Michael Evenari

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Michael Evenari

Michael Evenari (Hebrew: מיכאל אבן-ארי, translated: Stone of the Lion ; born October 9, 1904 in Metz as Walter Schwarz ; † April 15, 1989 in Jerusalem ) was an Israeli botanist of German descent. He made a decisive contribution to the understanding of desert ecology and made a significant contribution to modern Israeli desert agriculture with his work on the reconstruction and rebuilding of the fall water farms in the Negev desert. Its official botanical author's abbreviation is " Evenari ".

childhood and education

Schwarz was born in 1904 as the youngest of four siblings. His parents were the wealthy department store owner Hermann Schwarz (* July 14, 1861 in Obergartzem ; † January 10, 1936 in Frankfurt am Main ) and his wife Karoline, née Löwenstein (* December 16, 1869 in Feudingen ; † June 25, 1955 in Jerusalem ). He first attended a humanistic grammar school in Metz, but had to leave it in 1917 because he was threatened with expulsion from school as a result of a student prank.

Schwarz moved to Berlin, where his sister Erna (* July 22, 1894 in Metz; † August 23, 1967 in Brixen ), who had been married to the writer Gerson Stern since the same year, lived. Schwarz described this change of location as his "great luck, because my time in Berlin became the critical turning point of my whole future life". The reason for this were gifts from Gerson Stern: The book The World of the Plant by RH Francé , a children's microscope and the book The Secrets of Life by Adolf Wagner . Wagner's book in particular encouraged the young Walter to conduct his first experiments, which in turn led him to commit to a life goal early on: “To become a botanist. I felt “called” to it in the truest sense of the word and secretly called myself “discipulus scientiae amabilis”. Looking back, I know that at this time my attitude to living nature was already being formed. "

Schwarz attended school in Berlin until he was transferred to the sub-second. At Easter 1919 he moved with Erna and Gerson Stern to Feudlingen to live with relatives in the house where his mother was born. A little later he moved to Buchenau near Marburg , where he said he felt very comfortable and was able to follow his botanical inclinations in the village environment. He was taught privately, but he had to drive to Marburg every day. When that became too difficult in the long run, he was billeted in Marburg as a guest guest. The local botanical garden developed into a great attraction for him, which he visited frequently.

Walter Schwarz's parents opted to be German after the French occupation of Metz in 1918 , which is why their property was confiscated and they had to leave the country. They moved to Frankfurt am Main and brought their son to live with them. There he went back to school and graduated from Kaiser-Friedrichs-Gymnasium in 1923 . In the same year he began studying botany at the University of Frankfurt . Schwarz came into contact with the Jewish youth movement again and, like in Berlin before, became a member of the Blau-Weiß association . His group leader was Erich Fromm ; Black was not only confronted with the attempt to unite Judaism, Zionism and communism, but also found access to the Hebrew language. In the upper prima he also completed an evening course as a locksmith, because he "considered it important that a person who works intellectually must also learn a trade."

After almost three years of studying at the University of Frankfurt am Main , Walter Schwarz received his doctorate in 1926 under Martin Möbius in Frankfurt ; In his dissertation published in 1927, he examined leaf development in relation to plug formation . Despite a short course of study, he acquired a broad education that provided a guideline for his later work that went beyond the boundaries of the subject.

“I was lucky enough to study in Frankfurt during the years when the number of botany students was so small that our teachers could devote themselves entirely to us, and we had personal relationships with them from the second semester onwards. They didn't just teach us science. Möbius encouraged me to attend lecture cycles on philosophy and social sciences (with Franz Oppenheimer ...) in addition to the specialist lectures . In his conversations with me, he repeatedly emphasized how important it was to acquire a 'general education' at the university. The University of Frankfurt not only gave me specialist knowledge, it gave me an education. Möbius with his broad humanistic horizons and his advice was an educator to me. "

In 1926 he married Alice Ollendorff (1892–), eleven years his senior, a niece of Alfred Kerr , with whom he had already started a relationship when he was seventeen. According to Evenari's own statement, this "marriage that remained childless [...] was not very happy".

After obtaining his doctorate, Schwarz worked as an assistant in Frankfurt (1927) and at the German University in Prague (1928–1930). In 1930 he came to the Botanical Institute of the Technical University of Darmstadt . His habilitation thesis entitled “The structural changes of shootless leaf cuttings and their causes” was published in 1933, but the habilitation process - after he had still given his trial lecture in February 1933 - was no longer completed.

During his years in Prague, Schwarz came into contact with the botanist Heinz Oppenheimer . This, the son of Franz Oppenheimer , worked like Schwarz at Ernst Pringsheim junior and became friends with him. Oppenheimer suggested that he come to Palestine, where he himself intended to emigrate. Schwarz was not averse to this idea, but initially decided on Darmstadt. The idea of ​​going to Palestine remained alive and had consequences: "In October 1932 I signed a contract with the Aaronsohn family, according to which I would start work for them in Sichron Ya'akov in October 1933. " Work that his boss at the time, the botanist Bruno Huber , also knew about, was the project, which had previously been discussed with Oppenheimer, " to edit the Cisjordan diaries of Aaron Aaronsohn ".

His research stay in Darmstadt took a different turn under the pressure of political events. On April 1, 1933, the day of the boycott of the Jews , Schwarz was summoned to the rector of the TH Darmstadt, where he told him: “Doctor, unfortunately I have to dismiss you without notice because you have been denounced to me as a conscious Jew. I'll give you four weeks to get your affairs in order. "

Arrival in Palestine

Schwarz got in touch with the Aaronsohn family and, together with his wife, traveled to Jerusalem via Trieste and Haifa at the end of April. He started work on the Aaronsohn publication and at the same time had the opportunity to take part in a desert exploration for the first time. “Even in Europe, reading Stocker's book for the desert had inspired me . But it was not until I met the desert of Judah in reality that it happened to me. The desert cast a spell on me forever, and not just as my future work area. [..] The enchantment that the desert triggered in me from the first sight never disappeared and only got stronger and stronger. ”And the next opportunity to indulge in the enchantment of the desert followed quickly. In August 1933, Alexander Eig (1894–1938), head of department at the Institute for Research into the Nature of the Land of Israel at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , founded by the agricultural botanist Otto Warburg , invited him to an extensive Kurdistan expedition. This expedition was not only interesting for Schwarz as a botanist, but also gave him deep insights into the Kurdish tradition and the life of Kurdish Jews.

After the end of the expedition, Walter Schwarz became an "external teacher" at the Botanical Institute in 1934 - in addition to his ongoing work on the Aaronsohn publications - and took over the field of work of his ex-friend Heinz Oppenheimer. The focus of his work was the ecology of desert plants "taking into account the influence of the soil and the location on their distribution and anatomical structure". However, he could not concentrate fully on his scientific work. Since he also had to support relatives who had traveled to Palestine, he also worked as a teacher at a school. This school was the Beth Hakerem teachers' college in a suburb of Jerusalem, which was then headed by the later Israeli Minister of Education, Ben-Zion Dinur .

Another obstacle to unrestricted academic work arose from Walter Schwarz's membership in the Hagana , which he had already joined in the fall of 1933 to help defend the Jewish quarters of Jerusalem. This step involved a lot of night patrols and watch duty. In 1935 he acquired Palestinian citizenship and decided to change his German name. For this step he explicitly mentions his expulsion from the TH Darmstadt and describes his name change as follows:

“When I acquired Palestinian citizenship in 1935, I wanted to have a Hebrew name. As a first name I chose Michael, the name of one of the archangels, which translated means: “Who is like God?” The officer in charge asked me what my family name was. Translated black into Hebrew means 'Shachor', he said, that doesn't sound nice. What is my mother's maiden name? When I said 'Lion's Arch', he exclaimed: 'That means' Evenari 'in Hebrew, that's much nicer'. I agreed, [..] and so I became Michael Evenari. "

His friend Heinz Oppenheimer later described this step as follows: "With this, the German patriot Walter Schwarz ceased to exist and was replaced by the fighting Jew Michael Evenari, who began a new life in Palestine."

Evenari was well aware that the name change was a momentous step for him, also in terms of his scientific reputation. By this time he had already published 17 scientific papers under the name Walter Schwarz and was now afraid of being cut off from his previous scientific biography because no one could have guessed that Evenari and Schwarz were the same person.

Evenari had since separated from his first wife and was in a relationship with the social worker Esther Gabriel (born November 2, 1916 in Berlin - † April 4, 1981 in Cairo). This relationship resulted in the son Eli [ahu], born around 1937, who in turn was later married to the Aktion Atonement activist Christel Eckern, who had taken the first name Michal after converting to the Jewish faith. Eli and Michal Evenari did not stay in Israel, but moved to Bavaria with their two children.

Between World War II and Israel's independence

When the German troops under Rommel approached Palestine, Evenari and other Hagana comrades reported to the British army and were assigned to an anti-aircraft unit without further training. Erich Jehoshua Marx reported in several letters about his encounters with Evenari during their time together in the British Army during the Second World War and in the Jewish Brigade , with which Evenari came to Flanders , where he was demobilized in autumn 1945.

After his return to Palestine, Michael Evenari continued his work at the Jerusalem University, but was still active for the Hagana . In 1946 he was asked to study the laboratories of American universities in the USA with the zoologist Georg Haas from Austria, starting next January , in order to gain knowledge for the construction of a new biology building for the Jerusalem University. At the same time, the aim was to acquire donations for the expansion of the university through lectures. According to Lange, "the gain on this trip was great and varied - in financial terms for the university, in technical terms for the botanist - but also for Evenari's personal life: he met his future wife Liselotte in New York." This decisive private encounter stood but also a no less important professional encounter at the side. Evenari gave a talk at the California Institute of Technology (“Caltech”), where he was invited to come to the institute for a year. Caltech made a grant available for this.

In 1949 Evenari worked there with Frits Warmolt Went and James Bonner ; In retrospect, the months there were for him the “most beautiful and most fruitful time of my scientific career”. He had enough time to study many other disciplines outside of botany, but he continued to use many opportunities to advertise support for the Hebrew University of Jerusalem . At the end of his stay, he was offered to stay at Caltech , which he declined.

"Besides the fact that a scientist's salary at Cal. Tech. was many times larger than in Israel, it was difficult to refuse such an offer, mainly because I knew that in the new, poor state of Israel, for lack of the necessary, expensive equipment, I would get my promising, in the Cal. Tech. cannot continue work that has already started. My results on the influence of red, infrared and blue light on the failure of lettuce seeds gave me an inkling that I was on the trail of an important, hitherto unknown fact that is now a common property of the natural sciences. Because I had to quit, I asked colleagues from another excellent institute in the United States who were working in the same direction to continue my work, which they did with great success. Nevertheless, I have never regretted my decision at the time to return to Israel. "

Activity as a science manager

Evenari's return to Israel came at a time when the country was under great military and economic pressure. The emergency regime that had to be practiced (softened by the Hebrew name Zena , which means modesty) affected not only private everyday life, but also only allowed a very limited continuation of scientific work. In particular, aids for the laboratory were either lacking or difficult to obtain, so teaching was initially more in the foreground than research. In addition, it was no longer possible to work on Mount Scopus since the facilities of the Hebrew University there formed an Israeli enclave in the Palestinian area around Jerusalem, but were hardly usable. The university was now operating in emergency shelters in the Israeli part of Jerusalem, but the equipment had remained on Mount Scopus.

Evenari was appointed Professor of Plant Physiology and Ecology in the Botanical Department of the Hebrew University in 1950. When Evenari was elected Dean of the Faculty of Natural Sciences in 1952, he saw a strong obligation to improve the technical equipment for experimental research. In 1953 he was also elected vice president of the university and in this role he was involved from the beginning in the construction of a new campus in the Jerusalem district of Givat Ram . What was missing was the necessary funds, so Evenari was chosen as the fundraiser . At the beginning of June 1954, he and his wife set off on an eight-month collecting trip through Europe and North America.

The last part of the trip, which led via Great Britain to North America and then back to Europe, also offered the opportunity to revive old friendships. He took part in the 8th International Botanical Congress at the Sorbonne , where he met again for the first time with his teacher Ernst Pringsheim and his former boss Bruno Huber. And before returning to Israel, Michael and Liesel Evenari visited places in Germany that had been important for the years before their emigration. Evenari used the opportunity to meet old friends again.

Evenari was not spared fundraising in the following years either. Until the end of his tenure as Vice President of the university in 1959, he was on the road once a year to collect money, although these trips were shorter than those in 1954/55. But he did not lose sight of his scientific work. “Despite my administrative work and my collecting trips for the university, I was able to continue my academic work during my time as Vice President. It was precisely during this time that the Department of Plant Physiology developed to one of its highlights. The focus of our interests was the germination physiology of the seeds. "

Desert ecology

The discovery of torrent management

In 1954, shortly before leaving for the longer fundraising tour through Europe and North America, Michael Evenari was first introduced to the remains of desert agriculture in the Negev by his assistant at the time, Dov Koller (1925-2007) . The remnants of this long-forgotten agriculture were in Wadi Ramliyeh near the ruined city ​​of Avdat , and from this first encounter with Avdat developed "probably the most impressive life work of Michael Evenari, which made him famous far beyond the circle of biological sciences": the reconstruction and expansion of flash water farms in the Negev desert.

Similar to Evenari's turn to botany, his occupation with desert agriculture was allegedly influenced by a book present from his brother-in-law Gerson Stern after Avdat's first visit. At auction in 1917 he had the book by Edward Henry Palmer , published in Germany in 1876 , The scene of the forty-year desert migration of Israel. Acquired walking tours in the Sinai Peninsula and some neighboring areas and gave it to Evenari shortly before he emigrated from Germany in April 1933. In 1954 Evenari rediscovered this book, which for him was one of the most important books on ancient desert agriculture.

One name does not appear in Evenari's autobiography (and also not in the memoirs of Liesel Evenari): Daniel Hillel (* 1930) - but in early publications on his Negev research. In 2015 Hillel gave an account of Evenari's first encounter with desert agriculture in his autobiography, which is less flattering to the:

"At the request of my colleague Dr. Dov Koller I invited Professor Michael Evenari (then Vice-President of the Hebrew University) to his first visit to the Negev highlands. I drove him with his wife (and, at her request, also with her dogs) in a borrowed jeep to show them our work in the Negev highlands. I introduced him to Ben Gurion and told him about our plans to restore the old drainage collection and use system of the Nabataeans outside their city of Avdat (about 12 kilometers south of our settlement Sdeh Boqer ). He was immediately enthusiastic and - a few weeks later - was able to convince a wealthy Canadian donor to provide funds for the implementation of our plan. What I wasn't aware of at the time was his intention to take over the project we had designed and to claim most of the recognition for himself. A few months later, after helping design the system and personally implementing a number of runoff plots to measure the water yield that can be achieved with various surface treatments, I suddenly found myself excluded from the project, for which Evenari was personally responsible. "

Hillel mentions many details that identify him as an intimate expert on what is going on, and his scientific achievements in hydrology are socially recognized. But it is difficult to judge whether the events took place as he describes them and whether, after a publication by Naphtali Tadmor in 1957, he was the victim of an “(unlawful) appropriation of ideas and data”. The fact is that Evenari advanced to become the pioneering discoverer of flash water irrigation for posterity; Hillel, who published with Tadmor in 1962, initially belonged to Evenari's research team on the experimental farms, according to other accounts

Reconstruction of the historical forms of cultivation

The first few years consisted of exploring the systematics of the ancient irrigation technology, which as a side effect also led to new archaeological findings about early cultures settled in the Negev, above all about the culture of the Nabataeans, which began in the middle of the 7th century AD, the Arabianization Victim fell. But Evenari and his staff - above all Naftali Tadmor (1924–1973) from Mannheim , known as "Kofisch" (also "Kopish"), and Leslie Shanan, later a consulting engineer for water and agricultural development projects and since 1982 associate professor for hydrology in the Department of Geography at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Advisor to numerous missions for the World Bank and other international organizations - wanted more. Their aim was to bring their theoretical knowledge of the ancient irrigation techniques to life. The last impetus for this was allegedly provided by Liesel Evenari on August 26, 1956, who suggested one of the discussions in the research team to reconstruct an old farm.

The result of this intervention by Liesel Evenari was the reconstruction of a farm in Schivta . The restoration of agriculture and the irrigation system was successful, but the Evenaris also wanted to live there "in order to be able to observe the rainfall and floods that are so limited in time and space that are typical of the deserts" directly on site. A suitable and restorable farmhouse was available, but its use was refused for military reasons, as the army was unable to guarantee its security.

Since the excavations in Avdat had produced similarly good indications of the old irrigation culture as in Shivta, the Evenaris decided in 1959 to reconstruct another farm in Avdat and to build a house there for themselves. There were no military concerns. The project was so significant for Michael Evenari that in 1959 he gave up his position as Vice President of the Jerusalem University in order to be able to devote more time to the construction work in Avdat. The work quickly evolved beyond the original intent of experimental reconstruction of the irrigation system. Meteorological and hydrological measuring stations were set up and finally a plan was made to operate agriculture. “We decided to use the farms for agriculture to find out which crops could grow under flash water conditions in the desert and produce satisfactory harvests. So desert agriculture became one of our main goals, with the intention of seeing whether the old methods could still be of practical importance today. ”At the same time, Evenari devoted himself to the wild desert plants and developed Avdat into an ecological desert research station.

The cultivation attempts were successful. Evenari and his employees first grew barley and then planted “apricots, apples, pistachios, olives, wine, cherries and almonds. They achieved particularly good harvests with apricots and peaches. The fruits were sweeter and juicier than those obtained by traditional irrigation in the north. They also found that pistachios were perfectly adapted to desert conditions. They came to the conclusion that the technique of flash water agriculture would be well suited to fighting hunger in desert areas in developing countries. ”Because of this success on the two farms in Shivat and Avdat, the construction of another farm in Wadi Mashash , about 20 km south of Beer Sheva. This was created in cooperation with German and Swiss church aid organizations, but above all with the support of German volunteers from the Action Reconciliation Marks . The interest of Aktion Sühnezeichen arose, among other things, from the fact that this third farm was to become a training farm that would make it possible to familiarize people from other arid areas, such as in the Sahel zone , with the methods of flash water irrigation. However, the SPIEGEL article from 2009 judges this intended transfer very critically: “Unfortunately, in spite of its economic and ecological efficiency, steepwater agriculture is hardly widespread in arid areas. While Israeli agriculture is inconceivable without torrent agriculture, it could only be transferred regionally to a few developing countries. ”This skepticism about the non-Israeli use of torrent irrigation also sounded in 2012 from the words of Prof. Pedro Berliner, director of the Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research at Ben Gurion University in the Negev : “It is difficult to assess where this is used today because it is a technique that can be used by any farmer. […] It is one of the techniques used to combat arid areas in developing countries. You don't have to build a pipeline for the water. "

Further research contributions

In addition, he continued to work on germination physiology and also dealt with its historical development . Based on the germination and spread of desert plants, he also examined their survival strategies. He also made contributions to the functional adaptations of plant and animal species in the desert ecosystem, also in international cooperation.

Consolidation and appreciation of the work

In 1973 differences arose over the funding of Evenari's research work, as the Jerusalem University was no longer willing to provide sufficient funds. At the time, there was a college in Sede Boker, which, according to the will of David Ben-Gurion, who was resident there, should have become an important research institution for studying the Negev. This did not happen until 1973, when the Israeli government approved the establishment of such an institute in Sede Boker, provided that it became part of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev in Beer Sheva. Evenari began negotiating the future of his farms with the first director of this new institute, Amos Richmond. Since the farms were still officially part of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, a contract was negotiated between and Ben Gurion University, which regulated mutual rights and obligations and secured the financial future of the farms. In this way, the farms became part of today's Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research and found their recognition in the reason for the Balzan Prize awarded to him (together with Otto Ludwig Lange) :

“Evenari's model farms are an important practical application of historical and scientific research. It would be inappropriate to compare it with high-tech agriculture in industrialized countries, but Evenari's model farms give impetus and opportunities to countries in arid climates that are threatened by famine. "

Ethics and religion

His broad general education, which he credited with his studies at Frankfurt University in the early 1920s, made him a critic in his old age of what he saw as a specialized education that was no longer able to "convey a picture of the world in its entirety" and to remember the "obligations to society". He attests to himself belonging to a dying group of botanists “who, despite specializing in certain areas of botany, still have a knowledge of the broad spectrum of this science. I think this is so important, because the plant can only be understood as a whole; because the whole is more than the sum of its parts, and that is why we can only grasp the plant if we consider all of its structures and functions in their mutual relationships, in their totality. ”He avows himself with some criticism of Darwin's theory of evolution , turns but against all attempts to manipulate this “on human society for which it was not intended”. Only then has the ›natural selection‹ embedded in the theory of evolution become a process that can be actively controlled by those in power, “although it is a passive process in the natural scientific theory of evolution”. This abuse "can only prevent a rigorous application of the ethos given to us".

Evenari leaves no doubt that for him religion is the guideline for ethical action. And for him, religion is always Jewish: he was born a Jew, lived as a Jew and would die as a Jew, he wrote in 1987. He also claims the Jewish concept of God for himself and without reservation and believes that the Jews observe the Ten Commandments , " which should be the basis of human ethical behavior, better than other peoples; I can only say that it is we who have carried her through the world ”. Denial of God is inconceivable for him, and this God is “a force incomprehensible to us, which we feel behind the things of the world, which gives each individual the potential power to do the ethically right thing, even if we unfortunately have this power that gives us flows in, mostly not let it work ”. For Evenari there is no contradiction to science or to his person as a scientist, "because science and belief are on two completely different levels".

Awards, memberships and commemoration

Fonts

Evenari has published 190 scientific papers.

  • The problem of mitogenic rays. Biological Zentralblatt 48 (1928): 302-308
  • The structural changes in shootless leaf cuttings and their causes (habilitation thesis, Darmstadt, 1933)
  • M. Evenari, R. Richter: Physiological-ecological investigations in the wilderness of Judaea. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 51 (339): 333-381 (1937)
  • Germination inhibitors. The Botanical Review, 15 (3): 153-194 (1949)
  • M. Evenari, DJ Carr : Chemical influences of other plants (allelopathy). In: External factors in growth and development. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 1961, 691-794
  • Physiology of seed dormancy, after-ripening and germination. In: Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association 1965 (Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 49-71).
  • with Leslie Shanan and Naphtali Tadmor: The Negev. The Challenge of a Desert. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.) 1971; 2nd edition 1982, ISBN 0674606728
  • OL Lange, M. Evenari: Experimental ecological investigations on lichens of the Negev desert: IV. Growth measurements on Caloplaca aurantia (pers.) Hellb. Flora 160 (1), 100-104 (1971)
  • Organic and agricultural research in the Negev. Analysis of a desert ecosystem. Technical University, Darmstadt 1982, ISBN 3-88607-024-7
  • Seed physiology: its history from antiquity to the beginning of the 20th century. The Botanical Review, 50 (2): 119-142 (1984)
  • M. Evenari, I. Noy-Meir, DW Goodall : Hot deserts and arid shrublands. Ecosystems of the world, 12 (1985)
  • And the desert bear fruit. A life story. Bleicher, Gerlingen 1990, ISBN 3-88350-230-8 . The book is available online in English: Full text of "Michael Evenari The Awakening Desert" or as pdf / epub under The Awakening Desert. The Autobiography of an Israeli Scientist.

literature

  • Liesel Evenari: Where you are going ... My eventful life with an Israeli scientist , Rasch Verlag, Bramsche, 2000, ISBN 978-3-935326-00-1
  • Otto Ludwig Lange , Ernst-Detlef Schulze : In memoriam Michael Evenari (formerly Walter Schwarz) 1904–1989 . In: Oecologia . tape 81 , no. 4 . Springer, December 1989, ISSN  0029-8549 , p. 433-436 . ( doi: 10.1007 / BF00378948 )
  • Leopold Marx: My son Erich Jehoshua. His life path from letters and diaries , Bleicher, Gerlingen, 1996, ISBN 978-3-88350-730-9 .
  • Otto L. Lange: Michael Evenari alias Walter Schwarz 1904–1989 , in: Botanica acta. Reports of the German Botanical Society , Thieme, ISSN  0932-8629 , issue 102 (1989), pp. A19-A24.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Otto L. Lange: Michael Evenari alias Walter Schwarz 1904-1989
  2. ↑ Further details about the Hermann family : Hermann & Karoline Schwarz family
  3. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 18
  4. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 20
  5. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , pp. 21-22
  6. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 23
  7. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 24
  8. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 332
  9. ↑ published under the title The development of the leaf in Plectranthus fruticosus and Ligustrum vulgare and the theory of the periclinal chimeras . Planta 3 : 499-526 (1927)
  10. ↑ Ulrich Lüttge : History of botany in Darmstadt (PDF; 11.6 MB)
  11. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 330
  12. ↑ Liesel Evenari: Where you are going ... , pp. 13-14
  13. ↑ The Ollendorf family (Kerr's sister Annchen was Alice's mother) were happy when they got rid of him. And let the desert bear fruit , p. 33
  14. ↑ a b Prof. Michael Evenari
  15. ↑ Data on the person of Franz Oppenheimer
  16. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , pp. 34–38
  17. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 44
  18. ↑ Aaron Aaronsohn (1876-1919) . Evenari himself in detail in And the desert carries fruit , pp. 36–38
  19. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 38
  20. ↑ And let the desert bear fruit , pp. 61f .; In 1953 he applied for redress , which was awarded to him in 1957. Cf. Isabel Schmidt After National Socialism. The TH Darmstadt between politics of the past and future management (1946-1960). Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2015, p. 280f.
  21. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 67
  22. ^ And let the desert bear fruit , pp. 66–84
  23. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 85
  24. ^ A b In memoriam Michael Evenari (formerly Walter Schwarz) 1904–1989, Oecologia, Vol. 81, no. 4 (1989), pp. 433-436
  25. ↑ And let the desert bear fruit , p. 190
  26. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 88
  27. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 89
  28. ^ "Then the German patriot Walter Schwarz ceased and was replaced by the fighting Jew Michael Evenari who started a new life in Palestine." Quoted from: Otto L. Lange: Michael Evenari alias Walter Schwarz 1904-1989
  29. ↑ Short biography Walter Schwarz / Michael Evenari
  30. ↑ Whether Evenari and Gabriel were married and the marriage was divorced in 1940, as it is written on the page Short biography Walter Schwarz / Michael Evenari , can clearly not be verified. In any case, the son who emerged from the relationship bears the name Evenari.
  31. ↑ CLAIMS RESOLUTION TRIBUNAL: Erna Schwarz
  32. ↑ Michal Evenari: The Story of a Life. From Germany to Israel
  33. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 90
  34. ^ And let the desert bear fruit , pp. 117–121
  35. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 129
  36. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 167
  37. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , pp. 170–171.
  38. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 180
  39. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 185
  40. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , pp. 195–197
  41. ↑ And let the desert bear fruit , p. 218
  42. ^ Author of the book The Restless Plant , edited posthumously by his daughter Elizabeth Van Volkenburgh, Harvard University Press, 2011, ISBN 9780674048638
  43. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 219
  44. ^ Otto L. Lange: Michael Evenari alias Walter Schwarz 1904-1989
  45. ↑ a b c Jürgen Voigt: Ingenious nomads. The traces of the Nabataeans
  46. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 220
  47. ↑ See M. Evenari, L. Shanan, N. Tadmor, Y. Aharoni (1961): Ancient agriculture in the Negev. Science 133 (3457): 979-996; M. Evenari, L. Shanan & NH Tadmor (1968): "Runoff Farming" in the Desert. I. Experimental Layout 1. Agronomy Journal 60 (1): 29-32.
  48. ^ A b Daniel Hillel: Memories & Reflections. The Life, Work and Observations of an Agricultural and Environmental Scientist. Imperial College Press, London, 2015. ISBN 978-1-78326-572-5 , p. 115. “At the request of my colleague Dr. Dov Koller, l invited Professor Michael Evenari (then vice president of the Hebrew University) to his first visit to the Negev Highlands. l drove him with his wife (and, at her pleading, with their dogs as well) in a borrowed jeep to see our work in the Negev Highlands. I introduced him to Ben-Gurion and told him of our plans to rehabilitate the ancient runoff collection and utilization system of the Nabateans outside their city of Avdat (some 12 kilometers south of our settlement of Sdeh Boqer). He became instantly enthusiastic, and - some weeks later - was able to persuade a wealthy Canadian donor to provide funds for carrying out our plan. What I did not realize at the time was his intent to take over the project we had conceived and to claim most of the credit to himself. Some month later, having helped to design the system and having personally implemented a series of runoff plots to measure the water yield obtainable with various surface treatments, I found myself suddenly excluded from the project, with Evenari in personal charge. "
  49. ↑ Hillel received the World Food Prize in 2012 for his role in the design and implementation of drip irrigation . see. Dr. Daniel Hillel Named 2012 World Food Prize Laureate. Retrieved March 9, 2020 . .
  50. ^ D. Hillel, N. Tadmor Water Regime and Vegetation in the Central Negev Highlands Ecology 43 (1): 33-41 (1962)
  51. ↑ David Ehrenfeld Beginning Again: People and Nature in the New Millennium Oxford 1995, p. 39. See also N. Tadmor, M. Evenari, L. Shanan, D. Hillel: The Ancient Desert Agriculture of the Negeb. pt. I Ktavim 8 (1957): 1-2.
  52. ↑ Biography Naftali Tadmor
  53. ↑ Hendrik J. Bruins, Harvey Lithwick (Ed.): The Arid Frontier: Interactive Management of Environment and Development , Springer Science + Business Media, Dordrecht 1998, ISBN 978-94-010-6049-3 , p. 276
  54. ↑ And the desert carries fruit , p. 243, as well as M. Evenari ecological-agricultural research in the Negev. Analysis of a desert ecosystem. P. 51
  55. ↑ The excavations in Shivta as part of the national park are well documented ( Shivta National Park ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. or Shivta on BibleWalks.com ), but the irrigation project hardly plays a role in this context. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.parks.org.il
  56. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 247
  57. ↑ And let the desert bear fruit , pp. 255–256.
  58. ↑ In Wadi Mashash there is now a large research facility of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev , which continues to research the ancient irrigation techniques: Pushing back the desert with ancient wisdom and Intercrop Agroforestry at Wadi Mashash .
  59. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 261
  60. ↑ Jacob Blaustein was a former president of the American Jewish Committee , who attended the founding conference of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945 as an advisor to the US delegation.
  61. ↑ Pushing back the desert with ancient wisdom and Intercrop Agroforestry at Wadi Mashash
  62. ↑ cf. M. Evenari Organic and agricultural research in the Negev. Analysis of a desert ecosystem. P. 79ff. as well as 115ff.
  63. ↑ 1988 Balzan Prize for Applied Botany (including ecological aspects)
  64. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , p. 331
  65. ↑ And let the desert bear fruit , pp. 334–335.
  66. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , pp. 336–337.
  67. ↑ Let the desert bear fruit , pp. 337–338.
  68. ↑ a b The Evenari Forum at the TU Darmstadt
  69. ↑ The Solomon Bublick Award ( Memento of the original from December 22, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / infospaze.com
  70. ^ "Stumbling blocks" for scientists dismissed under National Socialism , in: Informationsdienst Wissenschaft from March 15, 2010, accessed on March 18, 2010
  71. ↑ Honorary members of the German Botanical Society ( Memento of the original from September 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.deutsche-botanische-gesellschaft.de
  72. ↑ H.-D. Arntz Michael Evenari, a world-famous Jewish botanist
personal data
SURNAME Evenari, Michael
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Walter Schwarz
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-Israeli botanist
DATE OF BIRTH October 9, 1904
PLACE OF BIRTH Metz
DATE OF DEATH April 15, 1989
Place of death Jerusalem