Marienkapelle (Munich)

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Floor plan of the Frauenkirche, in it in red reconstruction of the floor plan of the old Lady Chapel by Walter Haas based on the excavation findings

The Marienkapelle , also known as Marienkirche, Church of Our Lady or Frauenkirche for short, was a church building of the Roman Church in Munich . It was a late Romanesque basilica from the 13th century with a Gothic choir and a two-tower west facade . In 1472 it was demolished to make way for today's Frauenkirche .

The Marienkapelle was Munich's second parish church after St. Peter and, since Ludwig the Bavarian, the burial place of the Duke of the Wittelsbach family who ruled in Munich . Part of the interior of the Marienkapelle was taken over in the newly built Frauenkirche, some of it is still preserved. Through archaeological excavations under the Frauenkirche during its reconstruction after the devastation of World War II could plan the Lady Chapel are reconstructed in essence, however, the exact date of its construction remains unknown.

history

In 1287 Jews were allowed to build a new synagogue. In the following decades, the Bavarian dukes assured them security and economic freedoms - of course, in return for regular tax and tax payments. After further pogroms (1349 and 1413), Duke Albrecht III. expel all Jews from Munich; the synagogue was converted into the Marienkapelle. The building history of the Marienkapelle is not documented in writing. The building site was in the north-west of the then walled city area, almost directly on the former city wall . It was first mentioned in a document on November 24, 1271, when Bishop Konrad II of Freising made the Marienkapelle the second parish church after St. Peter . For this purpose, the urban area of ​​Munich was divided; the southern half was assigned to the parish of St. Peter and the northern half to the parish of Our Lady, which also received its own cemetery. The deed requires an already existing building, which is called a simple chapel (simplex capella) , the mother church (matrix) of which is St. Peter.

According to Adam Horn , the Marienkapelle was built before the middle of the 13th century, according to Hans Ramisch shortly after 1240, after the sovereignty of the city of Munich had passed from the Bishop of Freising to the Wittelsbach family. Christian Behrer, on the other hand, dates the start of construction to the reign of Ludwig des Strengen (from 1253), who made Munich the royal seat of the Upper Bavarian line of the Bavarian dukes in 1255 after the first division of Bavaria and also started the expansion of the Old Court and the construction of the second city wall . The church could therefore still have been under construction at the time of the parish elevation and the simplex capella could have been a predecessor of the Romanesque Marienkapelle.

Side plates of the high grave of Ludwig IV and Beatrix

On March 29, 1273, Pope Gregory X confirmed the parish and burial rights for the Marienkapelle and appointed an Ulrich as pastor, which is the first naming of a pastor in the Marienkapelle. In both documents the Marienkapelle is referred to as a church, which was previously a chapel (ecclesiam… quae tunc capella erat). The consecration of a high altar in the Marienkapelle probably took place in one of the years from 1274 to 1277. It remains to be seen whether this was a re-consecration after a structural redesign initiated by the parish or even the first altar consecration after completion of the construction.

In the early 14th century, the choir was renewed in the Gothic style, with a rood screen also being built in to separate the nave and choir. In 1322, Emperor Ludwig IV , known as "the Bavarian", had a high grave built in the middle of the choir for his first wife Beatrix . This place in the middle of the choir was normally only available to donors and their families, and Ludwig is sometimes referred to as the founder (fundator) . It is therefore assumed that he had the choir Gothicized. In 1347 Ludwig himself was buried in his wife's high grave. Since then, the church has served as a burial place for the Wittelsbach rulers in Munich .

For the first time there is evidence of a new building plan for the Marienkapelle for 1458. In 1467, permission to demolish the Marienkapelle and a Michaelskapelle located in the cemetery in front of the choir of the church was obtained in Freising. The foundation stone for the new Frauenkirche took place on 8/9. February 1468 by Duke Sigismund . Initially, construction was carried out around the old church. In March 1468 the Michael's chapel was demolished. In August of the same year the north tower of the Marienkapelle followed and in May 1470 the south tower. The church itself was available for the celebration of the service until 1472 and was only then torn down.

architecture

"Munich Cathedral Crucifixion", altarpiece of the cross altar of the Marienkapelle

The Marienkapelle was a three-aisled pillar basilica with a late Romanesque nave without a transept and a Gothic choir . It was in the area of ​​the central nave and the southern aisle of today's Frauenkirche. The Marienkapelle had a clear length of 60 m and was therefore already more than half as long as today's Frauenkirche (109 m) and longer than the then St. Peter's Church. Their orientation deviated only a few degrees from the ideal easting . Brick was predominantly used as building material , only in the plinth area was tuff used in the nave and sandstone was also used in the choir , there also for the ribs of the vault .

In the west, the church had a two-tower facade with a vestibule , the four columns of which supported a pent roof . The west end of the Marienkapelle was roughly on the line between the north-west and south-west portal of today's Frauenkirche.

In the east, the choir, which ended in a three-eighth closure , protruded beyond the side aisles, which also had an apse with a three-eighth closure on the inside , but had a straight wall on the outside. In addition to the main portal in the west facade between the two towers, the church also had a portal each in the north and south longitudinal sides, roughly at the points of the north-east and south-east portal of today's Frauenkirche.

Flat chapels were built on the outside of the nave walls. After Horn's reconstruction, a central building to the east was attached to the three-eighth choir closure , which Horn identified with the Michaelskapelle mentioned in a document. The sacristy was located between this chapel and the end of the north aisle .

The central nave was 10.20 m wide and was spanned by a groined vault. The top of the central nave rested on pillars that were alternately rectangular and cross-shaped. The side aisles with a width of 5.70 m were connected on both sides of the central nave .

The Gothic choir was the same width as the central nave. It was three steps higher than the nave and included the eastern yoke of the central nave. This yoke was separated from the side aisles by a wall inserted between the pillars, so that the entire complex had the shape of a staggered choir . The choir was spanned by a ribbed vault and separated from the nave by a rood screen . At the top of the choir stood a high altar , in front of the rood screen in the nave was a people's altar , also known as a cross altar, and in the middle of the choir was the high grave of Emperor Ludwig the Bavarian and his first wife.

Furnishing

Speculum window of the Frauenkirche, therein u. a. two disc cycles from the Lady Chapel

It is not known how the Lady Chapel was originally furnished in detail. However, some of the furnishings in the Marienkapelle are known because they were used in the new Frauenkirche. Some of these objects are still preserved.

The high altar, a winged altar painted by Gabriel Angler around 1434–37, and the cross altar by an unknown painter from around the same time, who had stood in front of the rood screen in the old church, were transferred to the new church. When the interior choir was redesigned in the early 17th century, the high altar was replaced and lost. The panel paintings of the cross altar are preserved, the central painting called the Munich Cathedral Crucifixion is in the chapel sII. The original wing paintings of this altar are in the Kunsthalle Zürich , the altar in the Frauenkirche has modern side wings instead.

The surviving figures that have been taken from the Marienkapelle include a colored man of Sorrows from around 1325/30 on the left choir entrance pillar, two stone figures of the Man of Sorrows and Our Lady from around 1330/40 on the west portal, two stone figures of the Archangel Gabriel and Mary as parts of an Annunciation scene from around 1400 on the south-west portal, a sandstone Vesper picture ( Pietà ) from around 1400 in chapel sXI, stone figures of the Redeemer and Mary with the Child from around 1430 in the soft style on the south-east portal, stone figures of the Redeemer and Our Lady from around at the same time above the inside of the north-east portal and a colored redeemer figure from around 1450 in the sacrament chapel.

Some of the stained glass windows in the Frauenkirche still come from the Marienkapelle. The oldest include a disc with an image of St. Margaret in the sacristy and a circular disc with a lamb of God in the cathedral parish, both from the early 14th century, fragments of two passion cycles from the late 14th century in the southern tower chapel (sXIV) and in chapel nVIII and a pane cycle from around 1420 in the Astaller window of chapel nII. The Epiphany window, in the center of which is the adoration of the Infant Jesus by the Magi , and the so-called Red-Green Passion, a passion depiction in which the colors red and green are particularly strongly represented, both integrated into it, date from around 1430 Speculum or salvation mirror windows donated by Duke Sigismund in chapel sII, as well as the five joys Mariae window with a representation of five of the seven joys of Mary in chapel sIV. A white disk cycle from around 1460 with scenes from the life of Jesus , in which only some background elements are colored and the figures are executed in grisaille , is located in the west wall of the southern tower chapel (swII).

Two of the Munich cathedral bells , the early measurement bell from 1442 and the "Winklerin" from 1451, still come from the Marienkapelle.

  • Detail from the Epiphany window

  • Redeemer statue on the southeast portal

  • Pietà in a side chapel

  • Early measurement bell

archeology

overview

Systematic excavations under the Frauenkirche took place for the first time after the Second World War . As a result of the removal of the rubble, parallel to the reconstruction work started in May 1946, several excavations were carried out inside the church until 1950 under the direction of the chief conservator Adam Horn . In 1952 Horn published the excavation findings in the journal Deutsche Kunst und Denkmalpflege . As part of the installation of a warm air heating system, the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation under the direction of Wilfried Titze carried out additional excavations in December 1953 in the area of ​​the western end of the Romanesque basilica. In 1954, Horn wrote a supplementary report in German Art and Monument Preservation . Further excavations took place in 1999/2000 under the sacristy during its renovation.

In her dissertation , Christl Karnehm dealt, among other things, with the excavation results of Horn and corrected his interpretations in some detailed questions. In his dissertation submitted in 1999, which was published in book form in 2001 under the title Das Unterirdische München, Christian Behrer summarized , among other things, the excavation results of the excavations under the Frauenkirche, but sometimes comes to different conclusions than the conventional interpretation.

Findings and interpretation

The foundation walls of the Marienkapelle were exposed through the excavations in Horn . From the findings, however, not only the floor plan of the old church can be deduced, but also other features. For example, the strong foundations and the strength of the pillars suggest that the central nave had a vault . Since no fragments of cross ribs were found in the nave, unlike in the choir, a groin vault is likely. Horn concluded that the side aisles were arched in the bound system from the change in columns between cross and rectangular pillars . However, Behrer pointed out that opposite the cross pillars on the outer walls of the side aisles, the half-pillars used to support such a vault could not be proven, so a vault in the bound system was questionable.

Behrer also questioned Horn's reconstruction of the position and shape of the Michael’s Chapel and pointed out that no further foundation walls had been found, although these were otherwise well preserved. The excavation findings, interpreted by Horn as the beginning of an extension, are only to be seen as mighty buttresses , and the Michael's chapel stood separately from the Marienkapelle in an unknown location in the cemetery.

During Horn's excavations, the remains of the high grave in the center of the choir were also uncovered. The preserved side panels of the high grave are in the ambulatory above the entrance to the crypt. The excavations also uncovered finds below the Romanesque church. This included four wall sections and a structure under the rood screen wall in the form of two adjacent apses.

The excavations carried out by Titze in 1953 only covered a relatively small area in the area of ​​the western end of the Marienkapelle. He found six graves directly in front of the west wall and facing it. Finds in the layers below the Romanesque church could provide important additional information on the dating of the layers excavated by Horn.

The dating of the Romanesque church itself remains open. Horn sees a vault stone found during the excavation in 1953, stylistically dated around 1230/1240, as evidence of the construction of the Marienkapelle before the middle of the 13th century. Since a choir with the excavated floor plan was not common at that time, Horn sees it as a later extension. Originally, the central nave between the two side apses was closed with a larger apse. However, Karnehm already pointed out that the choir conversion was only an interior conversion.

Behrer pointed out that the completion of the central nave at the level of the side apses would have had to cut one of the older wall sections running under the choir, but this is not the case. In addition, there is no construction gap between the nave and the choir. Because a staggered choir closure points to the second half of the 13th century and a shard found in the basilica's foundation area corresponds to a find in an excavation pit of the Old Court, Behrer assumes that construction will start after 1250. The vault stone can be assigned to a previous building of the Romanesque church, the simplex capella mentioned in the documents . The apse-shaped structures that Horn excavated under the Romanesque basilica and in the vicinity of which the vault keystone was found may have belonged to this.

During the 1999/2000 excavation under the sacristy, a lime kiln from the 13th century was found, in which the building lime required for the construction of the church was burned. A separate lime kiln was common on construction sites of larger churches, but the excavated kiln is unusually large compared to other known examples.

literature

  • Adam Horn : The excavations in the Frauenkirche in Munich . In: German art and monument preservation . Born 1952, issue 1. Munich, p. 53-72 .
  • Adam Horn: Supplementary report on the excavations in the Frauenkirche in Munich . In: German art and monument preservation . Born in 1954. Munich, p. 114-116 .
  • Hans Ramisch : The Cathedral of Our Lady in Munich . 2nd Edition. Erich Wewel Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-87904-160-1 , Die Erste Frauenkirche, p. 65-67 .
  • Christian Behrer: The underground Munich . City core archeology in the Bavarian capital. Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-934036-40-6 , chap. 4.2.2 The Frauenkirche, p. 84-106 .
  • Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: Frauenplatz 1, Catholic Metropolitan and City Parish Church of Our Lady . In: Landeshauptstadt München - Mitte (=  Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 1 ). Third volume 1. Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2 , p. 216–232 (in it mainly the sections on the history of the building p. 216–218 and archaeological findings p. 231–232).

Web links

Commons : Marienkapelle (Munich)  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 48 ° 8 ′ 18.9 ″  N , 11 ° 34 ′ 25.1 ″  E

References and comments

Monumenta Boica 19, p. 487 with the beginning of the text of the document to elevate the Marienkapelle to the parish church
First memorial plaque in the crypt of the Frauenkirche
Second memorial plaque in the crypt of the Frauenkirche
  1. ↑ Hans Ramisch: The sacristan book of the parish and collegiate church of Our Lady in Munich from 1532. (pdf) In: FONTES February 28 , 2009, p. 4 , accessed on August 8, 2016 .
  2. ^ Jewish communities in Munich . Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  3. ↑ Monumenta Boica . tape 19 . Munich 1810, p. 487-489 .
  4. ^ Helmuth Stahleder : Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 . Edited for the Munich City Archives by Richard Bauer (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Hugendubel, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-88034-835-9 , p. 44 .
  5. ↑ Adam Horn: The excavations in the Frauenkirche in Munich . In: German art and monument preservation . Born 1952, issue 1. Munich, p. 69, 72 . , quoted from Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen city. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 44 (section “Before 1250”).
  6. ↑ a b c Hans Ramisch: The cathedral to Our Lady in Munich . 2nd Edition. Erich Wewel Verlag, Munich 1988, p. 65 .
  7. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 100-101 .
  8. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 96-98 .
  9. ^ Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 46 .
  10. ↑ Monumenta Boica . tape 19 . Munich 1810, p. 489 f. and 490 f .
  11. ^ Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 48 . Stahleder refers to bow rivets on pp. 23, 25, 26, but the exact bibliography is missing in the bibliography. After Bugniet, the altar consecration took place in 1441, which Stahleder believes to be a mistake, because the bishops listed as present only officiated together between 1274 and 1277.
  12. ↑ a b c d Hans Ramisch: The cathedral to Our Lady in Munich . 2nd Edition. Erich Wewel Verlag, Munich 1988, p. 66 .
  13. ^ A b Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: Landeshauptstadt München - Mitte (= Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments [ed.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 1 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2 , p. 216 .
  14. ^ Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: Landeshauptstadt München - Mitte (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Ed.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 1 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2 , p. 217 . In addition to Ludwig the Bavarian († 1347) and his first wife Beatrix († 1322), memorial plaques in the crypt of the Frauenkirche also name Ludwig V († 1361), son of Ludwig of Bavaria, Stephan II. († 1375), son of Ludwig of Bavaria , Elisabeth († 1349), first wife of Stephen II, Margarethe († 1377), second wife of Stephen II, Margarethe († 1360), daughter of Ludwig of Bavaria, Ludwig († 1348), son of Ludwig of Bavaria, Johann II. († 1397), son of Stephen II, Ernst († 1438), son of Johann II, Elisabeth († 1332), wife Ernst, Wilhelm III. († 1435), son of Johann II. And Adolf († 1441), son of Wilhelm III. The Duke Albrecht III. (Bavaria) , Ernst's son, died in 1460, when the rebuilding of the church had already been decided; he was buried in Andechs . Siegmund († 1501), son of Albrecht III, was buried in the new Frauenkirche.
  15. ^ Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 371 .
  16. ^ Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 413 .
  17. ^ Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 415 f .
  18. ^ Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 418 .
  19. ^ Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 419 .
  20. ^ Helmuth Stahleder: Duke and citizen town. The years 1157–1505 (=  Chronicle of the City of Munich . Volume 1 ). Munich 1995, p. 427 f .
  21. ^ Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: Landeshauptstadt München - Mitte (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Ed.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 1 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2 , p. 219 .
  22. ^ Georg Hader: Notices about the demolition of the Frauenkirche . In: Monthly magazine of the Historical Association of Upper Bavaria . tape III , 1894, p. 56 . , quoted from Christian Behrer: Das Unterirdisches München. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 86 .
  23. ^ Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: Landeshauptstadt München - Mitte (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Ed.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 1 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2 , p. 220 .
  24. ^ A b c Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: Landeshauptstadt München - Mitte (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Ed.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 1 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2 , p. 217 .
  25. ↑ a b c Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 88 .
  26. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 88, 95 .
  27. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 95 .
  28. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 90 .
  29. ↑ The numbering of the side chapels follows the designation system prescribed by the Corpus Vitrearum Medii Aevi : I is the window axis of the choir closure chapel in the central axis of the Frauenkirche, nII and sII the neighboring axis on the north and south side, sIII and nIII the next, etc. nVII, sVII, nXII and sXII are the portal axes, and nXIV and sXIV are the tower chapels. For the west facade, the number is preceded by a w, so the west window axes of the tower chapels have the designations nwII and swII.
  30. ^ A b Heinrich Habel, Johannes Hallinger, Timm Weski: Landeshauptstadt München - Mitte (= Bavarian State Office for the Preservation of Monuments [ed.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume I.2 / 1 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-87490-586-2 , p. 218 .
  31. ↑ Metropolitan and Parish Church to Our Lady . In: Georg Dehio, Ernst Gall (Hrsg.): Handbook of German Art Monuments . third, updated edition. Bayern IV: Munich and Upper Bavaria. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich Berlin 2006, p. 741 .
  32. ↑ Susanne Fischer: The windows of the Munich Frauenkirche . In: Hans Ramisch (Ed.): Monachium Sacrum. Festschrift for the 500th anniversary of the Metropolitan Church of Our Lady in Munich . Volume II Art History. Deutscher Kunstverlag, Munich 1994, p. 395-436, here: 397-409 .
  33. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 88 .
  34. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 102 .
  35. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 87-93 .
  36. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 93-102 .
  37. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 94-95 .
  38. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 95-96 .
  39. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 90-91 .
  40. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 91-93 .
  41. ^ Adam Horn: Art historical finds 1953 in the Munich Cathedral . In: The Bayerland . tape 56 , 1954, pp. 28-30 .
  42. ↑ Adam Horn: The excavations in the Frauenkirche in Munich . In: German art and monument preservation . Born 1952, issue 1. Munich, p. 69 . , quoted from Christian Behrer: Das Unterirdisches München. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 93 .
  43. ↑ Christl Karnehm: The Munich Frauenkirche. Initial equipment and baroque redesign . In: Karl Bosl, Richard Bauer (Ed.): Miscellanea Bavarica Monacensia . tape 113 . Munich 1984, p. 6 . , quoted from Christian Behrer: Das Unterirdisches München. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 93 .
  44. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 93-94 .
  45. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 96-102 .
  46. ^ Christian Behrer: The underground Munich. City core archeology in the Bavarian capital . Buchendorfer Verlag, Munich 2001, p. 102-106 .
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