in 1947 the street was named Priesterweg; since 1957 it has been called Sembritzkistrasse).

1926

• February 21, 1926 (in Altlandsberg): Fritz Renz (born January 5, 1906), member of the Frontbanns, blacksmith. On February 20, 1926 members of the Berlin Frontbann, including Renz, went on a trip to the Niederbarnim area with the goal of Altlandsberg. After walking noisily through the streets of the city during the evening, they penetrated the “Friedrichslust” restaurant during the night, where a celebration was taking place, which was also attended by a group of members of the Reichsbanner. A violent fight broke out on the street in front of the ballroom, in which a number of people on both sides were injured. Seven front bans were injured so seriously that they had to seek medical treatment. Fritz Renz suffered such severe head injuries (allegedly a shot through the cheek) that he had to be admitted to the Alt-Landsberg hospital, where he died in the morning hours of February 21, 1926. After 1933 the Fritz-Renz-Straße in Bruchmühle (1937, previously: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße; since 1945: Buchholzer-Straße), Neuenhagen, the Fritz-Renz-Sportplatz in Erkner and the SA-Sturm 7/207 resp. 23/208 in Niederbarnim named after him. On March 4, 1934, a memorial stone for Renz was inaugurated by Kurt Daluege and Karl Ernst .
• June 8, 1926 (in Miechowitz): Franz Kortyka (born August 4, 1899), SA man, wheelwright (mine worker) in Miechowitz in Upper Silesia. Kortyka was a veteran of the First World War and from 1919 worked in the Upper Silesian State Rifle Federation. From 1924 he belonged to the SA and from 1926 to the NSDAP (local group Miechowitz). On the evening of June 8, 1926, on the way home, Kortyka was pelted with stones by political opponents on the street with two other SA men (Alois Kaczmarek and Konrad Wildner) and shot in the ensuing confrontation. Police officer Wiencyzsch was also killed by a gunshot wound during the confrontation. SA man Kaczmarek was sentenced to two years and 9 months in prison for killing the policeman. The SA-Sturm 4/63 was named "Sturm 4 Franz Kortyka" in 1932 in memory of Kortyka.
• September 26, 1926 (in Berlin): Harry Anderssen (born September 9, 1881 in Breslau), SA man (troop leader), official of the Prussian State Bank . Anderssen was a member of SA Storm 45/8 and suffered serious injuries (broken jaw, stomach injuries) in a politically motivated fight with communists in front of a restaurant in Stallschreiberstrasse on August 17, 1926, to which he succumbed on September 26, 1926 in Urban Hospital . The Nazi propaganda later claimed that Jewish doctors of the hospital Anderssen had deliberately allowed to die by withholding his possible assistance. In memory of him, the SA-Sturm 126/8 in Berlin was named "Sturm 126 Harry Anderssen". On September 26, 1933, an Anderssen memorial plaque was inaugurated in the anteroom to the main cash desk (1st floor) of the Prussian State Bank. Another memorial plaque was placed at the site of the fight on September 27, 1936. From 1936 to 1945 the Böcklerpark in Berlin-Kreuzberg was called Harry-Anderssen-Park .
• September 27, 1926 (in Germersheim): Emil Müller (born December 10, 1905), NSDAP member, worker. He was shot to the heart on September 27, 1926 by the French sub-lieutenant Rouzier of the 311st French Artillery Regiment in Germersheim when Müller confronted Rouzier for shooting a man (see the Rouzier case ). Müller was buried in the Germersheim cemetery. On June 30, 1930, the NSDAP erected a memorial stone for him there. The SA-Sturm 17/18 was named "Sturm 17 Emil Müller" in memory of Müller.

1927

• February 13, 1927 (in Dortmund): Otto Senft (born September 14, 1882 in Wiemelhausen, incorporated in Bochum in 1904), SA man, hairdresser; Veteran of the First World War, member of the Völkischer Schutz- und Trutzbund; Owner of a hairdresser in Bochum; took part in a hall security service in Dortmund on February 12, 1927, on the return trip at around 0.30 a.m. on February 13, 1927, the truck he was traveling on was under fire by communists on Rheinische Strasse in Bochum-Dorstfeld. After the SA men jumped out, Senft was hit by a bullet in the pool; seriously injured, he was taken to the brothers' hospital in Dortmund, where he died of his injuries two days later. In memory of him, SA-Sturm 2/17 was named "SA-Sturm 2 Otto Senft". In addition, a street in Bochum (Otto-Senft-Strasse, previously Karl-Marx-Strasse) and a street in Dortmund (previously "Markgrafenstrasse") were named after him on May 13, 1933. He was also on the Gauehrenmal recorded in the house of the Gauleitung Bochum.
• March 6, 1927: Wilhelm Wilhelmi (born January 27, 1909 in Singhofen), SA man, unskilled laborer in the Singhofen district. On March 6, 1927, the Wiesbaden National Socialists went on a propaganda trip to Nastaeten im Taunus in order to disrupt a gathering of the Reich Association of Jewish Front Soldiers. When the National Socialists attacked the conference hotel in which the Reichsbund was meeting, the Hotel Gundtrum, Wilhelmi was shot down by a panicked Landjäger (head shot) and died in the hospital during the night of his injuries (“Battle of Nastätten”). Stylized as a "martyr" by Robert Ley. The storm 32 / II / 80 was named "Sturm 32 Wilhelm Wilhelmi" in memory of Wilhelmi.
• April 10, 1927 (in Wiesbaden): Karl Ludwig (born October 9, 1907), SA man, waiter from Wiesbaden. Ludwig joined the NSDAP and SA in 1926. On April 7, 1927, he was attacked by communists on Wiesbaden's Drudenstrasse and seriously injured. He died of his injuries on April 10, 1927. The SA-Sturm 38 / I / 80 was named "Sturm 38 Karl Ludwig" in memory of Ludwig in 1932. After 1933, Drudenstrasse in Wiesbaden was renamed Karl-Ludwig-Strasse after him.
• May 26, 1927 (in Munich): Georg Hirschmann (born May 6, 1888), SA man, shoemaker; Father of two children. Hirschmann was seriously injured (concussion) on the evening of May 25, 1927 in a confrontation between SA men and passers-by, including members of the Reichsbanner-Schwarz-Rot-Gold, in the Giesing district of Munich and died of his injuries the following day in the surgical clinic : He and five other SA men were rushed through the streets of Giesingen for over an hour by a few dozen political opponents after fighting of words, to which they had reacted viciously, and beaten with feet and wooden slats. Hirschmann was killed by a 17-year-old worker. He was buried on May 30, 1927 in Munich's Ostfriedhof at Sankt-Martins-Platz 1, with Hitler giving the funeral speech. In the appeal hearing on the incident before the Munich I Regional Court, the main perpetrator was sentenced to around two and a half years in prison. In Munich, Schyrenplatz was later named after Hirschmann in Georg-Hirschmann-Platz.

1928

• April 19, 1928 (in Haltern): Bernhard Gerwert (born November 22, 1912), SA man, miller's assistant. In the spring of 1928 Gerwert was involved in a fight with political opponents in an inn in the village of Sythen, in which he was knocked down and injured in the head and body by blows with a stick. He was then injured in bed in his parents' home for several weeks. After undergoing an operation in the St. Sixtus Hospital in Haltern, he died on April 20, 1928 at 1:00 a.m. During the Nazi regime , numerous streets were named after him: There were Bernhard-Gerwert-Strasse in Gelsenkirchen (previously Schulstrasse) and Haltern (previously Sixtusstrasse). In the latter was also the party headquarters of the local Haltern group of the NSDAP. A Gerwert monument begun on April 15, 1934 in front of the Dülmener Gymnasium on Nonnenwall was not completed. On February 1st, 1933, SA-Sturm 12/13 Dülmen / Haltern was named after him. After 1945, Gerwert's father declared that his son had actually died from appendicitis , and not from the injuries sustained in the spring 1928 brawl .
• April 24, 1928 (in Essen): Gottfried Thomae (born August 4, 1901 in Jugelsburg), SA man (troop leader), engineer; Son of a miller's assistant from Saxony, trained at the technical center in Altenburg, then engineer at the Krupp company in Essen; joined the NSDAP around 1925 (membership number 25.135), founder and head of the Essen-Dellwig-Frintrop local group, built a storm department in Essen-Altendorf; On April 24, 1928, during a confrontation between Communists and National Socialists in front of the Krupp beer hall in Essen, the Communist Lottes was shot in the neck with a stolen police revolver (the bullet penetrated the carotid artery from behind) when he tried to enter the bar and through Died to bleed to death. Buried at the Apostle Cemetery in the presence of Joseph Goebbels . The shooter Lottes was murdered in retaliation after 1933. In memory of him, the SA-Sturm 11/159 was named "Sturm 1 I Gottfried Thomae". In addition, Limbaecker Platz in Essen and a street in Gelsenkirchen (Gottfried-Thomae-Straße; today Herbertstraße) and the Essen Gauhaus of the NSDAP were named after him.
• May 2, 1928 (in Nuremberg): Heinrich Wölfel (born April 30, 1907), NSDAP member, businessman; Killed in an apolitical tavern fight in or near the Lindenhof pub in Nuremberg, according to some sources by a stab in the heart area. The Nazi press stylized the process as a planned communist murder. The perpetrator was sentenced to two and a half years in prison. Later a street in Nuremberg was named after him. In addition, the SA-Sturm 10/40 received Wolfel's name as an addition.
• May 13, 1928 (in Pfungstadt): Heinrich Kottmann (born May 12, 1910 in Worms), SA man, typesetter; Son of a train driver. On May 12, 1928, on his way home from a National Socialist gathering in the “Goldenes Lamm” inn in Pfungstadt, Kottmann was severely wounded by another National Socialist in an argument between workers and National Socialists. He died of his injuries the next day. In a trial for breach of the peace on April 17, 1929, five people involved were sentenced to three months in prison each.
• November 17, 1928 (in Berlin): Hans Georg Kütemeyer (born July 27, 1895)

1929

• February 8, 1929 (in Leipzig): Heinrich Limbach (born December 19, 1898 in Zweibrücken), locksmith. On September 13, 1923, Limbach was taken by the communists at a flag consecration of the NSDAP in Podelwitz near Leipzig, which was attacked by communists Swamp area above the local embankment driven, beaten up and seriously injured (head wounds, multiple broken hands, kidney injury). Due to the consequential damage, his health deteriorated at Christmas 1928. He died on February 8, 1929. In 1936 a green area in Leipzig-Gohlis was named "Limbachplatz" after him (today: Freiligrath-Platz).
• March 7, 1929 (in Wöhrden): Hermann Schmidt (born October 29, 1908 in St. Annen), SA man, farmer. Schmidt was fatally injured on the Bloody Night in Wöhrden. Hitler himself attended his funeral. After 1933 a street in Kiel was named after him.
• March 7, 1929 (in Wöhrden / Dithmarschen): Otto Streibel (born November 6, 1894 in Röst), SA man, carpenter. On March 7, 1929, Streibel took part in an NSDAP meeting in the "Handelshof" restaurant in Wöhrden. After the meeting, the SA marched through the city: in the area of ​​Grosse Strasse, the columns of the National Socialists met with a procession of Communists who had held a counter-event. A brutal mass brawl by SA men and communists followed, in which three people died, while seven people were seriously injured and twenty-three were slightly injured (“Wöhrdener Blutnacht”). In addition to the communist Johannes Stürzebecher and SA man Hermann Schmidt, Streibel was among those killed. During the confrontation with the communists, he was stabbed by the knife and died. On March 13, 1929, Streibel was buried in Albersdorf in the presence of Hitler. The storm 13/85 in Baregenstedt was named "Sturm 13 Otto Streibel" in memory of Otto Streibel in 1932. In February 1934 a boulder was erected as a memorial stone at the site of the street battle, which commemorated the SA men Schmidt and Streibel who were killed (in front of house no. 7 on today's Meldorfer Strasse). This was canceled in April 1950 on the instructions of the municipal council.
• August 2, 1929 (in Nuremberg): Katharina Grünewald , b. Fülbert (born April 29, 1904 in Worms), housewife; since 1924 married to the businessman Georg Ludwig Grünewald, who has been the local group leader of the NSDAP in Lampertheim since 1927; lived in Lampertheim near Bensheim, where she and her husband ran a grocery store. On August 2, 1929, Grünewald took part in the Nazi Party Congress of 1929 in Nuremberg: When they wanted to go to their accommodation that evening after seeing a fireworks display, they found themselves between Lorenzplatz and the Museum Bridge, on the corner of Karolinenstrasse in front of St. Lorenzkirche, in a fire on a vehicle of the Supreme SA leadership by Reichsbanner people. She was hit by a stray bullet near her heart. She died of this injury shortly afterwards.
• August 5, 1929 (in Nuremberg): Erich Jost (born March 4, 1909), SA man, businessman in Lorch near Bensheim. Jost was seriously injured on August 4, 1929 and died of his injuries the following day. On August 9, 1929, Hitler gave the funeral oration at Jost's funeral in Lorsch. Later, a Reich labor camp in Lampertheim was named after him.
• August 20, 1929 (in Vösendorf): Franz Janisch (* 1902), NSDAP member. Janisch was attacked and stabbed to death by social democratic workers in Vösendorf on August 19, 1929, together with two home soldiers. He died of his injuries the following day and is considered the first Nazi supporter to be killed in Austria.
• October 19, 1929 (in Duisburg): Heinrich Bauschen (born March 18, 1893 in Bocholt), SA man, NSDAP local group leader in Duisburg, railway worker. Bauschen became a member of the NSDAP in 1922, in 1923 he founded the NSDAP local group in Bamberg and in 1925 the NSDAP local group in Duisburg; Leader of SA Storm 85; in a fight with political opponents in Duisburg on October 19, 1929, Bausch suffered a sting in which the artery in his left thigh was severed, so that he died during an operation in the deacon's hospital that night. In memory of him, the SA-Sturm 85 of Standard 57 was named "Sturm 85 Heinrich Bauschen" in 1932.
• October 20, 1929 (in Schwarzenbach am Wald): Karl Rummer (born June 6, 1907), SA man, Edarbeiter. Rummer was originally a member of the SPD, in 1929 he switched to the NSDAP. On October 5, 1929, he was seriously injured by political opponents at an NSDAP event that degenerated into a battle in a hall. He died of his injuries in hospital on October 20, 1929.
• November 4, 1929 (in Berlin): Gerhard Weber (born September 10, 1907), SA man, driver. Weber crashed his motorcycle in Steglitz at the end of October 1929. The Nazi press claimed that an attack by political opponents caused the fall. He was admitted to the Lichterfeld hospital with serious injuries, where he died of meningitis on November 4, 1929. After Hans-Georg Kütemeyer, the Nazi propaganda officially counted him as the second dead of the National Socialists in the “fight” for Berlin. On August 6, 1937, Hardenbergstrasse in Berlin-Steglitz was renamed Gerhard-Weber-Strasse after him. It has been called Stirnerstrasse since July 31, 1947.
• December 14, 1929 (in Berlin): Walter Fischer (born March 20, 1910), former SA man, apprentice locksmith. Fischer was a member of SA Storm 13 until 1929. A few days before his death, at the request of his father, who worked as a chauffeur for police commander Magnus Heimannsberg, he resigned from the NSDAP and the SA. However, he continued to maintain relationships with his friends in the SA: On December 14, 1929, Fischer was shot by communists on Wegenerstrasse in Wilmersdorf, allegedly on the way to the SA bar in Unger. He died of his injuries in hospital that same night. After Hans Georg Kütemeyer and Weber, he was the third death of the Nazi movement in Berlin. In the weeks that followed, the Nazi propaganda took full advantage of the case - deliberately withholding Fischer's most recent distancing from the NSDAP: His funeral on December 13, 1929 was used for a mass procession by the SA in the cemetery. Joseph Goebbels , Hermann Göring and Horst Wessel held funeral speeches on this occasion. On December 17, 1929, Goebbels organized an even larger SA mass march on Fehrbelliner Platz in Berlin, which was officially declared as a “protest rally” against Fischer's murder. After this march, Goebbels held a hate speech in which he captured the party who had left the party as a National Socialist and stylized him as a “blood victim” of the movement. In addition, he incited the audience in a seditious manner against the alleged "red" murderers. Since it could not be concealed that Fischer had already resigned from the SA at the time of his death, Joseph Goebbels had to quickly discard the plans he had initially made to stylize him as a model for the young followers of his party. Instead, he took advantage of the death of Horst Wessel - who was a martyr figure more suitable for his purposes - shortly afterwards, in February 1930, and slaughtered it in his favor. Nevertheless, even after 1933, Fischer was still instrumentalized by the National Socialists: On May 20, 1937, Lauenburger Strasse in Berlin-Wilmersdorf was renamed Walter Fischer Strasse after him (since July 31, 1947, it has been called Fechnerstrasse).

1930

Horst Wessel (1929), the best-known "martyr" of the NSDAP, who actually died as a result of a dispute with his landlady.

• February 23, 1930 (in Berlin): Horst Wessel (October 9, 1907 in Bielefeld), SA man (storm leader), student; Son of a pastor; Visited on January 14, 1930 in connection with a dispute between his partner Erna Jaenichen and her landlady Elisabeth Salm by several communists in Jaenichen's shared apartment at Grosse Frankfurter Strasse 62 and shot down by the communist Albrecht Höhler (shot in the head); died of blood poisoning in hospital on February 23, 1930. Hohler has been to six years and one month prison sentenced and SA members in September 1933 under the leadership of the Berlin group leader shot Karl Ernst outside Berlin. He was buried in the St. Marien and St. Nikolai Cemetery I in Berlin in the Prenzlauer Berg district. The Nazi propaganda stylized Wessel as the most famous "martyr" of the Nazi movement. were later named after him: The Friedrichshain district was named "Horst-Wessel-Stadt", the hospital on the edge of the Friedrichshain park was named "Horst-Wessel-Krankenhaus", and Bülowplatz was named "Horst-Wessel -Platz ”(today Rosa-Luxemburg-Platz ), today's Karl-Liebknecht-Haus traded as“ Horst-Wessel-Haus ”. Wessel streets were u. a. in Bielefeld (today's August-Bebel-Strasse). The 18th SS Volunteer Panzer Grenadier Division of the Waffen SS, the 134th Jagdgeschwader 134 of the Luftwaffe and a sailing training ship of the Kriegsmarine also bore his name. Since September 17, 1934, the Old Town boys' vocational school in Dresden has been known as the Horst Wessel School. A Horst Wessel memorial was set up in the Dachau concentration camp in 1933.
• May 12, 1930 (in Stargard): Franz Engel (born August 11, 1911), SA man, worker (welder); moved from the Communist Youth League to the SA in 1930; on May 12, 1930 Engel took part in a parade of 600 SA men in the Pomeranian district town of Stargard. When, after an evening of camaraderie in the Stargard Society House, he and other SA men were escorting an SA man who lived in a threatened part of the city on the way home, Engel was shot by communists.
• March 16, 1930 (in Chemnitz): Kurt Günther (born June 23, 1904 in Einsiedel), SA man, carpenter in Einsiedel (Saxony). Günther joined the Greater German National Community in 1924. In 1926 he became a member of the NSDAP and in November 1929 an SA man. Günther was stabbed to death on March 16, 1930 in Chemnitz. The SA-Sturm 184 in Einsiedel was named "Sturm 184 Kurt Günther" in memory of Günther in 1932. In June 1934, the Turnerheim on Dittersdorfer Weg in Chemnitz was renamed after Günther in Kurt-Günther-Heim. Turnstrasse also got his name. In Chemnitz, Logenstrasse was renamed Kurt-Günther-Strasse in 1933.
• July 27, 1930 (in Kassel): Heinrich Messerschmidt (born February 5, 1874), NSDAP member, clerk, city councilor in Kassel; Messerschmidt became a member of the NSDAP local group in Kassel in 1923. After a large NSDAP rally in Kassel on June 18, 1930, Messerschmidt led a smaller gathering in the “Stadt Stockholm” bar. He was then seriously injured by a knife in a physical confrontation between NSDAP members and political opponents on the corner of the Garrison Church and Königsplatz. He died of his injuries on June 27, 1930. Messerschmidt's widow - represented by the lawyer Roland Freisler - later led a lawsuit against the Prussian state for allegedly violating the official duties of the responsible police. The court found in this process that "the moral guilt for the clashes [on June 18, 1930 in Kassel] can only be ascribed to the National Socialists."
• August 3, 1930 (in Vienna): Adalbert Schwarz (born March 13, 1906), SA man, locksmith assistant. Schwarz joined the NSDAP and SA in 1927. On August 3, 1930, after leaving a concert in Vienna, Schwarz became embroiled in an argument with political opponents. He suffered two stab wounds from which he died. According to party information, he was the first National Socialist killed in Austria for political reasons. After 1938, the Haymerlegasse in Vienna-Ottakring was renamed Adalbert-Schwarz-Gasse after him (in November 1945 it was renamed Haymerlegasse again).
• August 3, 1930 (in Beuthen): Günther Wolf (born May 24, 1909), SA man, construction trade student. Wolf joined the NSDAP and SA on October 1, 1929 (membership number 157.831). On August 3, 1930, he was slain on Tarnowitzer Strasse in Bytom. According to a report by the Prussian Ministry of the Interior, it was a non-political incident: Wolf had got into a personal argument with his fellow students on the way home from several building trade students from the semester bar and was killed in the process. Instead, the National Socialist press claimed that, as a participant in a National Socialist sticky column, he was involved in an argument with political opponents and suffered a fatal injury to his carotid artery. In 1932, SA-Sturm 6/63 was named "Sturm 6 Günther Wolf" in memory of Wolf 13.
• August 9, 1930 (in Solingen): Karl Paas (born July 29, 1889), metal former, SA man (squad leader). According to the findings of the police investigating his death, a member of SA Storm 54th Pass fell out of the car on August 8, 1930 while driving an SA lorry on Schillerstrasse in Haan and died of his injuries the next day. The Nazi propaganda concealed the true circumstances of death and stated that he had "died as a National Socialist for Germany". In December 1937, a street in the Neuss-Reuschenberg settlement was named after Paas.
• September 7, 1930 (in Hamburg): Heinrich Dreckmann (born October 11, 1885), SA man (troop leader), bank messenger in Hamburg; 1930 Joined the SA. On September 7, 1930, after a Hitler meeting in Hamburg on September 6, Dreckmann took part in a march of the SA. In the area of ​​Schanzenstrasse and Lagerstrasse, on the corner of Susannenstrasse and Schanzenstrasse, there was a clash between Communists and SA people (“Battle of the Sternschanze”), in which Dreckmann was stabbed with a knife. He died on the way to the hospital. The SA-Sturm 50 of the 76th SA standard was named "SA-Sturm 50 Heinrich Dreckmann" in memory of Dreckmann.
• September 14, 1930 (Schwarzenboch): Hans Kießling (born June 14, 1904 in Schwarzenbach), SA man, textile worker. On September 13, 1930, Kießling clashed with the Social Democrat Christoph Baderschneider in a pub; when he left the restaurant around 1:00 a.m. on September 14th, there was another confrontation in which he was fatally stabbed by Baderschneider (heart stitch). Baderschneider was later sentenced to two and a half years in prison.
• September 10, 1930 (in Essen): Heinz Oetting (born May 7, 1909 in Plettenberg, Altena district), student, not a member of the NSDAP or one of its branches; Son of a Protestant pastor. Allegedly came into contact with National Socialism as a theology student in Tübingen and Greifswald. On September 10, 1930, he attended a NSDAP meeting in Essen at which Wilhelm Frick spoke. He then took part in a torchlight procession to Burgplatz. He was stabbed to death on the way home. He was buried in the municipal cemetery in Gladbeck-Mitte, hereditary crypt Oetting Weg B No. 1 and 2. In 1933 the SA-Sturm 32/13 was named after him, possibly due to the lack of other Nazi martyr figures in the Gladbeck area. There were also Heinz-Oetting-Strasse in Gladbeck (since 1933; previously: Mittelstrasse) and in Bottrop (since 1938). From the end of the 1930s, Oetting was classified as a member of the SA in its publications, contrary to the facts, by the Nazi propaganda. From 1937 onwards the wrong name as "SA-Mann Heinz Oetting" can be proven for the first time.
• November 21, 1930 (in Düsseldorf): Josef Hilmerich (born February 19, 1905), SA man (troop leader), locksmith. Hilmerich was killed by strangers on November 21, 1930 in front of the house of the Düsseldorf party headquarters of the NSDAP in Immermannstrasse 2a in Düsseldorf. In the press it was suspected that the perpetrators were to be found with the Communists, but no evidence was found.
• December 4, 1930 (in Hagen): Theodor Sanders (born May 20, 1909 in Berge Borbeck), SA man, clerk in Hagen; commercial apprenticeship at a tool factory in Hagen; 1930 joined the NSDAP and SA; Member of SA Storm 10 in Hagen; On December 2, 1930, Sanders in Alexanderstraße in Hagen was torn from his bicycle by political opponents while he was distributing meeting invitations, beaten with a rubber hose filled with sand and then stabbed in the chest and abdomen with a saw bayonet (injuries to the heart and liver and blood vessels); died of his injuries on December 4, 1930. Buried on December 8, 1930 in the Hagen cemetery. The main suspect was sentenced to 12 years in prison for manslaughter in February 1931. In Dortmund, Theodor-Sanders-Strasse was named after him on April 16, 1937 (today: Ruhrallee), while in Hagen the Alexanderstrasse, where he was stabbed, was named after him. In addition, the SA-Sturm 1/132 in Hagen received the designation "SA-Sturm 1 Theodor Sanders".
• December 7, 1930 (in Dortmund): Adolf Höh (born December 21, 1902 in Coburg), SS man, NSDAP member, electrical engineer. Höh first joined the NSDAP in 1922 (membership number 3,536). He was a co-founder of the NSDAP local branch in Coburg. He moved to Dortmund in 1925 or 1926. There he was first an SA and later an SS man. Höh was seriously injured by a pistol shot on December 6, 1930 in Dortmund (head shot). He died of his injuries the following day in the Dortmund Brothers Hospital. The criminal proceedings initiated because of his death were discontinued, but resumed shortly after the National Socialists came to power in March 1933: On December 7, 1933, the communist Stefan Kaptur was sentenced to death for murder by the higher regional court in Hamm, while the communist Hermann Kaulisch for attempted manslaughter received eight years in prison. On March 18, 1933 Ernst-Mehlisch-Strasse in Dortmund and on May 13, 1933 Friedrich-Engels-Strasse in Bochum were named after him in Adolf-Höh-Strasse. In addition, the SS-Sturm 11/30 bore his name ("Sturm 11 - Adolf Höh").
• December 18, 1930: Klaus Clemens (born February 26, 1908 in Beuel)
• December 22, 1930 (in Barmen): Julius Hollmann (born June 1, 1877), SA man (troop leader), site manager. Hollmann had been a member of the NSDAP and SA since 1929; Engineer at the Garn-Tiefbauunternehmung company in Wuppertal; injured in the leg on November 16, 1930 on the way home from an NSDAP event in Hagen in a scuffle with three communists on Werthstrasse; died from the effects of the wound five weeks later after worsening. The SA-Sturm 2/171 in Erkrath was named "SA-Sturm 2/171 Julius Hollmann" in memory of him.

1931

• January 1, 1931 (in Stuttgart): Ernst Weinstein (born November 4, 1903), SA man, blacksmith; Weinstein joined the NSDAP on March 25, 1926 (membership number 32,919). Weinstein celebrated the turn of the year 1930/1931 with eleven other SA men in the NSDAP traffic bar on Sophienstrasse in Stuttgart. There there was an argument with communists, which continued on the street and culminated in a violent confrontation. Participants on both sides suffered serious injuries from knife stabs, including Weinstein, who died that same night as a result of a knife stab in the chest. The Sophienstrasse in Stuttgart was named after him in Ernst-Weinstein-Strasse in 1933 (today Sophienstrasse again). In addition, the Stuttgart SA storm 4/119 was given the nickname Ernst Weinstein.
• January 23, 1931 (in Düren): Paul Thewellis (born March 3, 1905 in Aachen), SA man, Hitler Youth, baker. Confectioner in Birkesdorf near Düren. Son of a senior postal secretary. Thewellis joined the NSDAP in 1929 (membership number 283.224). Member of SA Storm 25. In November 1930, Thewellis was beaten up by political opponents while distributing propaganda material under a railway bridge. He died of his injuries in hospital on January 23, 1931. He was buried in the New Cemetery in Düren. Later, a HJ regional leader school in Mödrath Castle was named after Thewellis. He was also included in the list of "immortal followers" of the Hitler Youth.
• January 30, 1931: Richard Selinger (born January 31, 1909), SA man, field driver in Dobers. Selinger was shot down on the way to Niesky on the way to a hall security service. He died of his injuries (liver gunshot). The shooter was allegedly the communist Max Barthel.
• February 11, 1931 (in Leipzig): Rudolf Schröter (born September 10, 1913 in Dresden), Hitler Youth, apprentice plumber. On February 11, 1931, on the way home from a meeting in the Rheingoldfest halls in Leipzig, Schröder suffered a gunshot wound during a confrontation between SA members and communists in Torgauer Strasse, from which he died shortly afterwards. He was first buried on February 16, 1931 in the Leipzig North Cemetery. On November 8, 1938, he and the other "martyrs" of the NSDAP were brought to the market in this city in a pathetic procession, where the dead were called to the "last roll call" in a morbid ceremony and then to a "grove of honor" on the Südfriedhof were transferred. In 1934 the National Political Educational Institution Rudolf Schröter School in Dresden-Klotzsche received its name. In addition, Graßdorfer Straße in Leipzig-Sellershausen was renamed Schröterstraße in 1939 (it was renamed Graßdorfer Straße in May 1945).
• February 28, 1931 (in Steinseifersdorf): Gerhard Bischoff (born October 22, 1905), SA man, farmer in Mittel-Peilau. Bischoff joined the NSDAP and the SA in 1930. Bischoff was stabbed by communists on February 11, 1931. He succumbed to his injuries on February 28, 1931. According to a report by the Prussian Interior Ministry, the attack on Bischoff was a planned communist attack. In 1932 the SA-Sturm 34/10 was named "Sturm 34 Gerhard Bischoff" in memory of Bischoff.
• March 14, 1931 (in Essen): Fritz Felgendreher (born March 18, 1913 in Szapten, East Prussia), SA man, apprentice painter. On March 13, 1931, Felgendreher joined the SA at a meeting in Essen. On the way back to Essen-Kray he was ambushed on a railway bridge and seriously injured by a shot in the head, on which he died in the Elisabeth Hospital on the same day. The railway bridge on which he was gunned down was named "Felgendreherbrücke" after 1933.
• March 16, 1931: Adolf Gerstenberger (born May 11, 1909), SA man, journeyman cobbler. Son of a shoemaker. His family broke off contact with him when he joined the NSDAP and SA. Member of SA storm 1/157. On March 16, 1931, Gerstenberger was knocked down with a wooden club in a brawl between SA men and members of the Reichsbanner that broke out during an SPD meeting at Gasthaus Winkler in Karlsmarkt. He died the following day of his injuries (fractured skull). The SA-Sturm 1/157 was named "Sturm 1 Adolf Gerstenberger" in memory of Gerstenberger.
• March 30, 1931 (in Dinslaken-Lohberg): Karl Broeske (born November 9, 1894 in West Prussia), SA man, miner. Broeske moved from West Prussia to Westphalia as a child. He participated in the World War and was taken prisoner by the French. After returning home, he had five children. In 1930 he joined the Sturmabteilung. On the night of March 29-30, 1931, on the way home from Lohberg on Hünxer Strasse, he was attacked by the communist Bruno Rasen, torn from his bicycle and stabbed (stabs in the head and chest). Rasen was sentenced to two and a half years in prison. While the Nazi propaganda feigned a political background to the fact, the contemporary police report shows that Broeske had by no means perished in a heroic fight for the party, but that private motives for jealousy had motivated the perpetrator. The party built him into their martyr cult by giving the SA-Sturm 2/57 in Dinslaken-Lohberg the name "Sturm 2/57 Karl Broeske" in memory of Broeske.
• April 27, 1931 (in Liebstadt, East Prussia): Karl Freyburger (born August 24, 1904), SA man (Sturmbannführer), animal breeder. On the evening of April 26, 1931, while drunk, Freyburger walked noisily through the streets of Deutsch-Eylau with two other National Socialists. When the police stopped them, they resisted the arrest and he assaulted the officers. When one of the policemen tried to pull his weapon, one of the other National Socialists hit him on the arm, which triggered a shot that hit Freyburger in the forehead. He died of his injuries the following morning. In the subsequent process, the police officer, with whose weapon Freyburger had been killed, called for self-defense and was acquitted. Nevertheless, Freyburger was portrayed by Nazi propaganda as a martyr who died fighting for a better Germany. After 1933, several streets in West and East Prussia were named after him.
• May 23, 1931: Fritz Tschierse (born December 1, 1906), SS man, secretary of the East Prussian motorcycle club and motorsport correspondent for the Preussische Zeitung . Tschierse had switched from the SA to the SS shortly before his death and was active in National Socialist motorsport formations. On May 22, 1931 four KPD members attacked and stabbed him in front of his apartment on Gesekusstrasse after taking part in a military-technical course of the Proletarian Arbeitsgemeinschaft Tschierse, who was returning from a motorcycle ride. The offenders were sentenced to prison terms of up to 15 years by the Königsberg jury court. A journeyman cobbler named Jordan, who was considered the main suspect, was able to flee to Russia. Gesekusplatz in Königsberg was renamed Fritz-Tschierse-Platz after Tschierse in 1933, while Mühlenstraße in Neidenburg was renamed Fritz-Tschierse-Straße.
• May 25, 1931 (in Karlsruhe): Paul Billet (born April 20, 1905), SA man, printer, machine master. Billet was a member of the NSDAP since 1926 (membership number 33,095 local group Rastatt) and later also of Motorsturms 11 of the 169 SA standard in Lahr. Previously, Billet was a member of the Wiking and Schlageterbunds. Billet died on May 25, 1931, when he fell on his motorcycle in a lift operated by Motor SA men on Kaiserstrasse in Karlsruhe, which was insulted by communists. The police investigation found that a spectator Billet had thrown a stick between the spokes of his motorcycle, which had caused the fall. The Nazi press claimed that he was slain by communists. In the subsequent trial, several prison terms were imposed, with the defendants being released for political offenses due to the amnesty of December 1932. Billet was buried on May 28, 1931. After 1933 streets were named after him in many places (Paul-Billet-Straße), for example in Karlsruhe (today Damaschkestraße). In Karlsruhe and Lahr even monuments were erected for him. In addition, the Labor Service Department 6/273 in Lahr was named after him. In Karlsruhe there was also a Paul-Billet-Platz and a Paul-Billet-Schule. In addition, the SA-Sturm 51/109 was given the designation "Sturm 51 - Paul Billet".
• May 26, 1931 (in Dühringhofen): Gerhard Liebsch (born December 3, 1913 in Berkenwerder), member of the Hitler Youth, apprentice auto mechanic. Liebsch had been a member of the Hitler Youth since 1930, in which he was assigned to the group Rosenthaler Tor des Fähnleins 1, Berlin-Mitte. On May 26, 1931, after attending a soccer game in Dühringhofen, Liebsch was involved in a dispute with communists in front of a local restaurant, in which he suffered a stab wound and died on site. He was the first member of the Hitler Youth to be killed in the Berlin area. He was buried in the cemetery in Landsberg. In June or July 1933, SS-Gruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski ordered the killing of the Rudolf brothers, who were linked to the death of Liebsch: Both brothers were then arrested, interrogated, tortured and finally shot by SS men . Liebsch was meanwhile taken over by Nazi propaganda after 1933: The HJ-Bann 155 in Berlin-Kreuzberg was named after him.
• June 7, 1931 (in Chemnitz): Heinrich Gutsche (born September 16, 1909 in Wiesbaden), SS man (squad leader), student; Son of an innkeeper, studied at the technical university in Mittweida; belonged to the Chemnitz SS as a squad leader; fatally wounded by a shot in the stomach during a communist attack during the Nazi party congress in Saxony. Died in the Küchwald Hospital in Chemnitz. Visited in hospital by Hitler before he died. A unit of the Reich Labor Service (RAD Department 4/273 in Baden) and the SS-Sturm 5 / III / 7 were named after him.
• June 16, 1931 (in Ebersberg): Josef Weber (born October 4, 1903), SA man. Painter. Member of SA Storm 58. Weber was seriously injured on March 29, 1931 in the Oberwirt inn in an argument with members of the Reichsbanner. He died ten weeks later from his injuries (rupture of the abdominal network). Hitler personally attended his funeral on June 19. In Garmisch-Partenkirchen a street was named after him in Josef-Weber-Straße after 1933.
• June 19, 1931: Edgar Müller (born August 4, 1909), SA man (troop leader). On June 19, 1931, a group of SA men attacked four workers in Neissen and shot them. Müller, the leader of the squad, was accidentally hit and killed by one of the shots fired by his own people. After everyone involved was arrested, the workers were released, while the SA men were charged with gang assaults. The Nazi propaganda, however, untruthfully spread that Müller was shot in the heart by communists when he rushed to the aid of a comrade.
• June 21, 1931: Johann Gossel (born January 1, 1900 in Hastedt near Bremen), SA man; Son of a master baker; member of the NSDAP on December 1, 1928; Gossel took part in a flag consecration in Riede near Bremen on June 14, 1931 with the SA Storm 3/75 cycling group. On the way home, the SA men were involved in a fight with communists at the Huckelriede garden bar in Bremen, in which Gossel suffered two stab wounds in the lower back and blows with a manslaughter; a week later he died in the hospital from stab wounds in the kidneys. Later the SA storm "Johann Gossel" was named after him. In addition, the former “Red House” in Bremen was renamed “Johann Gossel House”. In the vicinity of the place where the attack took place, a park was renamed "Johann-Gossel-Park", in which there was a granite memorial stone.
• July 2, 1931 (in Leipzig): Walter Blümel (born March 1, 1908 in Erfurt), SA man, worker from Leipzig; joined the NSDAP and SA in 1930; Member of Storm 62 in Leipzig. On July 1, 1931, on the way to a roll call, Blümel took part in a fight between communists and SA men in Löhrstrasse and Keilstrasse. He was fatally wounded by a shot in the stomach and died the following day. The street in which he died was renamed Walter-Blümel-Straße in 1934 (since 1945 again Löhrstraße).
• July 2, 1931 (in Peine): August Sievert (born January 3, 1911), SA man, confectioner. Sievert was seriously injured in a street fight between National Socialists and Communists on June 30, 1931 in Jägerstrasse, Pfingststrasse and Friedrichstrasse in Peine. He was probably hit by gunfire from the Hanoverian police who had been brought in. He died of his injuries on July 2, 1931. In 1938 the Kamm-Sievert-Straße was named after him and the SA leader Fritz Kamm. In addition, a gym in Bad Grund, built in 1935, was named after him and today's Ziesberg School in Salzgitter bore his name.
• July 6, 1931 (in Krossen on the Oder): Karl Fiedler (born September 1, 1889), SA man (squad leader), transport worker from Crossen. Fiedler had been a member of the SA since September 1930. He was seriously injured by a gunshot in a dispute with the Stennes supporter Alfred Gützow on June 28, 1931. Fiedler died of his injuries in hospital on July 6, 1931. He was buried on July 8, 1931. In 1932 the Sturm 62 / III / 52 was named "Sturm 62 Karl Fiedler" in memory of Fiedler.
• July 18, 1931 (in Uenze, Brandenburg): Hans Kersten (born August 26, 1912), SA man, farm worker in Uenze. Kersten was slain by political opponents on July 18, 1931. In 1932 the SA-Sturm 102/39 in Uenze was named "Sturm 102 Hans Kersten" in memory of Kersten.
• July 20, 1931 (in Pollwitten, East Prussia): Bruno Schaffrinski (born September 15, 1902), SA man, master bricklayer. Schaffrinski was shot in a dispute with a hunting rifle on July 19, 1931 near Cathrinhöfen in the Fischhausen district in East Prussia by the estate inspector Kunze, also a member of the NSDAP. He died the next day after being admitted to the hospital, where his arm was amputated in an effort to save him. Although the National Socialists portrayed Schaffrinski as a victim of the “Marxist” in their propaganda, according to later research, the act was more of a “politically unmotivated act of affect”.
• August 2, 1931 (in Wittstock an der Dosse): Alfred Rühmling (born January 26, 1900), SA man, fitter; Father of four children; Member of Storm 11 Perleberg; On August 1, 1931, Rühmling attended a celebration in Wittstock to mark the 17th anniversary of the beginning of the First World War, against which communists demonstrated. On the evening of August 2, 1931, he was a participant in a Nazi rally in the Hotel Astoria. Then he went with other SA men to the SA storm bar "Zum Kronprinzen", in front of which demonstrating communists gathered. When Rühmling stepped in front of the restaurant, he was shot down (shot in the chest). He died shortly afterwards on the table in the taproom. He was buried in Lübeck. The communist Alfred Plötz, arrested as the perpetrator, was sentenced on November 9, 1931 by the jury court in Neuruppin to five and a half years in prison.
• August 15, 1931 (in Limbach): Herbert Grobe (born April 25, 1909 in Limbach)
• August 17, 1931: Hans Hoffmann (born December 13, 1914), HJ member, apprentice. Member of the HJ group 6. Hoffmann was attacked on July 21, 1931 by a group of young people from the communist environment directly on Lausitzer Platz in Berlin. After a scuffle, he was shot in the stomach and died on August 17, 1931 in Behtanien Hospital. He was buried in the garrison cemetery in the Hasenheide.
• September 3, 1931 (in Bergen on Rügen): Johannes Mallon (born June 30, 1914 in Rügen), member of the Hitler Youth, apprentice at an electricity company. Mallon was seriously injured on July 21, 1931 during a confrontation between the Hitler Youth and political opponents by a stone that hit him in the back of the head. He died on September 3, 1931 of his injuries (cerebral hemorrhage) and was buried on July 10, 1931 in the cemetery in Bergen.
• September 4, 1931 (in Düsseldorf): Karl Vobis (born January 16, 1899), SS man, carpenter. Vobis took part in the First World War from 1918, and in 1920 he returned home from captivity. In the 1920s he was a member of the Rossbach Freikorps. Then he joined the SA and finally switched to the SS, in which he was a member of the minstrel platoon of the 1st storm of the 20th SS Standard Düsseldorf. On September 4, 1931, Vobis was stabbed in the back during a clash between Communists and National Socialists in front of the SA “Schlageterheim” at Haroldstrasse 26, which resulted in death by bleeding to death. According to a report in the Frankfurter Zeitung, the Gauleiter Florian and the Reichstag delegate Weitzel handed over to the police a National Socialist worker named Schöll as the perpetrator, who had mistakenly taken Vobis to be a communist. The Nazi press claimed that Schöll was a Communist spy with the SA, but no evidence could be found for this. Schöll, who had been living in an SA home for fourteen days at the time of the crime, stated that when the other inmates of this home fended off a communist attack on the home, he fetched a knife from the home and stabbed the first man who came turned out to be a National Socialist Vobis. He had neither known nor recognized this.
• September 9, 1931 (in Berlin): Hermann Thielsch (born January 30, 1911), SA man, car mechanic. On September 9, 1931, Thielsch was shot at by members of the Red Front Fighters' Union while standing guard in front of the SA Sturmlokal Zur Hochburg, Gneisenaustraße 17, corner of Solmsstraße, and was fatally hit in the neck. He died shortly after being admitted to Urban Hospital. The storm 25 of the standard 3, Berlin was named "Sturm 24 Hermann Thielsch" in memory of Thielsch.
• September 20, 1931 (in Meseritz): Gustav Seydlitz (born July 26, 1906), SA man (squad leader), worker. Resident in Schwiebus, where he was a member of SA Storm 58. Seydlitz was killed on September 20, 1931 in Meseritz during a confrontation between communists and National Socialists in front of an SA traffic station by a shot that hit him close to his heart. The storm 58 / I / 6 was named "Sturm 58 Gustav Seydlitz" in 1932 in memory of Seydlitz.
• October 15, 1931 (in Berlin): Heinrich Böwe (born June 22, 1882), NSDAP member, innkeeper. Böwe went bankrupt as an entrepreneur in Magdeburg in 1929. He then settled in Berlin in 1929, where he took over the "Richardburg" restaurant at Richardstrasse 35 in Berlin-Neukölln. In August 1930 Böwe, whose sales had slumped due to the economic crisis, decided to make his bar available to SA-Sturm 21 as a storm bar, which in return guaranteed him a minimum turnover (30 tons of beer per month). Böwe then also became a party member. The Neukölln communists saw this as a break in their domain: After attempts by communist residents of the house to counteract this development by means of a rent strike, which was intended to induce the landlord to quit the hurricane, the KPD district management of Berlin decided to Brandenburg, to act against the source of danger that she saw Böwe's restaurant: On the initiative of the political director of the district, Walter Ulbricht , an unannounced procession of members of the Kampfbund against fascism took place through Richardstrasse on October 15, which had the task To raid Böwe's Sturmlokal at a certain time. In order to distract the police, a registered demonstration of KPD supporters was held in the nearby Hermannstrasse at the same time. At around 6.30 p.m., Böwe's restaurant on Richard-Strasse was finally attacked by the combat troops. At about the same time, the exit gate of the next police station was locked by a lock with a strong chain. During the attack on his restaurant, Böwe suffered a head injury from a ricochet, from which he died a few days later. Several other people were also seriously injured. A trial over the 1932 incident ended without convictions. After 1933, the case was reopened by the National Socialists: In a trial that began in 1935, 25 people were charged with alleged involvement in the murder of Böwe and the attack on his restaurant. The trial ended on February 29, 1936 with the convictions of sixteen people, five of whom received the death penalty: The workers Bruno Schröter, Paul Zimmermann, Walter Schulz and three others were executed on July 8, 1937 in the Plötzensee prison after their appeals were rejected. An investigative committee organized by exile circles in Prague since October 1935, however, came to the conclusion in a "counter-trial" in which witnesses were interrogated that only two defendants, Schulz and Zimmermann, were connected to the attack on Böwe's bar the remaining fourteen defendants were innocent.
• October 6, 1931 (in Essen): Erich Garth (born January 29, 1901), SS man, representative in Essen, gunned down by a communist on October 5, 1931 in Essen during mutual attacks by Communists and National Socialists and on October 6 died of his injuries
• October 11, 1931 (in Berlin): Kurt Nowack (born September 16, 1911 in Berlin-Lichtenberg), SA man, mail distributor. Nowack joined the NSDAP and the SA in 1930. From autumn 1931 Nowack belonged to SA-Sturm 34/5. On the evening of October 10, 1931, Nowack went home with SA men Erwin Sanders and Paul Drawall from Sturm 35/5 from the Sturmlokal at Petersburger Straße 85 after work. In front of the house at Schillerstraße 14, at the corner of Kantstraße, the three men had an argument with communists. Around 1:00 a.m. after October 11, several shots were fired, one of which fatally injured Nowack. He died shortly after his admission to the Auguste Viktoria Hospital. The Nazis, however, claimed in their propaganda that Nowack had been murdered by communists. The jury court in Berlin, however, came to the conclusion in March 1932 that Nowack had been negligently killed by the SA man "Sonder" and a second unnamed SA man.
• October 29, 1931: Max Gohla (born July 26, 1900), SA man, fruit farmer. Member of Storm 2/157. On October 25, 1931, Gohla was traveling in a horse-drawn vehicle between Paulsdorf and Kaulwitz. As a result of drunkenness he fell from the driver's seat of his wagon, got stuck in the team, was dragged along until the vehicle came to a standstill in a ditch, and died four days later of his injuries (broken skull and spinal injuries). The National Socialists spread the claim that Gohla had fallen victim to an attack by Social Democrats.
• November 1, 1931 (in Remscheid): Albert Müller (born April 30, 1881), master paver. He was killed in an argument with communists. Albert-Müller-Strasse was named after him in Remscheid. After the Second World War it was named Obere Bahnhof Strasse.
• November 5, 1931: Erwin Moritz (born April 2, 1910), SA man, milker. On November 5, 1931, Moritz was attacked and gunned down by communists in Graetzstrasse. He died of his injuries soon after in Urban Hospital. He was buried on November 11, 1931 in the Luisenstadt cemetery in the presence of Joseph Goebbels, Ernst Röhm and Wolf-Heinrich von Helldorf. In 1932 the SA-Sturm 69/3 in Treptow was named "Sturm 69 Erwin Moritz" in memory of Moritz. On November 3, 1933, Krüllstrasse was renamed Erwin-Moritz-Strasse after him (renamed Krüllstrasse on July 31, 1947) and a memorial plaque was placed on the Golden Deer for him.
• November 9, 1931 (in Bremen): Wilhelm Decker (born December 4, 1907), SA man, boat builder. Decker joined the NSDAP and SA in 1930. On November 9, 1931, members of the NSDAP who were returning from a memorial service for those killed in the 1923 Hitler putsch in the casino hall came across Bremen's Bornstrasse, on the border between Bahnhofsviertel and Westlicher Vorstadt, with members of the SAP and the Reichsbanner to each other. Decker was stabbed to death (heart stab). The SA-Sturm 4/75, Bremen, was named "Sturm 4 Wilhelm Decker" in memory of Decker. The social democratic Volkshaus in Bremen was renamed Wilhelm-Decker-Haus in 1933 and made available to the DAF.
• November 9, 1931: Karl Radke (born September 18, 1898). The SS man Radke was killed in a demonstration by the SPD to commemorate the November Revolution in Eutin when the local National Socialists started a dispute with the demonstration procession protected by the Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold . During the trial it turned out that the perpetrator was probably to be found in the ranks of the Reichsbanner.
• November 11, 1931 (in Neumünster): Martin Martens (born September 8, 1909), SS man, butcher in Neumünster (Schleswig-Holstein). On November 11, 1931, an SA and SS group to which Martens belonged was involved in an argument with communists on their way back from the SS service, in which two SA men were gunned down by the communist Emil Weißig. While pursuing Weissig, Martens was shot down by him on the Kuhberg: Weissig turned around when his pursuer got closer and seriously injured him with a shot in the chest. Martens was then taken to the practice of SA doctor Müller, where he died of his injuries that evening. He was buried in Bordesholm. Weissig received a fifteen-year prison sentence. The SS-Sturm 8/40, the market square in Neumünster (Martin-Martens-Platz) and a street in Kiel (from July 4, 1945 Heckenrosenweg) were named after Martens.
• November 11, 1931 (in Lugau): Walter Thriemer (born August 7, 1907), SA man (SA troop leader), baker's assistant in Neuwiese. In 1929 Thriemer became a member of the NSDAP and SA. He built up the local NSDAP group in Neuwiese. Most recently he was a squad leader in SA-Motorsturm IV / 181. On November 11, 1931, Thriemer was fatally injured by a heart attack during an argument with communists in front of the Goldene Sonne pub in Lugau. In memory of him, Motorsturm IV / 181, Lugau, was given the designation “Motorsturm IV / 181 Walter Thriemer” in 1932.
• November 15, 1931 (in Kahlbude): Horst Hoffmann (born November 2, 1915 in Danzig-Schidlitz), SA man. Member of the SA in Neuendorf. On November 15, 1931, Hoffmann was fatally injured by a dagger stab in the artery during a confrontation between SA men and members of the arshufo communist organization in Kahlbude, a village near Danzig. In a subsequent trial, eleven participants were sentenced on February 1, 1932 to terms of between one and three years for bodily harm resulting in death. The main perpetrator, Franz Bartowski, was sentenced to 27 months in prison. After 1933 a street in Danzig was renamed Horst-Hoffmann-Wall after him. In addition, the SA-Sturm 11/5 got its name.
• November 25, 1931 (in Worms): Hans Hobelsberger (born August 8, 1896 in Schwabach), SA man (troop leader), locksmith. Hobelsberger lived in Biblis. In the autumn of 1930 he joined the NSDAP and the SA. In the morning hours of November 4, 1931, around 4 a.m., Hobelsberger was attacked by communists near the Rhine bridge when he was riding his bicycle home with three other SA men from a Strasser rally in Worms. While trying to escape, his chain broke in Mainzer Strasse and he fell, as a result of which he was attacked and seriously wounded (liver and spleen were torn from being kicked, the intestines injured by a stab from a side gun) and left unconscious. He was admitted to the hospital, where he died of internal injuries on November 25, 1931.
• December 30, 1931: Kurt Thiel, SA-Scharführer, member of the SA-Storm 24. Thiel, who had changed from the Reichsbanner to the SA in 1929, shot himself on December 30, 1931. In order to be able to use him for the cult of martyrs, he was killed by declared a victim of communism by Nazi propaganda. She rationalized this with the following reason: "The increasing terror of his former comrades, the constant clashes with commune and police, the frequent wounds, arrests and legal proceedings and finally the murder of his comrade Thielsch confuse his mind." He therefore had himself with pictures of Hitler, Hermann Thielsch and his Sturmführer shot in the hand.

1932

• January 1, 1932 (in Völpke): Kurt Wietfeld (born November 25, 1908), SA man, painter's assistant from Barneberg, member of SA Storm 159. On January 1, 1932, following a National Socialist New Year's Eve party in the restaurant "Glückauf" in Völpke near Magdeburg around 3 a.m. on the way home by communists who shot at the group of SA men to which he belonged and fatally injured by a shot below the left collarbone near Kaiserstrasse and Schulstrasse. After him, the SA-Sturm 31/165 in Völpke received the designation "Sturm 31 Kurt Wietfeld".
• January 10, 1932 (in Rendsburg): Richard Menzel (born May 20, 1910), SA man, painter from Büdelsdorf, joined the NSDAP and SA on March 1, 1931; suffered severe head injuries from stone throwing after a border protection course by NSDAP supporters in Rendsburg during a confrontation between SA people with Reichsbanner members and communists on the corner of Baronstrasse and Kronprinzenstrasse ("Menzel Battle"), from which he died in the hospital in the evening shortly before midnight. Later the SA-Sturm was named after him "Sturm 1 19 Richard Menzel". In addition, streets in Kiel (Richard-Menzel-Strasse; named on January 30, 1936; renamed Hagebuttenstrasse on July 4, 1945), Rendsburg, Büdelsdorf and Glückstadt were named after him.
• January 19, 1932 (in Essen): Arnold Guse (born June 14, 1911), SS medical officer, worker. Guse had come to Essen from Pomerania in 1931 and joined the SA there. At the end of 1931 he switched to the SS. Guse was killed in Essen on January 19, 1932: National Socialists mistakenly believed that shots fired on Mauerstrasse that day were aimed at them, and returned them aimlessly. Guse was accidentally shot in the back and killed by another SS man - in whose line of fire he was standing. The NSDAP soon afterwards declared Guse a martyr, claiming that he had been murdered by communists. Hitler publicly offered a reward of 500 RM for information that would help to solve the case. In 1932 the Sturm 3/1/25 SS-Standarte was named "Sturm 3 Arnold Guse" in memory of Guse.
• January 19, 1932 (in Berlin): Ernst Schwartz (born March 3, 1883 in Breslau), SA man (troop leader), painter and graphic artist. Schwartz studied in Breslau and Stuttgart. He then worked as an artist in Szczecin, Munich and Berlin. In 1926 he joined the NSDAP. He was a member of the SA Storm 4th Veteran of the First World War, participant in the Kapp Putsch ; In 1926 Schwartz joined the NSDAP. On January 18, 1932, Schwartz took part in an SA storm evening in the “Bergschloss” pub in Frohnau. On the way home, the SA took a “detour” through the Felseneck arbor colony, which is mainly inhabited by communists, where they sang national socialist songs. Within a short period of time there were violent clashes with residents who belonged to the Communist League against Fascism. The communist Fritz Klemke was shot dead by the National Socialists, injured by throwing stones and lying on the ground unable to fight. When the National Socialists fled, Schwartz fell behind, was caught up with and crushed by communists. Then, while he was on the ground, he was stabbed. He died in the hospital from his injuries (heart attack). In April 1932 a trial began before the Regional Court III in Berlin for the killing of Schwartz. Eighteen workers (members of the Kampfbund against Fascism and residents of the Felseneck garden colony) were accused, who were defended by Hans Litten . This trial and the appeal proceedings (in which Litten was no longer involved as a defense counsel but as a witness) ended with the acquittal of all the accused workers for the killing of Schwartz. The second procedure was finalized on December 22, 1932. After 1933, the National Socialists reopened the "Felseneck" case. In a trial, Litten was forced by the National Socialists - under threat of torture - to stand as a witness against his former mandate, Ackert. Litten was forced to declare that he had recognized early evidence that Ackert had killed Schwartz and that Schwartz had finally confessed to this. Ackert, who was expected to face the death penalty, died while in custody. Litten later committed suicide in a concentration camp. Meanwhile, Schwartz was stylized as a hero by Nazi propaganda: In 1932, SA-Sturm 23/4 in Berlin was named "Sturm 23 Ernst Schwartz" in memory of him. In 1934 a memorial stone for Schwartz was erected at the place of his death. In addition, a recreation park was named after him.
• January 23, 1932 (in Zülz): Bruno Schramm (born May 11, 1903 in Kujau, Silesia), SA man, qualified engineer in Zülz. Schramm joined the Oberland Freikorps in 1921. In 1929 he became a member of the NSDAP, for which he founded a local group in Zülz in December 1930. Schramm was injured in a political argument with communists on the night of January 22nd to 23rd, 1932 and died shortly afterwards of his injuries. In 1932 SA-Sturm 21/63 in Zülz in Upper Silesia was named "Sturm 21 Bruno Schramm" in memory of Schramm.
• January 24, 1932 (in Berlin): Herbert Norkus (born July 26, 1916 in Berlin)
• January 28, 1932 (in Kauschen, East Prussia): Arno Kallweit (also Kalweit) (born March 7, 1911), SA man, journeyman miller; Son of a farmer, member of the SA storm in Kraupischken; During a nocturnal attack, Kallweit was hit with a paving stone on the way home by an SA assembly behind the Inster Bridge in Kauschen. He was then taken to a hospital in Ragnit or Tilsit, where he succumbed to his injuries. After 1933 the Kraupischker SA-Sturm got its name. In addition, the Arno-Kalweit-Weg in Elbing was named after him.
• February 4, 1932 (in Langensalza): Fritz Beubler , complete Karl Friedrich Beubler (born October 14, 1911 in Merxleben), SS man, carpenter; Beubler was a member of SS-Sturm 3/1/14 and driver of the district farmer leader of the NSDAP in his homeland Arthur Presser . On the evening of January 29, 1932, an SS relay evening took place in the Mauffscher Gasthof in Nägelstedt. A scuffle between the SS and political opponents developed in front of the restaurant, in which Beubler was shot in the abdomen (a projectile pierced his body from his left hip to his right thigh). He died of his injuries on February 4th in Langensalza District Hospital. Nazi propaganda claimed that he was killed by communists. Residents of his hometown declared after 1945, however, that Beubler had accidentally injured himself fatally with his own weapon in the fray. During the Nazi era, an honor guard was held for him every year on November 9th in the Merxleben village cemetery. A memorial stone for him was removed after 1945. In addition, the 12th Sturm of the 67th SS Standard Erfurt and the Backgasse were named after him.
• February 7, 1932 (in Berlin): Georg Preiser (born March 21, 1913 in Berlin), Hitler Youth, apprentice mechanical engineer. Preiser joined the Hitler Youth in 1931, where he became comrade leader. He was killed on February 7, 1932 in a political argument. In 1932 the SA-Schar 24 in Berlin was named "Schar 24 Georg Preiser" in memory of Preiser.
• February 8, 1932 (in Schützen am Gebirge): Hans Karner , SA man, agricultural worker. Member of SA Storm 3/76 in Donnerskirchen (Burgenland). On February 7, 1932, Karner was involved in a dispute with the carpenter's assistant Josef Turner, a former member of the Catholic boys' association, at a dance event in Schützen. He was injured by a stab in the leg. After being admitted to the hospital, he died of the consequences of his great blood loss. Due to Turner's previous membership of the Catholic boys' association, Karner, who was killed in an apolitical tavern fight, was stylized by Nazi propaganda as another victim of “criminal attacks on the black-red [sic!] Murder front”. In memory of him, the SA-Sturm 3/76 in Donnerskirchen was given the name "Sturm 3 Hans Karner" in 1932.
• February 14, 1932: Heinrich Heissinger (* 1909), SA man, cook's mate . Member of the Marine SA. Hotinger was shot on February 14, 1932 on the way to an SA storm station.
• February 17, 1932 (in Klein-Gaglow near Cottbus): Walter Gornatowski (born December 31, 1907 in Berlin), SA man, cook, worker. On February 17, 1932, Gornatowski was attacked by communists together with other SA men who were on their way to a party event in Klein Glagow, at which they were supposed to act as security guard, and were fatally wounded by stab wounds. In memory of Gornatowski, the SA-Sturm 10/52 in Cottbus was named "Sturm 10 Walter Gornatowski".
• February 20, 1932 (in Saarau, Schweidnitz district): Franz Becker (born March 14, 1911), SA man (troop leader), commercial assistant. Becker joined the NSDAP and SA in 1929. Member of Storm 1/10 in Schweidnitz. On the night of February 19-20, 1932, Becker was shot dead during a confrontation with political opponents after a NSDAP meeting in Saarau. In 1932 the SA-Sturm 1/10 in Schweidnitz was named "Sturm 1 Franz Becker" in memory of Becker.
• February 20, 1932 (in Massen, Dortmund district): Wilhelm Sengotta (born January 1, 1911), SA man (squad leader), underground locksmith. Sengotta joined the NSDAP and SA in autumn 1931; Squad leader in Dortmund-Wickede. He was shot dead by communists on his way home.
• February 22, 1932 (in Schwinde): Arthur Wiegels (born February 25, 1891), SA reserve man, farmer in Rönne. On December 1, 1931 Wiegels joined the NSDAP and SA. On February 22, 1932 Wiegels took part as a listener at a speech evening of the social democrat and manager of the small farmers' union of the Harburg district Kurt Gellert in the restaurant Harms on the Elbdeich in Schwinde. After the end of the event, Wiegels approached Gellert in a very drunk and aggressive state on the street in front of the restaurant and harassed him. Gellert carried a firearm with him, as he had been harassed and attacked by National Socialists several times in the past. In addition, he had discovered shortly before that the valves on his car had been removed, which is why he feared an impending attack, which they planned to make impossible to remove by rendering his car unusable. When Wiegels was violent, Gellert shot and killed Wiegels several times. In Harburg-Wilhelmsburg he then turned himself in to the police. The district court of Lüneburg stopped the manslaughter proceedings against Gellert because the evidence led to the conclusion that he had acted in self-defense. After 1933, Gellert had to flee abroad before the Nazis were stalked: he first went to the Netherlands and later to Sweden.
• February 29, 1932 (in Rostock): August Brackmann (born April 18, 1907), SA man, technician. Brackmann joined the NSDAP and SA in 1931. Brackmann was seriously injured by a knife on February 28, 1932 during a politically motivated argument in a tavern in Ticino, Mecklenburg, and died the following day in Rostock hospital. In 1932 the Sturm 41/90 was named "Sturm 41 August Brackmann" in memory of Brackmann.
• March 6, 1932 (in Berlin): Otto Ludwig (born April 17, 1886), SA man, telegraph worker (senior telegraph secretary). Ludwig joined the NSDAP in 1932. On the morning of March 6, 1932, Ludwig was gunned down by communists while distributing election leaflets on Choriner Strasse in Berlin and died of his injuries (head shot). In May 1937 a new street in Berlin was named after him (Ludwig Street). In January 1952 it was renamed Topsstrasse.
• March 8, 1932 (in Breslau): Wilhelm / Willi Thielsch (born June 6, 1912), SA man, plumber. Thielsch was stabbed to death by his father on March 8, 1932, while he was drunk, allegedly because of political disputes. While National Socialist sources claimed that the father disapproved of the son's membership in the NSDAP and SA, sources critical of NS stated that the father himself was National Socialist. The SA-Sturm 5/1 in Breslau was named "SA-Sturm 5/1 - Willi Thielsch" in memory of Thielsch in 1939.
• March 14, 1932 (in Gardelegen): Erich Jaenecke (born December 12, 1904), SA man, farm worker. Jaenecke joined the NSDAP and SA in 1930. He was seriously injured in a politically motivated conflict on March 10, 1932 and died of his injuries on March 14, 1932. In memory of him, the SA-Sturm 21/16 in Dannefeld was named "Sturm 21 Erich Jaenecke".
• April 4, 1932 (in Mittweida): Max Beulich (born January 9, 1913 in Mittweida), SA man, agricultural worker and milker. Beulich had initially been a communist in Mittweida, then in October 1931 he defected to the National Socialists. On April 3, 1932, Beulich took the train from Mittweida to Chemnitz with other SA men to take part in a Hitler meeting; On the way back to Mittweida, the SA men were received by communists on the station forecourt and a fight broke out. Beulich was finally stabbed in an alley to the Schützenplatz. He was hospitalized with a stab wound in the back, where he died of the consequences of his injury (stab in the liver) after an emergency operation. The National Socialists named a street in Mittweida after Beulich (Max-Beulich-Strasse). In addition, the SA-Sturm 5/154 in the Ore Mountains bore his name.
• April 8, 1932 (in Chemnitz): Ludwig Frisch (born July 27, 1906), SS man and locksmith. Frisch was shot in an argument with communists on April 4, 1932 and died a few days later in hospital from his injuries (gunshot wound to the knee with great blood loss). During the Nazi years, Heinrich-Heine-Strasse in Ebersdorf was renamed Ludwig-Frisch-Strasse after him. Since 1945 the street has been called Heinrich-Heine-Straße again.
• April 8, 1932 (in Berlin): Friedrich Hellmann (born April 20, 1901), SA man, master locksmith. Member of SA Storm 132/4. Formerly member of the Lützow Freikorps and member of the 6th Company of the 5th Reichswehr Infantry Regiment. In March 1931 he passed the master's examination in locksmithing at the Army College for Trade and Technology. In 1931 he joined the SA, in which he was the medical storm 132 of the VI. Sturmbannes belonged to the 4th Standard in Berlin. Hellmann was shot at by communists along with other SA men on Pasteurstrasse on the night of April 7th, 1932, and was shot in the stomach. On April 8, 1932, he died of his injuries in Friedrichshain Hospital. A memorial plaque was placed on the house at 48 Pasteurstrasse, in front of which he died.
• April 10, 1932: Heinz Brands (* 1905), SA man, commercial clerk, joined the NSDAP and SA in 1932, shot in a clash between SA people and a group of Reichsbanner members on the day of the second round of the presidential election. In memory of him, the Sturm 22 was named "Sturm 22 Heinz Brands".
• April 10, 1932: Harry Hahn (* 1906), SA man, steward, joined the NSDAP and SA in 1931, suffered a heart attack in a firefight with communists. Nazi propaganda claimed that he had been shot. Later, the storm 24/76 in Hamburg was named "Storm 24 Harry Hahn" in memory of him.
• April 17, 1932 (in Wolfsberg): Silvester Gratzl (born December 28, 1907 in Winkel bei Ebene), cooperative, joined the NSDAP and the SA in May 1931, member of SA Storm 3 / VIII, on May 15, 1932 During a visit to a pub in St. Andrae, which developed into a brawl, was seriously injured by a Christian Socialist with several knife stabs in the stomach and died of the injuries on April 17, 1932 in the Wolfsberg hospital. The Sturm 37 VIII in St. Paul in Lavanttal was named after him "Sturm 3 Silvester Gratzl".
• April 23, 1932 (in Oldenburg): Johann Lüchtenborg (born December 16, 1904 in Harkebrugge), SA man, farmer in Ikenbrügge and peat worker; Son of a small farmer. On April 10, 1932, after going to church near the Hempten-Thole inn in Harkenbrügge, Lüchtenborg, together with the SA man Lieberum, presented the two members of a Catholic workers' association, Schumacher and Alerding, when they tore down an NSDAP election poster. In the following argument, he suffered stab wounds in the neck, from which he died in the hospital in Oldenburg. The Lüchtenborg settlement was named after him. In addition, at the place where Lüchtenborg was stabbed, a heavy boulder that reminded of him was laid down.
• April 24, 1932 (in Berlin): Udo Curth (born October 30, 1909), SA man, commercial clerk. Curth was shot in front of the house at Möckernstrasse 64 in Berlin on the night before the Prussian state elections in 1932 during an argument with communists. The shooter Franz Mels was sentenced on July 8, 1932 to a four-year prison term. An accomplice, August Wellnitz, was able to flee to the Soviet Union. Curth was buried in the Luisenstadt cemetery.
• May 5, 1932: Paul Stenzhorn (born July 9, 1899), SA man (Sturmführer), locksmith from Oberhausen in the Palatinate on the Nahe. Stenzhorn was storm leader with the 23rd SA standard and local group leader of the local group Oberhausen am Glan. On May 5, 1932, Stenzhorn was shot down with a revolver in the chest by his neighbor, the center member Karl Baab, in a dispute in front of a forest hut belonging to the Palatinate Forest Association on the Lemberg. Then Baab fired another shot at the person lying on the ground. He died shortly afterwards in the hut as a result of a lung shot. The act was in retaliation for the fact that Stenzhorn had thrown Baab out of an NSDAP event a few weeks earlier. Baab received a three-year prison sentence. The National Socialists, in particular the Palatinate Gauleiter Josef Bürckel , used the incident for their propaganda, so Bürckel called for a "Stenzhorn donation" for the care of Stenzhorn's wife and children.
• May 27, 1932 (in Hötting): Sylvester Fink (* 1872), SA man, butcher's assistant, on May 27, 1932 at an NSDAP rally in the Goldener Bär inn in Schneeburggasse in Hötting, which was blown up by Social Democrats and Communists ( " Höttinger Saalschlacht "), stabbed to death by the Schutzbundler Ludwig Zonta. The SA Reserve Storm 1/1 in Innsbruck was named after him in "Storm I Sylvester Fink". In addition, a street in the Lohbach and Hörtnagl settlement got its name (Sylvester-Fink-Gasse).
• May 31, 1932 (in Burscheid): Jodokus Kehrer (born March 2, 1889), SA man (squad leader), police operations assistant a. After an SA meeting in Wermelskirchen on May 31, 1932, D. Kehrer was seriously injured on his way home to Burscheid near the Tenter Bridge by two KPD city councilors who shot a group of NSDAP supporters from a motorcycle and died briefly on his injuries. The court considered it proven that a certain Pullem had fired the shots at Kehrer. After the National Socialists came to power, the case was reopened and city councilor Zeno Berger was sentenced to 15 years in prison without any real evidence of guilt. The SA-Sturm 22/172, Leichlingen, was named "Sturm 22 Jodokus Kehrer" in memory of Kehrer. In numerous cities, streets were named after Kehrer: There were Jodokus-Kehrer-Strasse in Burscheid, Leverkusen (until 1936 Bürriger Strasse; renamed "Von-Ketteler-Strasse" in 1945; today Heinrich-Brüning-Strasse), Hilden (until 1939 Südstraße; since 1945 again Südstraße), Monheim am Rhein and in the Neuss-Reuschenberg settlement (from December 1937). A memorial was also erected for him in Burscheid.
• June 3, 1932 (Lünen-Derne): Emil (Erich) Fröse (born March 3, 1905 in Osnabrück), SA man, miner in Lünen-Derne, 1931 joined the SA and NSDAP, 1932 SA troop leader, on 3 June 1932 Shot by a communist in an SA storm club on June 6, 1932.
• June 19, 1932 (in Wuppertal-Barmen): Hans Hilbert (born October 24, 1909), SA man (squad leader), driver, in a clash between Communists and National Socialists in the Wuppertal Heidterstrasse in front of the municipal fire station at 12:30 a.m. Gunned down by communists on the morning of June 19, 1932 (lung shot) and died in the city hospital that morning. On November 8, 1938, a memorial plaque for Hilbert, made by the sculptor Friedrich Backhaus , was inaugurated on the corner house opposite the Heidter fire station in Wuppertal . The house and the plaque were destroyed during the Second World War.
• June 20, 1932 (in Erkrath): Kurt Hilmer (born June 22, 1911), SS man (squad leader), clerk. Hilmer was a member of storm 6/11/20. On June 20, 1932, he and the SS man Hermann Groß were attacked by communists on an embankment at a railway underpass near the NSDAP party venue in Erkrath. He was shot in the stomach and died on the scene. The communists Peter Hupertz, Emil Schmidt and Otto Lukat were arrested on suspicion of having been involved in the crime, but were released in 1932 as the suspicion against them had not been confirmed. In 1933 the three Nazis, who had meanwhile come to power, were arrested again and charged again. The court sentenced her to death while seven other defendants received prison terms. The executions were carried out with an ax on March 27, 1934 in the courtyard of the Ulmer Höh prison. Today research suggests the men likely had nothing to do with Hilmer's death. In 1933, Sturm 3 of the 20th SS Standard was named after Hilmer. Kurt-Hilmer-Platz and several streets also received his name.
• June 20, 1932 (in Übach): Wilhelm Hambückers (born March 15, 1885), SA man (storm leader), miner; thirteen previous convictions (for grievous bodily harm, trespassing, threats, resistance, receiving stolen goods, smuggling, issuing counterfeit banknotes); founded the Sturmabteilung in Merkstein on October 23, 1931, which was raised to its own storm in January 1932 as Sturm 15/25; in July 1932 appointed adjutant of Sturmbannes 11/25; Shot in ambush by the SA service on the way home in Boscheln-Anbach on the corner of Wiesenstrasse and later Hambückersstrasse.
• June 20, 1932 (in Berlin): Helmut Köster (born October 2, 1909), SA man (squad leader), businessman. Member of SA Storm 24 in Berlin. On the way back, Köster was shot at by an SA roll call along with other SA men by communists on the corner of Gneisenaustrasse and Schleiermacherstrasse in Berlin. He was shot in the temple and died in the hospital the same day. At his funeral in the Luisenfriedhof at his grave, Joseph Goebbels gave a demagogic speech in which he called on the SA to take revenge for Koester's death through violence against those who think differently. In May 1937 the street Luisenufer between Oranienplatz and Kaiser-Franz-Grenadier-Platz was renamed after Köster in Kösterdamm (since July 1947 the street has been called Legiendamm). At the place where he died, a memorial plaque that was removed after 1945 was placed on Schleiermacherstraße 23. There was another memorial plaque in Kreuzberg.
• June 23, 1932 (Dortmund-Dorstfeld): Heinrich habenicht (born November 13, 1905), SA man, clerk in Dortmund. Have not joined the NSDAP and SA in January 1932. On June 23, 1932, habenicht was fatally injured by a gunshot in a clash between National Socialists and Communists on Wittener Strasse in Dortmund. There was a suspicion that he was accidentally shot by another National Socialist. His funeral speech was given by Wilhelm Schepmann , who later became Chief of Staff of the SA . In memory of habenicht, the SA-Sturm 3/98 was given the designation "Sturm 3 Heinz habenicht". In addition, Eintrachtstrasse in Dortmund was renamed Heinz-habenicht-Strasse on April 16, 1937.
• June 26, 1932 (in Wattenscheid): Fritz Borawski (born August 29, 1902 in Wattenscheid), SS man, miner. Borawski was seriously injured by a shot in the forehead on June 26, 1932 on the way from Wattenscheid to Bochum in a clash with communists at the intersection of Stadtgartenring and Sommerdellenstrasse and died in hospital. He was buried on June 30, 1932. The communist Erich Bergmann, who was held responsible for Borawski's death, was sentenced to three years in prison by the Bochum Special Court for violating the peace in the act of brawling. The manslaughter of Borawski could not be proven in court. In 1933 Bergmann was deported by the SS to the Esterwege concentration camp and killed there. The SS-Sturm 4 / I / 30 Wattenscheid was named "SS-Sturm 4 Fritz Borawski" in memory of Borawski on February 1, 1933. In addition, the Stadtgartenring in Wattenscheid was renamed Fritz-Borawski-Straße on May 13, 1933.
• June 30, 1932 (in Zeitz): Werner Gerhardt (born December 22, 1912 in Zeitz)
• June 30, 1932 (in Morlautern): Hermann Zapp (born November 14, 1906), SA man, butcher; on June 30, 1932 around 10 p.m. on the way home from his place of work on the corner of Morlautererstraße and Abendsberg, stabbed by the communist Mathias Heil, whom he had thrown out of the restaurant run by his mother a few days earlier, with a butcher's knife (neck stab through the Carotid artery) and died of the injuries (bleeding) on ​​the transport to the hospital. His funeral on July 3, 1932 was stylized as a large-scale propaganda act with 15,000 participants. After him, the SA-Sturm 6 was named "Sturm 6 Hermann Zapp". Heil was sentenced to ten years in prison, which he served in Straubing. After his release from prison in 1942, he was arrested by the Gestapo on the way to Morlautern at Mannheim Central Station and has been missing ever since. A memorial for Zapp was set up at the crime scene.
• July 1, 1932 (in Berlin): Hans Steinberg (born March 1, 1906), SA man (squad leader), painter. Member of storm 102. Steinberg was shot on July 1, 1932 on the Lenzener Platz in the open street, probably due to a mix-up of people. After 1933 a Weddinger innkeeper was abducted to the Columbia-Haus concentration camp on charges of having been involved in the killing of Steinberg, where he was mistreated and tortured. In 1934 a show trial was held against the alleged perpetrators, in which two men named Taubener and Habermann were the main defendants. The National Socialists meanwhile stylized Steinberg as the hero of their movement: In 1932, the SA-Sturm 102 / SX in Berlin was given the right to use the designation "Sturm 102 Hans Steinberg" in memory of Steinberg. And on July 4, 1934, Lenzener Platz, where Steinberg died, was renamed Steinbergplatz (the name Steinbergplatz was used until July 31, 1947; it no longer exists due to construction work in 1965). In addition, a memorial stone for Steinberg was erected on Lenzener Platz, which was inaugurated with a speech by the deputy Gauleiter Arthur Görlitzer .
• July 2, 1932: Friedrich Karpinski (* 1894), SS man, miner; Gunned down by communists in a street battle after a propaganda march on Stoppenberger Strasse in Essen. A street was later named after him. In addition, the SS-Sturm 4/124 in Essen was named "SS-Sturm 4 Friedrich Karpinski" after him.
• July 5, 1932: Hans Handwerk (* 1916), SA man, apprentice locksmith, joined the SA in March 1932, shot after a propaganda march. In memory of him, the storm 31/81 in Frankfurt am Main was named "Sturm 31 Hans Handwerk". The communist Josef Reitinger was sentenced to death on September 25, 1933 on the basis of a confession made under torture, and executed on November 10, 1934.
• July 5, 1932 (in Dortmund): Walter Ufer (born November 19, 1889), NSDAP member, business graduate; Press officer of the Dortmund-Eving section of the NSDAP local branch in Dortmund; joined the NSDAP on December 1, 1931; On June 24, 1932, on the way to an NSDAP event in Eving, Ufer was attacked by communists near the meeting room at around 7 p.m. and hit by a cobblestone on the head in Bergstrasse. He was then mistreated and kicked while lying on the ground with pickets and iron bars. He was stabbed in the back with a knife and died in hospital. In March 1934 the miner Hans Voit and the house painter Friedrich Rapior were sentenced to death due to the death of Ufer for joint murder and joint serious breach of the peace and executed in August 1934. The sentence was subsequently changed from murder to manslaughter in 1959. Three other people involved in the crime (Hermann Feldhaus, Hugo Beher, and Franz Kalipke) received prison sentences of 15 years in 1934. Bergstrasse in Dortmund was later renamed Walter-Ufer-Strasse in memory of him. In addition, the storm 14/98 in Dortmund was given on February 1, 1933 the designation "SA-Sturm 14 Walter Ufer".
• July 10, 1932 (in Ohlau): Georg Konjetzke (born October 20, 1912), SA man, farm worker from Rosenhain, in a dispute between SA men and Reichsbanner members on the Post Bridge in Ohlau in Silesia during the withdrawal of the SA from They overtook them after a fire by the Reichsbanner people, killed them with pickets and with a disfigured face they were found on the Ohleufer. Later the Post Bridge was named after him in Georg-Konjetzke-Brücke. In addition, the Sturm 32 was renamed "Sturm 32 Georg Konjetzke". In 1934 a memorial for him and Herbert Stanetzki was inaugurated on the corner of Schloßplatz and Stanetzki-Straße.
• July 10, 1932 (in Beverungen): Ludwig Decker (born November 28, 1913 in Arenborn), SA man, apprentice blacksmith. Member of Storm 10/136. After returning from a rally in Lauenförde, Decker was seriously injured by a stab in the thigh in a street fight with communists on Dalhauser Strasse in Beverungen. He died that evening in St. John's Hospital. The perpetrator, the communist Fritz Diedrich, was sentenced by the special court of the Paderborn regional court on September 23, 1932 to five years in prison for manslaughter. He died in Oranienburg concentration camp in 1940. In the meantime, Decker was stylized as a regional martyr: In 1933, a memorial based on plans by the architect Hermann Bartels was erected at his place of death in Beverungen (Decker memorial). In addition, the SA-Sturm 22/230 was named after Decker.
• July 10, 1932 (in Ohlau): Herbert Stanetzki (born August 8, 1907), SA man, coachman, killed by a shot in the head in a confrontation near the Schlossplatz in Ohlau. In memory of him, the SA-Sturm 4/11 in Breslau ("Sturm 4 Herbert Stanetzki") and a street in Ohlau (Herbert-Stanetzki-Straße) were named after him.
• July 11, 1932 (in Steeden an der Lahn): Heinrich Grasmeher (born March 22, 1909 in Steeden an der Lahn), SA man, locksmith; Son of a railway conductor, last worked at the Kerkerbach lime works near Koblenz; in January 1932 he joined the NSDAP and SA; In a dispute with Reichsbannermann Freitag in the restaurant "Denner" on July 1, 1932, his father injured his carotid artery with a blade and died. A memorial plaque was later placed at the place of death. In addition, SA-Sturm 22/7 was renamed “Sturm 22 Heinrich Grasmeher” in memory of Grasemeher.
• July 12, 1932: Curt / Kurt Kreth (born December 22, 1899), SA-Standartenführer, landowner; Standartenführer on the Neuhof domain in the Bublitz district in Pomerania; Son of the former member of the Reichstag, Hermann Kreth (German Conservative Party), father of two children; former cadet in Lichterfelde, World War II fighter, Upper Silesia fighter in the post-war period; On July 1, 1932, Kreth was attacked by political opponents together with his adjutant Günther Roß (see following entry) while riding a motorcycle. He died of a fractured skull twelve days later. The SA Standard 61, Schlawe, was named "Standard 61 Kurt Kreth" in 1932 in memory of Kreth.
• July 12, 1932 (near Zanow , Schlawe / Hinterpommern district): Günther Roß (born August 27, 1900 in Niederschönhausen), SA man, study assessor. Roß was a member of SA Standard 61 and the Nazi teachers' association. Roß was attacked by communists, pulled from his motorcycle and badly mistreated on a business trip that he undertook with Standartenführer Curth Kreth, whom he accompanied as an adjutant. He died of his injuries a few days later. He was buried in the municipal cemetery in Weißensee (Dept. K, election series 16, no. 1). The "Günther Roß-Realreformgymnasium" in Berlin-Weißensee was named after Roß. In addition, Günther-Ross-Strasse in Berlin received his name. His dissertation on The Life of Baron von Altenstein up to 1807 was published posthumously in 1941. Around 1939, Düsseldorf named the elementary school on Ritterstrasse after him.
• July 12, 1932 (in Berlin): Fritz / Friedrich Schröder (born November 4, 1908), SA man, insurance officer. Schröder was shot in 1932 in a politically motivated argument with the KPD and Reichsbanner. Shortly thereafter, he died of his injuries in Urban Hospital. He was buried on July 23, 1932 in the forest cemetery in Eberswalde. In 1932, the SA-Sturm 124/8 in Berlin was named "Sturm 124 Friedrich Schröder" after him. On May 20, 1937, the Elisabethufer in Berlin was renamed Schröderdamm after him (since July 31, 1947 the street has been called Leuschnerdamm).
• July 17, 1932 (in Altona): Heinz / Heinrich Koch (born November 14, 1903), SA man (squad leader), waiter. Koch joined the SA in April 1931. Koch was killed on July 17, 1932 in a street battle between the SA and communists in Altona ( Altona Blood Sunday ) with one shot in the heart and another in the head. The Rathenaupark in Hamburg was renamed Koch-Büdding-Park after 1933. An Alster steamer also got its name.
• July 17, 1932: Ullrich / Ulrich Massow (born August 4, 1912), SA man (squad leader), blacksmith. On July 17, 1932, the Greifswald SA standard carried out a deployment. The Gauleiter consecrated the swastika flag of the student union on the town market. As a result, there were various attacks by SA men on politically dissenting people. After the event, nineteen SA men cycled out of town on Loitzer Landstrasse. When the residents of a communist barracks settlement covered them up with provocative shouts, they decided to stop and storm the barracks. While the residents resisted the attack by the SA men, Massow was shot in the lung. Lying on the street, he was beaten to death by two women with clubs. In addition, two other SA men died, Bruno Reinhard and Herbert Schuhmacher ("Greifswalder Bloody Sunday"). The brawl ended with the National Socialists withdrawing. Massow was buried with Bruno Reinhard on July 21, 1932, with Gauleiter Wilhelm Karpenstein giving the commemorative speech. After him, a street in Greifswald was renamed Ulrich-Massow-Straße (since 1946 it has been called Heinrich-Heine-Straße). The SA-Sturm 11/49, Greifswald, was named "Sturm 11 Ulrich Massow" in memory of Massow as early as 1932.
• July 17, 1932 (in Greifswald): Bruno Reinhard (born January 22, 1908), SA man, zoology student. On July 17, 1932, the Greifswald SA standard carried out a deployment. The Gauleiter consecrated the swastika flag of the student union on the market. As a result, there were various attacks by SA men on politically dissenting people. After the event, nineteen SA men cycled out of town on Loitzer Landstrasse, where they decided to stop in response to provocative shouts at a communist barracks settlement and stormed the barracks. When the residents resisted, Reinhard was shot through the heart. In addition, two other SA men died (“Greifswald Blood Sunday”). The brawl ended with the National Socialists withdrawing. Reinhard was buried on July 21, 1932, with Gauleiter Wilhelm Karpenstein giving the commemorative speech. A student house in "Bruno-Reinhard-Haus" was named after him. The SA-Sturm 10/49, Greifswald, was named "Sturm 10 Bruno Reinhard" in memory of Reinhard.
• July 17, 1932: Herbert Schuhmacher (born October 10, 1913), SA man. Shot during the Greifswald Bloody Sunday (see above entry) after a clash between SA men and communists at a Greifswald barracks settlement on the run and then beaten to death with a latte by the milker Albert Peters while lying on the ground. He died as a result of "blunt violence on the back of the head". During his cremation, there was a scandal because his guardian forbade a Christian burial and declared that he had "fallen as a seduce".
• July 17, 1932 (Altona): Helene Winkler , b. Engelhardt (born December 9, 1909), NSDAP supporter. Winkler was the wife of an SA man and since 1931 a helper in the National Socialist women's group in the Höhenluft district. On July 17, 1932 ( Altona Blood Sunday ), Winkler and two friends visited the city of Altona to watch an SA propaganda march on the occasion of the upcoming Reichstag election, in which her husband also took part. Around 5:30 p.m., Winkler, who did not accompany the train, was caught in an exchange of fire between the National Socialists and Communists on Blumenstrasse in front of the Diakonissenanstalt, in which she was fatally wounded. According to the autopsy report, she was pierced almost horizontally by a bullet from a military rifle coming from Thedestrasse. The bullet probably came from the weapon of a member of the police commando commissioned by the Hamburg police leadership to clear the surrounding streets for special use (also: "Kommando Kosa" after its leader Franz Kosa), which was used on that day during actions against alleged roof and Snipers killed twelve or thirteen uninvolved passers-by and residents of nearby houses.
• July 18, 1932 (in Hamburg): Peter Büdding (* 1908 in Altona), SA candidate, steward, critically injured in a street battle between SA and Communists on Altona Blood Sunday (July 17, 1932), died of his injuries the following day
• July 27, 1932 (in Oberwiehl): Robert Bitzer (born January 3, 1902), SA man, hammer smith. On July 27, 1932, while pasting posters in the Wiehl area near Cologne near the Oberwiehl level crossing in the direction of Ohlerhammer, Bitzer was involved in a dispute with five members of the Iron Front (Otto Stoffel, Ernst Schellenberg, Berthold Danielzick, Elfriede Schütz, Karl Becker). Bitzer suffered a stab injury from behind (kidney stab), from which he died on site. The SA-Sturm 12/65 in Oberwiehl was given the designation "Sturm 12 Robert Bitzer" in memory of him in 1932.
• July 28, 1932 (in Eilendorf near Aachen): Johann Raskin (born April 4, 1906), SA man (squad leader), mechanic; Member of the Aachen news storm 2 of the 25th SA standard; On the night of July 27-28, 1932, Raskin pasted up posters with four other SA men. Around midnight, Raskin was found alone in Josefstrasse by the communists Baur and Martin, knocked down and, lying on the ground, seriously injured in the stomach and liver with two revolver shots. He died of his injuries shortly afterwards, even before rescue workers appeared on site. Johann-Raskin-Straße was named after him in Eilendorf.
• July 29, 1932 (in Wiederitzsch): Erich Sallie (born April 5, 1913 in Praust), SA man, farmer's assistant; stabbed to death in a street battle on the corner of Stenzlerstrasse and Blücherstrasse after a meeting on July 28, 1932 in Wiederitzsch, died of a stab in the carotid artery. The communists Ernst Theodor Schiebel (born February 23, 1905) and Erich Schiebel (born March 15, 1909) were put out to search for the crime. In Wiederitzsch a street (today Hermann-Keller-Straße) was named after Sallie.
• July 30, 1932 (in Königsberg ): Otto Reinke (born June 8, 1913), SA man, stabbed to death in a fight with communists in the "KPD stronghold" in Selkestrasse.
• July 31, 1932 (in Itzehoe): Peter Kölln (born June 3, 1910), SA man, gardener. Kölln joined the NSDAP and SA in 1929. He was a member of SA Storm 23. On July 31, 1932, Kölln was shot by communists on Lübschen Kamp near Itzehoe. On the occasion of his funeral on August 4, 1932, SA-Sturm 23/212 in Krempe was given the name "Sturm 23 Peter Kölln" in memory of him.
• July 31, 1932 (in Essen): Friedel / Friedrich / Fritz Schrön (born June 21, 1914), SA man, apprentice businessman. Schrön was shot by a police officer on July 31, 1932 in Essen during a confrontation with political opponents. On June 17, 1933, the Frohnhauser Markt was renamed Friedel-Schrön Platz after Schön (it got its old name back on June 18, 1945)

Axel Schaffeld, who died in a shootout instigated by his SA in July 1932.

• August 1, 1932 (in Braunschweig): Axel Schaffeld (born November 23, 1904 in Peine)
• August 3, 1932 (in Frohburg): Hans / Johannes Reifegerste (born April 9, 1886), businessman, propaganda leader of the NSDAP local group in Frohburg and head of the local group Escherfeld. Ripe barley was seriously injured with a stab in the back during a confrontation with communists on July 31, 1932 in Frohburg and died of his wounds on August 3, 1932. Buried on August 7, 1932.
• August 3, 1932 (in Berlin): Fritz Schulz (born January 26, 1893), SA man (senior squad leader), SS trainee hairdresser. Schulz was killed on August 3, 1932 in a street battle between the National Socialists and Communists in Berlin in front of the communist traffic bar "Zur alten Linde" in Triftstrasse 67 / corner of Sparrstrasse with a shot in the head. He was buried on August 7, 1932 in the cemetery on Bergmannstrasse in the presence of Karl Hanke , who represented Joseph Goebbels. His grave was the middle grave of a communal grave, in which Erich Sagasser (right) and Hans Steinberg (left) were also housed. In 1932 the SS-Sturm 2 / III / 42 in Berlin-Nord 65 was named "SS-Sturm 2 Fritz Schulz" in memory of Schulz. A memorial plaque was placed at the place of his death on August 11, 1934. On August 29, 1933, Genter Strasse in Wedding was renamed “Fritz-Schulz-Strasse” after Schulz (since July 31, 1947, it has been renamed Genter Strasse again).
• August 30, 1932 (in Berlin): Herbert Gatschke (born October 14, 1906), SA medic, merchant. Member of SA-Storm 33 (Murder Storm "). On August 29, 1932, Storm 33 took part in a storm roll call in the Hohenzollern Fetsaal at Berliner Straße 105. Later that evening it came in front of the storm bar of SA Storm 33 in the Roentgenstrasse 12 led to a clash between a group of members of the communist combat squadron who were walking down Roentgenstrasse on their way home and some SA men standing in front of the storm bar.A brief verbal argument was followed by an exchange of fire in which three SA men were injured. One of these was Herbert Gatschke, who died the following day of his injuries (lung shot). The notorious storm leader Hans Maikowski took the death of his subordinate Gatschke as an opportunity to return from the underground in which he had been hiding for several months and publicly calling on his SA men to commit acts of violence against their political opponents in a barely concealed appeal for murder at his funeral on the Lu isenstädtischen cemetery took Joseph Goebbels , the Berlin SA chief Wolf Heinrich Graf von Helldorf part and Hitler. Hitler had himself photographed with Gatschke's mother and gave a funeral speech in which he raised the value of the nation above that of death. In a subsequent trial, nine communists were charged with joint manslaughter, aiding and abetting manslaughter and serious breach of the peace. During the trial, it turned out, to the embarrassment of the National Socialists, that the bullet that Gatschke had killed had been fired by another SA man. Nevertheless, after 1933 a bronze plaque was installed in the Charlottenburg town hall, commemorating Gatschke and two other SA men who had been killed. Another plaque was installed at Gatschke's place of death. In addition, the SA-Sturm 42/1 was named "Sturm 42 - Herbert Gatschke" in memory of Gatschke. In 1938, Rosinenstrasse was finally renamed Gatschkestrasse.
• September 3, 1932: August Assmann (born August 11, 1914), SS man, construction student. Member of SS storm 1/11/38. On September 6, 1932, a Nazi meeting took place in Graz. Outside the assembly there were numerous clashes between the Young Socialists and the National Socialists. In one such confrontation, six SS men in civilian clothes, including Assmann, were attacked by young socialists at Albrechtsbrücke and chased across the bridge to the fish market. Assmann suffered a severe knife stab. He died shortly after being admitted to the hospital of the Merciful Brothers.
• September 7, 1932 (in Leoben, Styria): Josef Laß , SS man, machinist. On September 7, 1932, Lass was shot dead on his way home from a gathering in Leoben near the city tower near Schulgasse. A young socialist was identified as the perpetrator. His funeral was cannibalized by the National Socialists for propaganda purposes.
• October 10, 1932 (in Stuttgart): Gregor Schmid (born April 1, 1912), SA man, confectioner. Schmid was seriously injured in a fight in the upper Koenigstrasse in Stuttgart on the night of July 31st to August 1st, 1932 and died of his injuries on October 10th. The cause of death could not be determined exactly, but the Nazi propaganda said that Schmid had become a victim of "red murder". In 1933 a street in Stuttgart was named after him in Gregor-Schmid-Straße (since 1945 it has been bearing the streets Neue Brücke).
• October 16, 1932 (in Vienna): Josef Staller , SA man, Bauspengler. On October 16, 1932, during a propaganda march of the NSDAP in Simmering, Staller and other SA members were involved in a violent confrontation with members of the Schutzbund (Simmering clashes). Thirty-five police officers, 8 to 18 SA and SS men and 30 other people were injured. Staller and the SA man Otto Sennhofer were shot by Schutzbunds. The SA-Sturm 22/24 in Vienna was named "SA.-Sturm 22/24 Josef Staller" in memory of him. In Vienna, on December 9, 1938, Gomperzgasse was renamed Stallergasse after Staller (since 1945 it has been renamed Gomperzgasse again).
• October 16, 1932 (in Leipzig): Alfred Kindler (born December 1, 1907 in Leipzig), SA man, baker. Son of a car driver; joined the SA and NSDAP on March 1, 1931. Kindler was seriously injured by gunshots (lung shot) in a clash between National Socialists and Communists in Kirchstrasse in Leipzig on October 16 at 9:30 p.m. after an NSDAP party meeting at the Leipzig Exhibition Center (Goebbelsrede). He died of the consequences shortly afterwards in the hospital. In 1933, what was then Kirchstrasse in Leipzig was named after Kindler in "Alfred-Kindler-Strasse" (today: Hermann-Liebmann-Strasse).
• October 22, 1932 (Castrop-Rauxel): August Pfaff (born March 25, 1910), SS man, electrician; since February 1932 in SS storm 6 / I / 30 (Castrop-Rauxel). Pfaff was hit by a shot on October 22, 1932 during a clash between Communists and National Socialists in Castrop-Rauxel, on the corner of Freiligrathstrasse and Eckenerstrasse in Ickern (lung plug-in shot). The National Socialists had distributed leaflets beforehand. He died of his injury in the Evangelical Hospital that evening. The Nazi judiciary investigated the case until 1937 without being able to catch the fugitives. On the day of Pfaff's funeral, SS-Sturm 3/30 was named "SS-Sturm 3 August Pfaff" in memory of him. Streets in several cities were named after him: August-Pfaff-Straße in Gelsenkirchen and August-Pfaff-Straße in Dortmund (since April 16, 1937; previously: Nonifatiusstraße). In Herne the previous Josef-Wagner-Platz was named after him in 1943 (August-Pfaff-Platz). In addition, a school in Castrop-Rauxel (August-Pfaff-Schule) and a HJ home in this city (August-Pfaff-Heim) received his name.
• October 23, 1932 (in Langendreer): Helmut Barm (born July 1, 1913 in Bochum-Langendreer), SA man, office assistant. Barm joined the NSDAP, NSBO ​​and SA on August 1, 1931. He was a member of SA Storm 15/17. On October 22, 1932 he was shot down by the police officer Buschenhofen on the way home from an event in Dortmund-Lütgendortmund to the SA home in Langendreer on Kaltehardtstrasse. He died of his injuries the following morning in the Langendreer Knappschaft Hospital. Buschenhofen was sentenced to twenty months in prison. On February 1, 1933, SA-Sturm 15/17 in Bochum-Langendreer was named "SA-Sturm 15 Helmut Barm" in memory of Barm. In addition, various streets were named after him after 1933: For example, in 1933 the “Helmut-Barm-Platz” in Bochum was named after him (previously: Kolpingplatz) and on April 16, 1937, the “Helmut-Barmstrasse” in Dortmund (previously Leipziger Strasse ) Barm's name. In August 1936, an Air Force aircraft was also named after Barm.
• October 27, 1932 (in Berlin): Richard Harwik (born April 2, 1883), SA man (squad leader), carpenter. He had a criminal record for aggravated theft and dangerous bodily harm at the age of 12 and the father of four children. Member of storm 65/1/6. On October 26, 1932, Harwik performed security duty at an NSDAP event in the Germania halls and then visited a storm club. On the way home, Harwik and other SA men met political opponents on Oranienburger Strasse at around 3 a.m. Harwik started a fight with them, in which he fell so badly that he died of the consequences a few hours later in Hedwig Hospital. The Nazi propaganda nevertheless claimed that Harwik had been beaten to death by “red murderers”. Harwik was buried on November 2, 1932 in the presence of Goebbels.
• November 3, 1932 (in Duisburg): Heinrich Hammacher (born June 5, 1914), SA man, blacksmith. Member of SA Storm 33 in Duisburg-Meiderich. On November 2, 1932, on the way home from a meeting at about 11 p.m. on Sandstrasse, shot at from a railway underpass. He suffered two bullets in the head and chest and died from his injuries in the hospital around noon the next day. Sandstrasse was later named after him in Heinrich-Hammacher-Strasse.
• November 4, 1932: Kurt Reppich (born June 24, 1886), SA man (squad leader), customs inspector; joined the Prussian financial administration on October 1, 1906 (1921 customs inspector, 1929 district customs commissioner), worked in the customs commissioner's office at Dönhoffplatz; Member of SA Storm 14; Shot by a police officer during the Berlin transport workers' strike in November 1932 at the Belziger Strasse tram station and died after being admitted to the Sankt Norbert Hospital. A memorial plaque was put up for him at the house at Martin-Luther-Straße 26. In 1935 another in the Schöneberg town hall. In addition, the Arsweiler border protection camp and a customs boat as well as a school in Sarreguemines bore his name.
• November 5, 1932: Hans / Johann Cyranka (born October 10, 1910), SS man. On October 31, 1932, Cyranka was shot in the stomach between SS and Reichsbanner people in Hamburg during a political conflict. He died a few days later in the hospital. His alleged murderers were determined in Reichsbannerkreis after 1933.
• November 7, 1932: Oskar Mildner (born August 11, 1907), SA man (squad leader), confectioner assistant. Mildner was an authorized signatory at the Klopfer company in Chemnitz. Mildner was seriously injured by knife wounds in a confrontation between SA men and communists on the night of November 6th, 1932 (day of the Reichstag election) at the corner of Kanzlerstrasse and Henriettenstrasse around 2 a.m. on November 7th, 1932 and died briefly then in the Küchwald Hospital. In 1933 a street in Chemnitz was named after him (this was renamed again on July 1, 1945). An SA storm also got its name. The battle song of the storm 11/104 bore his name (Mildner song)
• November 28, 1932 (in Brackwede): Eduard Elbrächter (born March 28, 1891), SA man (troop leader). On the evening of November 27, 1932, Elbrächter got into a dispute with the police candidate Lutterklas in a restaurant in Bielefeld-Brackwede, who left the bar briefly, returned with his service weapon and fatally injured Elbrächter with two shots in the abdomen. Elbrächter died on November 28, 1932 of his injuries. In memory of him, SA-Sturm 4 was given the designation "Sturm 4/174 Eduard Elbrächter" in 1936.
• December 9, 1932 (in Barmen): Ernst Bich (born October 23, 1906), SA man (squad leader), waiter. Bichmann got into an argument with a large number of people on December 7, 1932 at around 3 a.m. on Wertherhofstrasse in Barmen. When police officers arrived, Bichmann fled and fired shots from a revolver at the pursuers. When the police returned fire, he was injured and taken to the city hospital, where he died two days later from his injuries (shot in the stomach). The Nazi press characterized him as a victim of social democratic attacks. A street in the Neuss-Reuschenberg settlement was named after him in December 1937.
• December 25, 1932 (in Bottrop): Vinzenz Szczotok (born April 3, 1909), member of the Nazi factory cell organization, Bergmann, joined the National Socialist factory cell organization in Bottrop in 1932, on December 24, 1932 by communists who had just dealt with him SA man Contura vom Sturm 1/137, who had been released from prison, was shot in the stomach, arm and shoulder when he opened his apartment door.

1933

• January 1, 1933 (in Berlin): Walter Wagnitz (* July 23, 1916), member of the Hitler Youth, apprentice tailor; Member of the Schar 3 Kameradschaft Pharus of the Hitler Youth; In the morning hours of January 1, 1933, Wagnitz was injured by communists in front of a pub in the Utrecht Strasse in Berlin-Wedding, where his HJ crowd was celebrating New Year's Eve. He died shortly afterwards in the Virchow Hospital. The suspected communist Sarov was released on January 7th by the judge for lack of suspicion, which led to violent attacks by the Nazi press on the judiciary. His funeral in the Luisenstadt cemetery on January 8, 1933 was staged by Joseph Goebbels as a major propaganda event: speeches by Goebbels and Baldur von Schirach at the grave of Wagnitz were followed by a demonstration in the pleasure garden. On March 27, 1933, Wagnitzstrasse in Wedding was named after him. It carried this name until July 31, 1947 (today: Utrecher Straße). In addition, the HJ-Bann 6 was nicknamed "Walter Wagnitz". In addition, the floating youth hostel on Berlin's Hansabrücke and the youth home on Ackerstrasse were named after him.
• January 8, 1933 (in Berlin): Erich Sagasser (born December 9, 1909), SA man, worker. Sagasser was a member of Storm 12/16. On December 23, 1932, an SA troop raided the KPD traffic station at Havelsbergerstrasse 9. When the attacked defended themselves, SA man Erich Sagasser was seriously injured. He died of his injuries in hospital on January 8, 1933. The Nazi propaganda instead claimed that Sagasser was attacked by communists on the way home from the troop headquarters of Moabiter Storm 66/6 together with other SA men on Stephansplatz and was seriously injured by a knife in the abdomen in front of the house at Havelberger Straße 9. He was buried in the Luisenstadt cemetery. The SA-Sturm 6/2 received the nickname "Erich Sagasser" in memory of him. In Berlin, the Sagasserplatz in the Tiergarten was also named after him (May 20, 1937 to July 31, 1947), today Stephanplatz.
• January 13, 1933: Erich Stenzel (born April 27, 1903), SA man (squad leader), painter; Member of SA Storm 76 in Wilmersdorf; beaten down by communists in front of his home on January 5, 1933. He died of head injuries on January 13th. The Berliner SA-Sturm 2/7 was named after him. Officially, Stenzel was the last dead of the NSDAP during the "fighting time". He was buried on January 23, 1933 in the Schöneberg cemetery.
• January 18, 1933 (in Iserlohn): Hans Bernsau (born October 22, 1905), SA man, businessman, clerk. Bernsau joined the NSDAP in 1926 in Schleswig and again on May 3, 1927 at the Iserlohn branch. In 1929 he became district manager of the party in the Sauerland. From 1931 he worked as a Gau speaker. On January 11, 1932, he was banned from speaking because of public attacks on the incumbent Chancellor Heinrich Brüning . On January 18, 1933, Bernsau suffered several gunshot wounds in an attack by communists on the SA home at Westbahnhof in Iserlohn, from which he died. The shooter could not be identified in the subsequent preliminary investigation by the public prosecutor. After the National Socialists came to power in May 1933, the driver Franz Schidzig was arrested as an alleged shooter. He gave a confession - probably under torture - which he revoked in court. Nevertheless, Schidzig was found guilty of the murder of Bernsau by the Hamm Regional Court on September 22, 1933 and sentenced to death. He was executed in September 1934. After the war the case was reopened. On September 14, 1957, a process of processing the Bernsau Ball took place before the jury court in Hagen. At that time it was established that it was not the executed Schidzig but Hans Bernsau's brother Oskar Bernsau - also an SA man who accidentally shot his brother in the back - who had fired the fatal shots. The 1933 judgment was then overturned in 1958. In 1933 the real circumstances - which were compromising for the National Socialists - were covered up and instead a version more suitable for Nazi propaganda was distributed, which made it possible to take Hans Bernsau as a party martyr. As a result, the SA-Sturmbann II / 123 in Iserlohn was given the name "Hans Bernsau" in 1933 in memory of Bernsau. In addition, numerous streets were named after him after 1933. a. on April 20, 1933 the station forecourt in Iserlohn, where he died, was named "Hans-Bernsau-Platz". In addition, Amalienplatz in Schleswig was renamed Hans-Bernsau-Platz on August 25, 1934. There were also Hans-Bernsau-Strasse in Schleswig, Hagen, Menden and Dortmund.
• January 20, 1933 (in Düsseldorf): Fritz Wetekam (born November 10, 1878), SA man (troop leader), factory blacksmith and caretaker. Wetekam was a member of SA Storm 13/39 in Düsseldorf. On the night of January 19-20, 1933, Wetekam's squad was attacked by communists while they were passing a communist traffic bar on their way back to his storming room on Luisenstrasse after a security mission in Düsseldorf-Bilk. Wetekam was shot in the lung during the argument. He died seriously injured on the way to the hospital. There is evidence that the shot hit him from behind and was fired by another SA man, so that there is a high degree of probability that he was accidentally killed by his own people.

02/05/1933 Paßmann, Paul Dietrich Born 04/27/1903 Bochum [Gehre-Hiltrop] SA troop leader in Bochum-Hiltrop, so-called "blood witness"; Mountain school pupil, troop leader (Sturm 14/17), according to NS information on the way home shortly before reaching his apartment in Bochum-Gehre, attacked by communists and fatally injured by gunshots in the stomach, lungs and head; Listed as "Murdered of the Gaues Westfalen-Süd" on the Gauehrenmal in the house of the Gau leadership in Bochum

Topicality

The scene of the shooting of Mehmet Kubaşık in Dortmund, with a memorial

Neo-Nazi circles revere many of the “dead of the movement” to the present day as “heroes” or “resistance fighters against the Weimar Republic ”. They have a cult around them, which is expressed in questionable publications, in digital "memorial shrines" on the Internet, in laying wreaths on the graves of these "martyrs" and in the naming of right-wing extremists "comradeships" after them. This type of “culture of remembrance” also pursues propaganda purposes, but has been neglected for years by the protection of the constitution .

In 2016, the NSU investigative committee of the state parliament of North Rhine-Westphalia considered a possible pattern for the crime scenes of the right-wing terrorist National Socialist Underground (NSU) that the locations of the murders and explosive attacks could have been chosen by the NSU because there were places of death or burial sites from before 1933 in their vicinity killed members of the Nazi movement (" blood witnesses ").

Such references can be found for several scenes of the Ceska murder series , in which nine men with a migration background were shot between 2001 and 2006. The place of death of Mehmet Kubasik, who was murdered on April 4, 2006 in a kiosk on Mallinckrodtstrasse in Dortmund, was near the grave of the SA man Adolf Höh, who was shot on December 6, 1930. Both crime scenes were about 500 meters apart. The right-wing extremist "Kameradschaft Dortmund" renamed itself in 2002 to "Sturm 11 / Adolf Höh". Halit Yozgat was killed on April 6, 2006 in Kassel . The SA man Heinrich Messerschmidt, who was killed on June 18, 1930 in a street battle near the pub "Stadt Stockholm", is buried in the cemetery opposite the crime scene. In Munich, on August 29, 2001, Habil Kılıç was murdered a few hundred meters from a Nazi hero memorial and an SA home named after a martyr. The bomb attack carried out by the NSU on a shop in Cologne's Probsteigasse in 2001 took place in the immediate vicinity of Hansaplatz, where SA man Walter Spangenberg was shot in 1933. Later the neo-Nazi comradeship in Cologne was called "Kameradschaft Walter Spangenberg".

See also

• List of victims of National Socialist terror during the phase of conquest of power in 1933/1934
• Aid Fund of the NSDAP

literature

Scientific literature :

• Sabine Behrenbeck: The cult around the dead heroes: National Socialist myths, rites and symbols 1923 to 1945 , Vierow near Greifswald 1996.
• This: “How to make heroes. Heroic myth formation after the First World War up to the seizure of power ”, in: Gudrun Brockhaus (Ed.): Attraction of the Nazi Movement , Essen 2014, pp. 45–62.
• Hans – Joachim Gamm: The brown cult. The Third Reich and its substitute religion. A contribution to political education , Hamburg 1962.
• Friedrich Grassegger: 'Even the dead are in our ranks.' National Socialist memorials to commemorate the dead in Styria (1938–1945) , in: Stefan Riesenfellner, Heidemarie Uhl: Death Sign. Contemporary historical monument culture in Graz and Styria from the end of the 19th century to the present , Vienna, Cologne, Weimar 1994, pp. 99–110.
• Sven Reichardt : Fascist combat alliances. Violence and community in the Italian squadrism and in the German SA , Cologne 2009. (see in particular the "Sample Reichardt-NS-Märtyrer" in the appendix to the work)
• The same: "martyrs" of the nation. Reflections on nationalism in the Weimar Republic . In: Jrg Echternkamp, ​​Sven Oliver Müller (ed.): The politics of the nation. German Nationalism in War and Crises 1760–1960 (= Contributions to Military History, Vol. 56), Munich 2002, pp. 173–202.
• Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult. Sacralized politics and Christianity in the Westphalian Ruhr area (1929–1939) (= dissertation from the Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster 2016), Frankfurt 2017.
• Horst Ueberhorst : Festivals, flags, celebrations. The meaning of political symbols and rituals in National Socialism . In: Rüdiger Voigt (Ed.): Symbols of Politics - Politics of Symbols , Opladen 1989, 157–178.

Contemporary literature

(a) Contemporary writings with a National Socialist propaganda tendency:

• Friedrich Karl Rentsch-Roeder (Ed.): Half mast. A book of heroes of the SA. and SS. First episode. In memory of the dead of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (= Braune Bücher vol. 1 [no further volume published]), Berlin 1932.
• Hans Weberstedt, Kurt Langner: Memorial hall for the fallen of the Third Reich , 1936.
• Calendar of German Labor , 1937.

(b) Contemporary writings of a critical tendency

• Maximilian Scheer : blood and honor. With the collaboration of a collective of German anti-fascists. Foreword by Emil Julius Gumbel. Published by the non-partisan German Aid Committee, Paris. Editions de Carrefour. Paris 1937.

Individual evidence

1. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, Munich 1996, p. 198 and p. 222. Older versions of the official honor list to which the institute refers are an undated “death list of the NSDAP” with the entry for “Martin Martens, date of death 11.11.1931 ”ends, so it must have been created at the end of 1931, as well as a report from the NSDAP's relief fund to the Supreme SA leadership of November 14, 1931; Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult, pp. 153f and 159f. as well as print of the list of honor as Fig. 1; Cornelia Berning: Vocabulary of National Socialism. From ›Ariernachweis‹ to ›Zuchtwart‹  , 1964, p. 60 (entry "Ehrenliste").
2. ↑ Martin Broszat : The Hitler State: Foundation and Development of its Inner Constitution , Munich 1995, p. 44; Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, Munich 1996, p. 198 and p. 222; Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult, pp. 153f, 159f. and 495, where Thieme explicitly points out that the compilation of résumés of "Nazi martyr figures" carried out by her below is based on the marriage list of the "blood victims of the movement"; This means that the people she has compiled and portrayed were taken from this list.
3. ^ Daniel Siemens : Horst Wessel , Munich 2009, end note 91 to subchapter I / 3 ("The young National Socialist"). The original of the list that he has evaluated is kept in the Federal Archives under the signature “R 187/374”.
4. ^ Reichardt: Squadrismus, p. 347.
5. ↑ To support the relatives of people who were recognized as "blood victims" on the honor roll, cf. the entry “Aid Fund of the NSDAP” by Hermann Weiss, in: Hermann Graml / Hermann Weiss / Wolfgang Benz : Enzyklopädie des Nationalozialismus , Stuttgart 1997, p. 510.
6. ↑ Vierkant: Märtyrer und Mythen , p. 46; Sven Reichardt: Fascist Combat Leagues , p. 553.
7. ↑ Andreas Werner: SA , p. 583. With reference to a letter from Heines to the Chief of Staff of February 9, 1931 (Main State Archives Munich, Department I, Special Edition I / 1565)
8. ↑ Die Neue Weltbühne , Vol. 33, 1937, pp. 1525f.
9. ↑ Data based on Peter D. Merkl: The Making of a Stormtrooper , Princeton 1980, p. 97.
10. ^ Thomas Reuss: Public and Propaganda. National Socialist Press in Lower Franconia, 1922-1945 , 1988, p. 31.
11. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Priamus: Heroes and funeral celebrations - standardized commemoration of the dead as a holiday . In: Hans-Jürgen Priamus, Stefan Goch (Ed.): Power of Propaganda or Propaganda of Power? Staging of National Socialist politics in the “Third Reich” using the example of the city of Gelsenkirchen , Essen 1993, pp. 21–41, 26–29.
12. ↑ Jay W. Baird: The Martyrdom of Albert Leo Schlageter . In: To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon , Indiana University Press, 1992, pp. 13-40; Manfred Franke: Albert Leo Schlageter. The first soldier of the 3rd Reich. The demythologization of a hero . Cologne 1980.
13. ↑ Entry on Erich Kunze in the Leipzig Lexicon .
14. ↑ A martyr will be created from April 9, 2014 ( Memento of the original from January 5, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, p. 222 (with reference to the article “Communist murderous rabble”, in: Der Jungdeutsche from 15 Lenzings (March) 1924). 
15. ^ Henry Bernhard: Gustav Stresemanns legacy. From the Ruhr War to London , 1932, p. 367; Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor , 1937, p. 140.
16. ^ Ordinance sheet of the Supreme SA. Leadership , Vol. 8, p. 85.
17. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Arrangements Vol. IV / 2, p. 133; Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor , 1937, p. 154.
18. ↑ The Volkish shooting heroes of Liedolsheim. In: Volksfreund. Daily newspaper for the working people of Mittelbadens. No. 11/1925 (January 14, 1925), p. 8.
19. ↑ Peter Miesbeck: Citizenship and National Socialism in Rosenheim: Studies on Political Tradition , 1994, p. 189f.
20. ^ Bernhard Sauer: Goebbels "Rabauken". On the history of the SA in Berlin-Brandenburg . (PDF) In: Landesarchiv Berlin: Yearbook of the Landesarchiv Berlin 2006 . Berlin 2006, p. 110 f. Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings, arrangements , Vol. V / 1, p. 357.
21. ↑ Martin Broszat : The Beginnings of the Berlin NSDAP 1926/27 . In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte , 8th year (1960), issue 1, p. 101; Sven Felix Kellerhoff : Hitler's Berlin: Geschichte einer Hassliebe , 2005, p. 204; Attack by swastikas. One dead - several injured, in: Vossische Zeitung of February 22, 1926 ; Street names in Bruchmühle .
22. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 3, 1996, p. 71; Heinrich Schyma: The Upper Silesian industrial village of Mechtal, Miechowitz in its communal, social and cultural life between the two world wars: (1919–1939). A documentary report , 1974, p. 34.
23. ↑ Klaus A: Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 358; Rudy Koshar: German Travel Cultures , 2000, p. 147.
24. ^ Lothar Wettstein: Josef Bürckel. Gauleiter Reichstatthalter Crisis Manager , p. 98.
25. ↑ Entry on Otto Senft from Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism .
26. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Arrangements , Vol. IV / 3, 1996, p. 222.
27. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Arrangements, Vol. IV / 2 , 1996, p. 223.
28. ↑ Constantin Goschler (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Reden Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 1, 1994, p. 400 (with reference to political brawls with a fatal outcome . In: Münchener Zeitung , May 27, 1927).
29. ↑ Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult, 2017, p. 497f. ( books.google.de ); Entry on Bernhard Gerwert at: Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism ; Leverkusen street names .
30. ↑ Hans Josef Steinberg: Resistance and persecution in Essen, 1933–1945 1969, p. 48.
31. ↑ Rainer Hambrecht: The rise of the NSDAP in Middle and Upper Franconia. 1925-1933 , 1976, p. 211.
32. ↑ Stephanie Goethals: Farewell Without Return: Jewish Life in Pfungstadt from 1933 to 1945 , 2007, p. 91; Valentin Liebig: Pfungstadt and National Socialism , Pfungstadt 1996, p. 24; Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. III / 2, 1994, p. 394.
33. ↑ Bärbel Dusik, Klaus A. Lankheit (Ed.): Hitler. Reden Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. III / 1, Munich 1994, pp. 249–251 (Doc. 52), especially note 19 and passim; Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, 1996, p. 97, Note 8. Bernhard Sauer: Goebbels »Rabauken«. On the history of the SA in Berlin-Brandenburg . (PDF) In: Landesarchiv Berlin: Yearbook of the Landesarchiv Berlin 2006 . Berlin 2006, p. 120 and 154. Martin Schuster: The SA in the National Socialist "seizure of power" in Berlin and Brandenburg 1926–1934 , Berlin 2005, p. 115f .; Sven Felix Kellerhoff : Hitler's Berlin. Geschichte einer Hassliebe , Berlin 2005, p. 66. See also: Peter Longerich : Joseph Goebbels. Biography , 2010, p. 116; Oliver Reschke: The struggle for power in a Berlin workers' district. National Socialists at Prenzlauer Berg 1925–1933 , 2008, p. 143. Carin Kessemeier: The lead article writer Goebbels in the Nazi organs “The attack” and “Das Reich” , 1967, p. 82.
34. ^ Entry on Limbach in the Leipzig Lexicon
35. ↑ Blutnacht in the chronicle of the municipality of Wöhrden , article on the website of the city of Wöhrden (after: Horst Ploog: Geschichte der Gemeinde Wöhrden , Wöhrden 1997, pp. 221–224); Christian M Sörensen: Political Development and Rise of the NSDAP in the Husum and Eiderstedt districts, 1918–1933 , Neumünster 1995, p. 284f. and 571.
36. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Arrangements , Vol. IV / 3, p. 222 .; “Night of blood in the chronicle of the municipality of Wöhrden”, article on the website of the city of Wöhrden (after: Horst Ploog: Geschichte der Gemeinde Wöhrden , Wöhrden 1997, pp. 221–224); Christian M Sörensen: Political Development and Rise of the NSDAP in the Husum and Eiderstedt districts, 1918–1933 , Neumünster 1995, p. 284f. and 571.
37. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. III / 2, 1995, p. 127.
38. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. III / 2, 1994, p. 356; Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings, arrangements , Vol. IV / 2, p. 127.
39. ^ Hans Ströbitzer, Leopold Kammerhofer: 70 years of Lower Austria from yesterday to today , 1991, p. 118; Bodo Harenberg: The Chronicle Library of the 20th Century. Chronik 1929 , 1929, p. 137; Bundesturnzeitung 10th year (1929) H. 25, S. 355 (obituary notice of the German gymnastics club Vösendorf for Franz Janisch).
40. ^ Entry on Heinrich Bauschen with Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism ; Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings, arrangements , Vol. IV / 3, p. 134.
41. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung Vol. IV / 3, 1997, p. 71; Rainer Hambrecht: The rise of the NSDAP in Middle and Upper Franconia: 1925–1933 , 1976, p. 211.
42. ↑ Kulturamt Steglitz, working group "National Socialism in Steglitz" (ed.): "Street name lasts longer than monument" - The naming of streets in Berlin-Steglitz 1933–1948, 1999; Daniel Siemens 'Against the weak-minded ballot bearer.' Emotion and Practice in the Election Campaign in the Late Weimar Republic . In: Hedwig Richter, Hubertus Buchstein (Ed.): Culture and Practice of Elections: A History of Modern Democracy , 2016, p. 219.
43. ^ Peter Longerich : Goebbels. Biography , 2010, p. 134; Russel Lemmons: Goebbels and the attack , 2015, p. 70f .; Imre Lazar: The Horst Wessel case , 1980, p. 90; Michael Burleigh : The time of National Socialism: an overall presentation , 2000, p. 146; Karl Heinz Metzger: Local government under the swastika: Berlin-Wilmersdorf 1933–1945 , 1992, p. 21f. and 320 .; Maica Vierkant: Martyrs and Myths: Horst Wessel and Rudolf Hess. National Socialist Symbol Figures and Neo-Nazi Mobilization , 2008, p. 43.
44. ^ Daniel Siemens : Horst Wessel: Death and Transfiguration of a National Socialist , Munich 2009.
45. ↑ Christian Hartmann ( arrangement ): Hitler, Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, 1996, p. 134.
46. ^ Thomas Baum: The SPD in the Kassel municipal politics at the time of the Weimar Republic , 1998, p. 219; NSU crime scenes in close proximity to the places of death of "martyrs" of the NSDAP ; Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor , 1938, p. 152f. (with reference to the Heidelberger Volkszeitung of December 7, 1931).
47. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 297; Haymerlegasse in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
48. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings, orders , Vol. IV / 3, p. 71.
49. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 359; Maximilian Scheer : Blut und Ehre , 1937, p. 155 (with reference, inter alia, to the Heidelberger Volkszeitung of December 7, 1931).
50. ^ Christian Hartmann ( arrangement ): Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 1996, p. 133; Maike Bruhns, Claudia Preuschoft, Werner Skrentny: When Hamburg “awoke”: 1933, Everyday Life in National Socialism , 1983, p. 98.
51. ^ Ernst Eichler, Karlheinz Hengst, Dietlind Krüger: onenological information , editions 85/86, 2004, p. 114; see also: Hofer Anzeiger from September 15, 1930.
52. ↑ Sarah Thieme: Nationalsozialistischer Märtyrerkult , pp. 125, 180 and 500 (with reference to a student from Gladbeck stabbed to death at a political demonstration in Essen . In: Gladbecker Volkszeitung from September 12, 1930; serious consequences of a National Socialist demonstration . In: Münsterscher Anzeiger from September 12, 1930).
53. ↑ Hans-Peter Görgen: Düsseldorf and the National Socialism: Study on the history of a large city in the "Third Reich" . 1969, p. 23.
54. ↑ Entry on Sanders with Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism. Database of street names 1933–1945.
55. ↑ Kurt Klotzbach: Against National Socialism: Resistance and Persecution in Dortmund 1930–1945: A historical-political study , 1969, p. 40; Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult, 2017, pp. 207 and 498f. ( Digitized version ).
56. ^ Entry to Klaus Clemens, in: Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism. Database of street names 1933–1945 ; Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 207; Horst-Pierre Bothien, Ansgar Sebastian Klein, Susanne Krüger: Das brown Bonn: people and events, 1925–1939 , pp. 27f., 86, 130 and 142.
57. ↑ David Magnus Mintert: The early Kemna concentration camp and the socialist milieu in the Bergisches Land (= Inaugural dissertation at the University of Bochum), 2007, p. 106, digitized version (PDF).
58. ↑ Roland Müller: Stuttgart at the time of National Socialism , 1988, p. 25; Annegret Kotzurek, Rainer Redies: Stuttgart from day to day, 1900–1949. Eine Chronik , 2009, p. 84.
59. ^ Horst Wallraff: National Socialism in the districts of Düren and Jülich: Tradition and "Thousand Years of Reich" in a Rhineland region 1933 to 1945 . 2000, p. 73. Rhenish history portal: Franz Binz (1896–1965), district leader of the NSDAP .
60. ↑ Anke Hoffmann: The People's House of the Workers' Movement in Germany , 2017, p. 590.
61. ^ Andreas Peschel: "Rudolf Haacke and the Leipzig NSDAP", in: Markus Cottin (Ed.): City history: Yearbook 2009 , p. 135; Hartmut Ellrich: Dresden 1933–1945. The historical travel guide , p. 72; Entry on Rudolf Schröter in the Leipzig Lexicon ; Entry "The Leipzig Martyrs of the Movement" in the Leipzig Lexicon
62. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 3, 1997, p. 72.
63. ↑ Entry on Fritz Felgendreher in: Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism. Database of street names 1933–1945 . E. Dickhoff: The denazification and demilitarization of street names. A contribution to the history of street naming in Essen . In: Contributions to the history of the city and monastery of Essen , 101, 1986/87, p. 98.
64. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, 1997, p. 72; Imre Lazar: The Horst Wessel case , 1980, p. 91.
65. ↑ Rüdiger Gollnick: Dinslaken in der NS-ZEIT: Forgotten History, 1933–1945 , 1983, p. 34f.
66. ^ Seweryn Szczepanski: Archeology in the Service of the Nazis. Himmler's Propaganda and the Excavations at the Hillfort Site in Stary Dzierzgon (Alt Christburg), in: Ietuvos Archeologija, 2009, vol. 35, p. 85 (PDF); Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor , 1938, p. 156.
67. ^ Christian Tilitzki : Everyday Life in East Prussia 1940–1945 , 1991, p. 14; Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, 1996, p. 249.
68. ↑ Ernst Otto Bräunche: The "national revolution": the rise and seizure of the Nazi Party in Karlsruhe . In: Bernhard Kirchgässner / Hans-Peter Becht (Ed.): City and Revolution. 37 Workshop 1998 , Stuttgart 2001, p. 97.
69. ^ Peter D. Stachura : Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic , 1975, p. 195; Ronald M. Smelser, Enrico Syring: The SS. Elite under the skull. 30 CVs , 2000, p. 31.
70. ↑ Rudolf Herz: Hoffmann and Hitler , 1994, p. 178.
71. ↑ Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor , 1937, p. 143.
72. ^ Herbert Schwarzwälder: History of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , 1983, p. 565; Asmus Nitschke: The 'Erbpolizei' in National Socialism: On the everyday history of the health authorities in the Third Reich , 1998, p. 196.
73. ↑ Entry on Blümel in the Leipzig Lexicon. Andreas Peschel: Rudolf Haacke and the Leipzig NSDAP . In: Markus Cottin (Hrsg.): Stadtgeschichte: Jahrbuch 2009 , p. 135.
74. ^ Theodor Müller, Artur Zechel: The history of the city of Peine, 1982, p. 417. Bernhard Kiekenap: SS Junkerschule: SA and SS in Braunschweig , 2008, p. 239 f. Eva-Maria Bast: Education methods long past . In: Salzgitter Zeitung of November 9, 2017.
75. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Arrangements , Vol. IV / 1, 1996, p. 221.
76. ^ Christian Hartmann , Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 2, 1998, p. 218.
77. ^ Christian Tilitzki : Everyday Life in East Prussia 1940–1945 , 1991, p. 14; Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor , 1937, p. 143.
78. ↑ Irina Rockel: Neuruppin, as it was , 1992, p. 36.
79. ↑ Axel Weipert: Das Rote Berlin: A History of the Berlin Workers' Movement 1830–1934 , 2013, p. 213; Peter D. Stachura : Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic , 1975, p. 195. Oliver Reschke: Kampf um die Kieze. National Socialists in the center of Berlin 1925 . P. 11, manuscript of a lecture from 2014 on the website of the Federal Archives (based on Ders .: Kampf um den Kiez: the rise of the NSDAP in the center of Berlin 1925–1933 , 2014).
80. ↑ Axel Weipert: Das Rote Berlin: A History of the Berlin Workers' Movement 1830–1934 , 2013, p. 213; Peter D. Stachura : Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic , 1975, p. 195. Oliver Reschke: Kampf um die Kieze. National Socialists in the center of Berlin 1925 . P. 11, manuscript of a lecture from 2014 on the website of the Federal Archives (based on Ders .: Kampf um den Kiez: the rise of the NSDAP in the center of Berlin 1925–1933 , 2014).
81. ^ Peter D. Stachura : Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic , 1975, p. 195.
82. ↑ Hans-Peter Görgen: Düsseldorf and the National Socialism: Study on the history of a large city in the "Third Reich" . 1969, p. 23. Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler, Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, 1996, p. 223.
83. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Arrangements , Vol. IV / 1, 1996, p. 133.
84. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 3, 1996, p. 221.
85. ↑ Christian Striefler: Struggle for power. Communists and National Socialists at the end of the Weimar Republic , 1993, p. 349f .; Eve Rosenhaft: Beating the Fascists ?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929–1933 pp. 111, 119–121 and 126f .; Knut Bergbauer, Sabine Fröhlich, Stefanie Schüler-Springorum: Monument figure. Biographical approach to Hans Litten, 1903–1938 , 2008, pp. 172–174. Bernhard Sauer: Goebbels »Rabauken«. On the history of the SA in Berlin-Brandenburg . (PDF) In: Landesarchiv Berlin: Yearbook of the Landesarchiv Berlin 2006 , Berlin 2006, p. 160.] (PDF); Lorenz Friedrich Beck: Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv: Tradition from the Prussian Province of Brandenburg , 1999, p. 131; Gabriele Toepser-Ziegert ( edit. ): NS press instructions from the pre-eighteenth century. Edition and Documentation , Vol. 4 / I (1936), Munich a. a. 1993, p. 249 (with reference to the article Hermann Budzislawski. Five death sentences . In: Die Neue Weltbühne , 32nd jg. (1936), No. 10 of March 5, 1936, pp. 285–288; A rescue attempt for people threatened with death Review of the Richardstrasse Trial . In: Social Democrat , March 5, 1936, p. 5; The five Berlin death sentences . In: Prager Tageblatt , March 5, 1936, p. 2.)
86. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Orders , Vol. IV, p. 223.
87. ^ Christian Hartmann : Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 3, 1996, p. 199; Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor , 1937, p. 142.
88. ↑ "Heldenschwindel der Nazis", in: Der Funke from November 22, 1932, p. 5 (PDF)
89. ^ Eva Siebenherz: Renamed streets in North Rhine-Westphalia: Münster to Wuppertal , Munich 2017.
90. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings, arrangements , Bd. V / 1, 1996, p. 357. Karl-Heinz Gärtner: Berlin street names: a reference work for the eastern districts , 1995, p. 381. Christian Striefler: Struggle for power: communists and national socialists at the end of the Weimar Republic . 1993, p. 352. Erwin-Moritz-Strasse . In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
91. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , 1997, Vol. IV / 2, p. 69.
92. ↑ Lawrence D. Stokes : "My little town stands for a thousand others ...". Studies on the history of Eutin in Holstein, 1918–1945 . Struve's Buchdruckerei, Eutin 2004, ISBN 3-923457-72-3 . P. 301f.
93. ↑ Christian Hartmann ( arrangement ): Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 3, 1997, p. 73.
94. ↑ Christian Hartmann (edit.): Hitler Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 3, 1997, p. 262 With reference to the articles “Der Terror”, in: Frankfurter Zeitung of November 13, 1931 and “Again communist murder . How much longer? ”, In: Münchner Latest News from November 13, 1931.
95. ↑ Christoph Pallaske: The Hitler Youth of the Free City of Danzig: 1926–1939 , 1999, p. 49.
96. ↑ Sebastian Bonk: In the footsteps of National Socialism in Worms , 2005, p. 24.
97. ↑ Jan Kunicki: Cemetery of Movement . In: Yves Müller (Ed.): SA . 2013, p. 97.
98. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 2, p. 262 (with reference to political excesses . In: Frankfurter Zeitung of January 3, 1932).
99. ↑ Wilfried Kalk: Workers' movement in Rendsburg since 1848. The history of the IG Metall administration office until 1986 , 1987, p. 46.
100. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV, p. 73 (with reference to the Frankfurter Zeitung of January 25, 1932).
101. ^ Bernhard Sauer: Goebbels "Rabauken". On the history of the SA in Berlin-Brandenburg . (PDF) In: Landesarchiv Berlin: Yearbook of the Landesarchiv Berlin 2006 . Berlin 2006, p. 133.Benjamin Carter Hett : Crossing Hitler: The Man Who Put the Nazis on the Witness Stand , pp. 135.f, 149f, 181f. and 185 .; Christian Striefler: Struggle for power. Communists and National Socialists at the end of the Weimar Republic , Berlin 1993, p. 359f .; Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Arrangements , Vol. V / 1, 2006, p. 296.
102. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. IV / 3, 1997, p. 262.
103. ↑ Herbert Norkus died 75 years ago - and the myth of the "Hitler Youth Quex" was born. The film for the book on death .
104. ↑ tilsit-ragnit.de ( Memento of the original from January 7, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) 
105. ↑ Barbara Schier: Everyday Life in the “Socialist Village” , p. 90.
106. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 298; Peter D. Stachura : Nazi youth in the Weimar Republic , 1975, p. 195.
107. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit: Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 298; Gerhard Botz: Violence in Politics. Assassinations, clashes, coup attempts, unrest in Austria 1918 to 1938 , Munich 1983, p. 356.
108. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, Writings, Arrangements , Vol. V / 1, 2006, p. 296.
109. ^ Christian Hartmann (arrangement) / Klaus A. Lankheit (arrangement): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 2, 1998, p. 217.
110. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung, Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 297.
111. ↑ Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult , 2017, p. 502f.
112. ^ Günter Wiemann: Kurt Gellert: A peasant leader against Hitler: Resistance, flight and persecution of a social democrat , 2007, pp. 10, 94–99 and 105; Dirk Stegmann: Der Landkreis Harburg, 1918–1949: Society and Politics in Democracy and National Socialist Dictatorship , 1994, p. 139; Lecture and book presentation: Kurt Gellert, a farmers leader from Winsen and a social democrat against Hitler !, Article on the website of the SPD Winsen .
113. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 296 .; Bernd Kasten: Lords and servants. Social and political change in Mecklenburg-Schwerin 1867–1945 , 2011, p. 380.
114. ↑ Oliver Reschke: The struggle for power in a Berlin workers' district: National Socialists on Prenzlauer Berg 1925-1933 . 2008, p. 235. Karl-Heinz Gärtner: Berlin street names: A reference work for the eastern districts . 1995, p. 353. Ludwigstrasse . In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
115. ^ Ordinance sheet of the Oberste Sturmabteilung leadership , Vol. 9, 1939, p. 75; Hero swindle of the Nazis, in: Der Funke of November 22, 1932, p. 5 (PDF)
116. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 297.
117. ↑ Erich Loest: Dreams of a cross-border commuter. Disrespectful Remarks on Culture and Politics , 2001, pp. 119 and 124; Ders .: Through the earth a crack , 2016, p. 29f.
118. ^ Street names in Ebersdorf .
119. ^ Klaus A. Lankheit (arrangement): Hitler. Speeches, writings, arrangements , vol. V / 1, p. 358 f. Fatalities in the election campaign . In: Der Reichsbote , April 12, 1932.
120. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 359.
121. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / I, 1996, p. 361.
122. ↑ Memorial New Cross at a Historic Site, article in the Nordwestzeitung ; Josef Mölle: 1932: The Lüchtenborg case. Notes on an event 70 years ago . In: Yearbook for the Oldenburger Münsterland , 2003, pp. 109–125.
123. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (Ed.): Hitler. Rede., Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 357; Striefler: Struggle for power , p. 366. Arndt Beck, Markus Euskirchen: The buried nation: “Fallen” commemorations from 1813 to today , 2009, p. 81.
124. ^ Lothar Wettstein: Josef Bürckel. Gauleiter, Reichsstatthalter Adolf Hitler's crisis manager , 2010, p. 113 .; City of Bad Kreuznach What was wrong with Stenzhorn? The naming of the march settlement in the Spiegel der Zeit in Allgemeine Zeitung from November 2, 2017 ; Hans Fenske: The Palatinate NSDAP in the last years of the Weimar Republic . In: Journal for the History of the Upper Rhine , Vol. 158 (2010), p. 418.
125. ↑ Klaus A: Lankheit (arrangement): Adolf Hitler. Talk; Writings, Arrangements , 1996, Vol. V / 1, p. 361.
126. ↑ Leon Peters: Jodokus Kehrer . In: Hildener Jahrbuch 2012, pp. 95–96; Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 359.
127. ^ Christian Hartmann / Klaus A. Lankheit : Hitler, Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 3, p. 218.
128. ^ Klaus Goebel: Wuppertal in the time of National Socialism , 1984, p. 46; Entry on Hans Hilbert at Denkmal-Wuppertal.de ; see also Wuppertaler Generalanzeiger of June 19, 1932.
129. ↑ Hans-Peter Görgen: Düsseldorf and the National Socialism: Study on the history of a large city in the "Third Reich" . 1969, p. 175. Tanja Albrecht: The murder of Peter Hupoertz will not be forgotten .
130. ↑ Answers . In: Weltbühne , 1932, No. 27, p. 37 f. ( Digitized version ).
131. ↑ Karl-Heinz Gärtner: Berlin street names: a reference work for the eastern districts , 1995, p. 275; Martin Bröckl, Dagmar Girra, Hans-Jürgen Mende: Memorial plaques in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg: from Adalbertstrasse to Yorckstrasse , 2001, p. 194. Christian Striefler: Struggle for power: Communists and National Socialists at the end of the Weimar Republic . 1993, p. 370.
132. ^ Christian Hartmann , Klaus A. Lankheit: Hitler, Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 3, p. 218; Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Märtyrerkul , 2017, p. 498 ( digitized version ); Entry on habenicht in: Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism. Database of street names 1933–1945 .
133. ↑ Entry on Borawski in: Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism. Database of street names 1933–1945 ; Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult , 2017, p. 496 ( digitized version ); Horst Ueberhorst: Wattenscheid, lost your freedom? , 1985, p. 189; Hans-Peter Klausch: perpetrator story. The SS commanders of the leading concentration camps in the Emsland , 2005, pp. 195–199.
134. ^ Peter D. Stachura : Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic , 1975, p. 195. Ria Hänisch: The Museum of the National Socialist Survey in Halle . In: Halle contributions to contemporary history, issue 13, 2003, p. 122ff .; Petrik Wittwika: Otto Lange Zeitzer doctor targeted by the Nazis - Source: mz-web.de .
135. ↑ Lothar Wettstein: Josef Bürckel: Gauleiter Reichsstatthalter Crisis Manager Adolf Hitler , 2010, p. 116.
136. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 357; Hans-Jürgen Mende, Kurt Wernicke, Kathrin Chod, Herbert Schwenk, Hainer Weisspflug: Berlin Mitte: das Lexikon , 2001, p. 722. Arndt Beck, Markus Euskirchen: The buried nation: “Fallen” commemorations from 1813 to today , p .86; Eve Rosenhaft: Beating the Fascists ?: The German Communists and Political Violence 1929–1933 p. 143; Anita Kugler: Scherwitz: The Jewish SS officer , 2017. A photograph of the trial against the alleged murderers of Steinberg can be found at Sueddeutsche Zeitung Photo, Image ID FD7824.
137. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit: Hitler, Reden, Schriften Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, p. 361.
138. ^ Sibylle Ulrich: Frankfurt am Main ("Perlenfabrik") , in: Wolfgang Benz, Barbara Distel, Angelika Königseder: The place of terror. History of the National Socialist Concentration Camps , Munich 2005, p. 99.
139. ^ Entry on Walter Ufer in: Marcus Weidner. The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism. Database of street names 1933–1945 .
140. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung, Vol. V / I, 1996, pp. 360f.
141. ↑ Entry on habenicht in: Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism. Database of street names 1933–1945 .
142. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung, Vol. V / I, 1996, pp. 360f.
143. ↑ Klaus A Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings arrangements , Vol. V / 1, p. 360.
144. ^ Christian Hartmann (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings, arrangements , Vol. V / 2, p. 217.
145. ^ Karl-Heinz Gärtner: Berlin street names: a reference work for the eastern districts , 1995, p. 128.
146. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings, orders . Volume V / 1. 1996, p. 358. Schröderdamm . In: Street names lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein Karl-Heinz Gärtner: Berlin street names : A reference work for the eastern districts . 1995, p. 276.
147. ^ Klaus A. Lankheit (arrangement): Hitler. Speeches, writings, arrangements , Vol. V / 1, p. 358.
148. ↑ Henrik Eberle: The death of Bruno Reinhard . In: Ders .: "A valuable instrument": The University of Greifswald in National Socialism , 2015, p. 48f .; Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 357.
149. ↑ Henrik Eberle: The death of Bruno Reinhard . In: Ders .: "A valuable instrument": The University of Greifswald in National Socialism , 2015, p. 47.49.
150. ↑ Henrik Eberle: The death of Bruno Reinhard . In: Ders .: "A valuable instrument": The University of Greifswald in National Socialism , 2015, p. 47.49.
151. ↑ Léon Schirmann: Blood Sunday in Altona. July 17, 1932 , 1994, p. 9; also Ludwig Eiber : Workers and the labor movement in the Hanseatic city of Hamburg in the years 1929 to 1939: shipyard workers, dock workers and seamen. Conformity, Opposition, Resistance , 2000, p. 180.
152. ^ Klaus A. Lankheit (arrangement): Hitler. Speeches, writings, arrangements , Vol. V / 1, p. 358.
153. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 259.
154. ^ Lorenz Friedrich Beck: Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv: Tradition from the Prussian Province of Brandenburg , 1999, p. 130; Entry on Sallie in the Leipzig Lexicon .
155. ^ Andreas Kossert: East Prussia: History and Myth . Siedler, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-88680-808-4 , p. 263
156. ↑ Christian Tilitzki : Everyday Life in East Prussia 1940–1945 - the secret situation reports of the Königsberg justice system 1940–1945. Rautenberg, Leer 1991, ISBN 978-3-7921-0478-1 , p. 14.
157. ↑ Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Adolf Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 1, 1996, p. 358; Klaus-J. Lorenzen-Schmidt: "Cooperation will be punished." Justification and appeal from a former local group leader from 1957 . In: Robert Bohn , Uwe Danker , Manfred Jessen-Klingenberg (eds.): Yearbook Democratic History for Schleswig Holstein , Vol. 10, 1996, p. 261, margin note 27.
158. ↑ Data on Friedel-Schrön-Platz in the Essen local compass .
159. ^ Christian Hartmann / Klaus A. Lankheit ( arrangement ): Hitler, Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V, p. 218; Anikó Szabó: eviction, return, reparation. Göttingen university professor in the shadow of National Socialism . 2000, p. 37 f. Joachim Schmid: Axel Schaffeld. In: Horst-Rüdiger Jarck, Günter Scheel (ed.): Braunschweigisches Biographisches Lexikon - 19th and 20th centuries , Hanover 1996, p. 514.
160. ↑ Tageblatt for the Borna administrative district of August 8, 1932.
161. ↑ Hans-Jürgen Mende, Kurt Wernicke, Kathrin Chod: Berlin center: the lexicon . 2001, p. 696. Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Speeches, writings, orders , Vol. V / 1. 1996, p. 362. Fritz-Schulz-Strasse . In: Street name lexicon of the Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein
162. ^ Benjamin Carter Hett : Crossing Hitler. The Man who put the Nazis on the Witness Stand , 2008, p. 130. Bernhard Sauer: Goebbels »Rabauken«. On the history of the SA in Berlin-Brandenburg . (PDF) In: Landesarchiv Berlin: Yearbook of the Landesarchiv Berlin 2006 . Berlin 2006, p. 133 f. (There also photo of Hitler at Gatschkess grave). Jay W. Baird: To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon , 1992, p. 92; Marie-Luise Kreuter: The red Kietz. "Little Wedding and Zillestrasse" , in: Helmut Engel, Stefi Jersch-Wenzel /, Wilhelm Treue (ed.): Geschichtslandschaft Berlin: Places and Events , vol. 1, part 1 (Charlottenburg), Berlin 1986, p. 167 f. Arndt Beck, Markus Euskirchen: The buried nation: “Fallen” commemorations from 1813 to today , 2009, p. 80; Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler. Reden, Schriften, Anordnung, Vol. V / 1, 1996 p. 329f .; Sven Reichard : Fascist combat leagues. Violence and Community in Italian Squadrism and in the German SA , 2009, p. 554.
163. ↑ Kurt Bauer: Structure and Dynamics of Illegal National Socialism in the Upper Styrian Industrial Region 1933/34 (= diploma thesis to obtain the master’s degree in philosophy), Vienna 1993, p. 45. ( digital copy (PDF))
164. ^ Karl R. Stadler, Rudolf G. Ardelt, Hans Hautmann: Workers and National Socialism in Austria: in memoriam , 1990, p. 50.
165. ↑ Roland Müller: Stuttgart at the time of National Socialism , 1988, p. 26; Historic street names in Stuttgart
166. ↑ Johannes Sachslehner : Führerwort and Führerblick , 1985, p. 38; Fritz Maria Rehbann: Das brown Glück zu Wien , 1973, p. 256; Franz Josef Gangelmayer: The party archives of the NSDAP. Attempted reconstruction of the Gau archive of the NSDAP Vienna , 2010, p. 226; Stallergasse (16) in the Vienna History Wiki of the City of Vienna
167. ^ Entry on Alfred Kindler in the Leipzig Lexicon ; Andreas Peschel: Rudolf Haacke and the Leipzig NSDAP . In: Markus Cottin (Hrsg.): Stadtgeschichte: Jahrbuch 2009 , p. 135.
168. ↑ Entry on August Pfaff. In: Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism. Database of street names 1933–1945; Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult , 2017, p. 501 ( digitized version ).
169. ^ Entry on Helmut Barm from Marcus Weidner: The street naming practice in Westphalia and Lippe during National Socialism ; Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult , 2017, p. 495. ( digitized version ).
170. ↑ Arndt Beck, Markus Euskirchen: The buried nation: "Fallen" - commemorations from 1813 to today , 2009, p. 80; Ralf Georg Reuth : Joseph Goebbels. Diaries 1924–1945 , Vol. 3, 1992, p. 2223. Christian Hartmann , Klaus A. Lankheit (arr.): Hitler: Reden, Schriften, Anordnung , Vol. V / 2, p. 149
171. ^ Duisburg Contemporary Witness Exchange: Duisburg-Meiderich , pp. 90 and 116.
172. ↑ Sabine Behrenbeck: The cult around the dead heroes , 1996, p. 278; Klaus Rainer Röhl: Proximity to the enemy: Communists and National Socialists in the Berlin BVG strike of 1932 . 1994, p. 168; Diethart Krebst: Berlin 1932: the last year of the first German republic. Politics, Symbols, Media , 1992, p. 161; Petra Weber: Failed Social Partnership - Republic at Risk? Industrial relations, labor disputes and the welfare state. Germany and France in comparison (1918–1933 / 39) , Munich 2010, p. 967.
173. ↑ Johannes Beck: Terror and Hope in Germany 1933-1945. Life in Fascism , 1980, p. 194; Joachim Paschen: Hamburg between Hindenburg and Hitler , Bremen 2013; Hennig Timpke: Documents on the conformity of the state of Hamburg, 1933 , p. 110.
174. ↑ From Chancellor to Chancellor. A road through the ages . (PDF) In: Knock Sign. The magazine of the Chemnitzer Siedlungsgemeinschaft eG , issue 2015/2, p. 20.
175. ↑ Karl Beckmann, Rolf Künnemeyer: 1151–2001 Brackwede - Stations of an 850-Year History , 2001, p. 24.
176. ↑ David Magnus Mintert: The early Kemna concentration camp and the socialist milieu in the Bergisches Land (= Inaugural dissertation at the University of Bochum), 2007, p. 106. ( digitized version (PDF)).
177. ^ Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Martyr Cult , 2017, p. 503.
178. ^ Peter D. Stachura : Nazi youth in the Weimar Republic , 1975, p. 195; Hans-Jürgen Mende: Berlin Mitte: das Lexikon , 2001, p. 724; Burial of the Hitler boy . In: Vossische Zeitung , January 8, 1933. If the judge releases , in: ibid.
179. ^ Christian Striefler: Struggle for Power: Communists and National Socialists at the end of the Weimar Republic , p. 372; Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor , p. 153.
180. ^ Sarah Thieme: National Socialist Märtyrerkult , 2017, p. 495. ( books.google.de ); Michael Schuh: A story as exciting as a thriller . In: Westfalenpost , October 27, 2013; about the case. Hermann Zabel: Hohenlimburg under the swastika 1998, p. 228.
181. ↑ Hans-Peter Görgen: Düsseldorf and the National Socialism: Study on the history of a large city in the "Third Reich" . 1969, p. 23. Maximilian Scheer : Blood and Honor . 1937, p. 146.
182. ↑ Elmar Vieregge: Literature from the 'scene'. National Socialist martyr cult. In: Yearbook Extremism & Democracy. Volume 22, 2019, pp. 308-312; Tanjev Schultz: NSU. The terror from the right and the failure of the state. Droemer, Munich 2018, p. 441.
183. ↑ ^{a b} Tobias Großkemper: Is there a pattern behind the NSU crime scenes? WAZ, June 14, 2016.

Web links

• Tobias Großkemper: Is there a pattern behind the NSU crime scenes? WAZ, June 14, 2016.