Most alternate, sometimes constantly against occasionally verticillately distributed to the stem axis, often arranged in a basal rosette leaves are usually more or less sitting. The leaves are rarely scaly like heather. The higher the leaves are on the stem, the smaller they are. The leaf margins have small teeth.
Inflorescences, flowers and fruits
The stalked or sessile flowers stand individually in the leaf axils or in terminal or lateral in thyrsen-shaped , paniculate or tufted inflorescences . The flowers are very rarely surrounded by bracts.
Illustration of a Wahlenbergia capsule fruit with fruit flaps that only open into slits at the top
The small to medium-sized, hermaphrodite flowers are radial symmetry and five-fold with a double flower envelope . The chalice is usually five-fold, but can also be three, four or six-fold. The crown is bell-shaped or funnel-shaped, less often tubular, urn-shaped or wheel-shaped. The colors of the petals are usually blue or white, less often pink. The mostly five (three to seven) corolla lobes are significantly shorter to significantly longer than the corolla tube. The ciliate stamens of the mostly five (rarely three or four) stamens are free and separated from each other, at the base they are widened. Together inclined dust bag wither before opening (the flowers Proterandrie ). The pollen grains usually have three (two to five) germ pores and are prickly. The mostly below and only seldom above ovary is two- to five-fold. Each ovary compartment contains a few to many ovules . The upper area of the stylus has hairs for secondary pollen presentation.
Often the durable calyx and sometimes the durable stamens are still present on the fruit. The loculicidal (columnar), two- to five-compartment capsule fruits only open at the upper end with two to five slits.
Systematics and distribution
The genus Wahlenbergia was listed in Novae Plantarum Species , S, 399 in 1821 . Synonyms for Wahlenbergia Schrad. ex Roth nom. cons. are: Cervicina Delile nom. rej., Lightfootia L'Hér. nom. illeg., Valvinterlobus Dulac nom. superflat., Ireon Scop. nom. illeg., Schultesia Roth nom. illeg., Aikinia Salisb. ex Fourr. nom. illeg., Cephalostigma A.DC. , Hecale Raf. , Petalostima Raf. , Campanulopsis inches. & Moritzi , Streleskia Hook. f. , Campanuloides A.DC. , Campanopsis (R.Br.) Kuntze .
Lightfootia L'Hér. was published with the necessary information in January 1789, but is a homonym to Lightfootia Sw. (Published June – July 1788). The latter genus is now a synonym of Xylosma G.Forst. in the family Salicaceae .
The main distribution area of the Wahlenbergia species is in the southern hemisphere (circumaustral). There are 30 species in Australia. The center of biodiversity is South Africa with around 167 species. There are around 11 species on Madagascar and 5 on the Juan Fernández Islands .
Wahlenbergia adamsonii Lammers : This rare endemic occurs only in Pakhuis and Cederbergen in the Western Cape. Only two sites are known. It thrives in the fynbos on flat sites on sandstone slopes only above 1700 meters. These high-altitude locations were rated as not threatened in 2006.
Wahlenbergia adpressa (L. f.) Sond. : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia annularis A.DC. : It is distributed from Namibia to the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape. Varieties are used as ornamental plants .
Wahlenbergia bolusiana Schltr. & Brehmer : It only occurs in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia bowkeriae Sond. : It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia brachiata (Adamson) Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Limpopo.
Wahlenbergia brachycarpa Schltr. : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia brachyphylla (Adamson) Lammers : This rare endemic occurs only in Koue Bokkeveld in the South African province of Western Cape. It thrives in the fynbos on rocky mountain slopes, occasionally on sand. Only two sites are known; In 2006 it was assessed that they are not threatened by anything.
Wahlenbergia buseriana Schltr. & Brehmer : This rare endemic occurs only in Eksteenfontein in the North Cape. It thrives in the Succulent Karoo in shifting dunes . There are only five known sites in Namaqualand , but in 2008 it is believed that it was just not sufficiently collected.
Wahlenbergia calcarea (Adamson) Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia campanuloides (Delile) Vatke (Syn .: Cervicina campanuloides Delile , Wahlenbergia cervicina A.DC. nom. Illeg., Wahlenbergia elongata (Willd.) Schrad. Ex Roth , Wahlenbergia humifusa Markgr. , Wahlenbergia bernardii Leredde ): It is from Algeria widespreadacross Libya to Egypt , in Senegal and from Zambia to southern Africa; the southernmost locations are in the South African province of North Cape.
Wahlenbergia capensis (L.) A.DC. : It is common in the Western Cape Province of South Africa.
Wahlenbergia capillacea (L. f.) A.DC. : The two subspecies are widespread from Kenya to southern Africa.
Wahlenbergia capillaris (Lodd.) G.Don (Syn .: Campanula capillaris G.Lodd. , Wahlenbergia gracilis var. Capillaris (R.Br.) A.DC. , Wahlenbergia multicaulis var. Dispar N.E.Br. , Wahlenbergia communis Carolin ): It occurs in New Guinea and Australia.
Wahlenbergia capillata Brehmer : It occurs in the South African provinces of Free State and KwaZulu-Natal.
Wahlenbergia capillifolia E. Mey. ex Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia capitata (Baker) Thulin : It occurs from Uganda to southern tropical Africa.
Wahlenbergia congesta (Cheeseman) NEBr. : There are two subspecies, both of which are found on the South Island of New Zealand.
Wahlenbergia congestifolia Brehmer : It is widespread in Lesotho and in the South African provinces of the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.
Wahlenbergia constricta Brehmer. : Before 1945 three collections were made in the Olifants River valley and from Graafwater to Redelinghuys in the Western Cape. In 2008 the assumption was made that due to the strong expansion of agriculture in the area of distribution, this species must be endangered, but no further finds have been made since 1945.
Wahlenbergia cooperi Brehmer : It is widespread in Lesotho and in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia cordata (Adamson) Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia costata A.DC. : It occurs only in the South African province of North Cape.
Wahlenbergia cuspidata Brehmer (Syn .: Wahlenbergia dentifera Brehmer , Wahlenbergia furcata Brehmer ): It thrives in summer rain areas in the South African provinces of Free State, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.
Wahlenbergia debilis H.Buek : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia decipiens A.DC. : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia denudata A.DC. : It is common in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.
Wahlenbergia depressa J.M.Wood & MSEvans : It is common in Lesotho and in the South African provinces of Free State and Gauteng.
Wahlenbergia desmantha Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia dichotoma A.DC. (Syn .: Wahlenbergia parviflora A.DC. ): It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia dieterlenii (E.Phillips) Lammers : It is distributed in Lesotho and in the South African provinces of Free State, Gauteng and Northwest.
Wahlenbergia dilatata Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia distincta Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia divergens A.DC. : It occurs only in the South African province of North Cape.
Wahlenbergia doleritica Hilliard & BLBurtt : There are only three herbarium specimens of this endemic that were collected in Bushman's Nek and Sehlabathebe in KwaZulu-Natal. These high-altitude sites in grasslands in the Drakensberg are not threatened.
Wahlenbergia dunantii A.DC. : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia ecklonii H.Buek (Syn .: Wahlenbergia dregeana A.DC. , Wahlenbergia macra Schltr. & Brehmer , Wahlenbergia swellendamensis H.Buek , Wahlenbergia turbinata A.DC. ): It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia effusa (Adamson) Lammers : This endemic was collected only once in the Langeberg Mountains in the Western Cape and was first described in 1955.
Wahlenbergia huttonii (Sond.) Thulin : It is distributed from Burundi to southern Africa (for example in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga).
Wahlenbergia ingrata A.DC. : It occurs only in the South African province of North Cape.
Wahlenbergia juncea (H.Buek) Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia kowiensis R.A.Dyer : This rare species only thrives on the coast between Peddie and Alexandria in the Eastern Cape. Only four sites are known, but it is likely to occur in other parts of the coast. Coastal areas are adversely affected by human activities, but the sites of this species have been assessed as intact. It thrives in the “coastal Thornveld” and grasslands on sandy soils at altitudes of 30 to 200 meters.
Wahlenbergia krebsii Cham. : The two subspecies are distributed from Bioko to Ethiopia and southern Africa.
Wahlenbergia lasiocarpa Schltr. & Brehmer : It only occurs in the South African province of North Cape.
Wahlenbergia laxiflora (Sond.) Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia levynsiae Lammers : This endemic occurs only from Agulhas to Stilbaai in the Western Cape. It is only known from two localities. It thrives on a limestone plain. The habitats on the Agulhas Plain are continuously threatened.
Wahlenbergia lobelioides (L. f.) Link : There are three subspecies. They occur from the Mediterranean to the Arabian Peninsula and to Cameroon and Macaronesia.
Wahlenbergia lobata Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia lobulata Brehmer : It is common in Lesotho and in the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia longifolia (A.DC.) Lammers : There are two varieties only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia longisepala Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia lycopodioides Schltr. & Brehmer : It is distributed in Lesotho and in the South African provinces of Free State, Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Northwest and Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia macrostachys (A.DC.) Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia maculata Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia madagascariensis A.DC. (Syn .: Wahlenbergia oppositifolia A.DC. ): It is widespread from the southern tropical region to southern Africa and Madagascar. In South Africa, for example, it occurs in the eastern provinces of Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga.
Wahlenbergia magaliesbergensis Lammers : It is distributed in the northern South African provinces of Gauteng, Limpopo, Mpumalanga and the northwest.
Wahlenbergia melanops Goldblatt & JCManning : It was first described in 2015 from the Western Cape Province.
Wahlenbergia meyeri A.DC. : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia microphylla (Adamson) Lammers : There is only one collection of this endemic from the 1950s on the Agulhas plain. This site is threatened by invasive plant species.
Wahlenbergia minuta Brehmer : This rare endemic thrives only in the Namaqualand "Klipkoppe-Buschland". Its small area was rated as not threatened in 2006.
Wahlenbergia mollis Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia namaquana Sond. : There have been no collections of this endemic for about 70 years. The sites are in Namaqualand , Kamiesberg only in the North Cape. It may be that he is on private property in the Kamiesberg Mountains through overgrazing.
Wahlenbergia nana Brehmer : It occurs in Namibia and in the South African Free State province.
Wahlenbergia napiformis (A.DC.) Thulin : It occurs from the Central African Republic to Ethiopia and Namibia.
Wahlenbergia neorigida Lammers : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Northern and Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia neostricta Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia nodosa (H.Buek) Lammers : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Free State, Western, Northern and Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia obovata Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia oligantha Lammers : There have been no collections of this endemic for about 70 years. The sites are in the Langeberg Mountains in the Western Cape. It is possible that some of the herbarium specimens do not belong to this species.
Wahlenbergia oligotricha Schltr. & Brehmer : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia oocarpa Sond. : It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia orae Lammers (Syn .: Wahlenbergia littoralis Schltr. & Brehmer ): It occurs only in the South African province of Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia oxyphylla A.DC. (Syn .: Wahlenbergia steingroeveri Engl. ): It occurs in Namibia and in the South African provinces of the Northern and Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia pallidiflora Hilliard & BLBurtt : It occurs only in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal.
Wahlenbergia paludicola Thulin : It occurs from Cameroon to western Ethiopia and southern tropical Africa and also to Madagascar.
Wahlenbergia paniculata (L. f.) A.DC. : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia pilosa H.Buek : There are only a few collections of this endemic, some of which were probably wrongly determined, from the Olifants River Valley in the Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia pinifolia N.E.Br. : It occurs only in the South African province of KwaZulu-Natal.
Wahlenbergia pinnata Compton : It occurs in Louwsburg and the Forbes Reef in Swaziland and KwaZulu-Natal.
Wahlenbergia planiflora P.J.Sm. : There are two subspecies. They occur in Australia from southeast Queensland to Victoria.
Wahlenbergia polyantha Lammers : It thrives on sandy plains from Kleinmond to Knysna Western Cape. The stocks are declining due to habitat loss and degradation and invasive plants .
Wahlenbergia polyclada A.DC. (Syn .: Wahlenbergia pilosa A.DC. ): There are only two known collections from the time before 1945 that were collected in Klawer in West Africa.
Wahlenbergia polytrichifolia subsp. dracomontana Hilliard & BLBurtt : It is common in Lesotho and in the South African provinces of KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape.
Wahlenbergia polytrichifolia Schltr. subsp. polytrichifolia : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia riversdalensis Lammers : Only one site of this endemic is known at Garcia's Pass in the Langeberg Mountains. Invasive plant species lead to a continuous decline in the population. In the Red List of Threatened Plant Species, this species was rated “Critically Endangered” in 2006.
Wahlenbergia rivularis Diels (Syn .: Wahlenbergia tysonii Zahlbr. ): It is common in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga.
Wahlenbergia roelliflora Schltr. & Brehmer : It only occurs in the South African province of North Cape.
Wahlenbergia sphaerica Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia squamifolia Brehmer : It is widespread in Swaziland and in the South African provinces of Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo and Mpumalanga.
Wahlenbergia squarrosa Brehmer : It occurs only in the South African province of North Cape.
Wahlenbergia stellarioides Cham. : It occurs in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.
Wahlenbergia stricta (R.Br.) Sweet : It is distributed with two subspecies in eastern and south-eastern Australia.
Wahlenbergia subaphylla (Baker) Thulin : There are three subspecies. They occur from Tanzania to southern tropical Africa and Madagascar.
Wahlenbergia subulata var. Congesta (Adamson) WGWelman : From this endemic species is just one location at Cape Infanta in Western Cape known. This stock is endangered by the development of the coastal area and invasive plant species.
Wahlenbergia subulata (L'Hér.) Lammers var. Subulata : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia subulata var. Tenuifolia (Adamson) WGWelman : This endemic is only at the Franschhoek Pass and Hawaqua peak before the Western Cape. The species, which is naturally rare, was last collected in 1955.
Wahlenbergia subumbellata Markgr. : It is distributed from Namibia to the South African province of North Cape.
Wahlenbergia suffruticosa Cupido : It was named 2011 by CN Cupido in CAMPANULACEAE: A new species of Wahlenbergia from Western Cape, South Africa. first described in Bothalia , Volume 41, Issue 1, pp. 178-181. This endemic occurs only in Chatsworth near Malmesbury in the Western Cape. There is only one known locality with less than 50 flowering specimens. It thrives in the fynbos on a well-drained sand plain. The loss of habitat, mainly due to the expansion of agriculture, has been around 80% in this area over the past 75 years. It is estimated that the population will continue to decline. In the Red List of Endangered Plant Species, this species was rated as "Critically Endangered" = "threatened with extinction".
Wahlenbergia tetramera Thulin : This endemic only occurs in the central Drakensberg in KwaZulu-Natal. Only two sites are known, but it is not considered endangered. He is a habitat specialist on subalpine grasslands over basalt at altitudes of around 2200 meters.
Wahlenbergia thulinii Lammers : It occurs only in the South African province of Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia thunbergiana (H.Buek) Lammers : It is distributed from Namibia via the South African province of Northern Cape to Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia thunbergii var. Debilis (Sond.) B.Nord. (Syn .: Wahlenbergia uitenhagensis var. Debilis (Sond.) WGWelman ): It occurs in South Africa.
Wahlenbergia thunbergii var. Filifolia (Adamson) B.Nord. (Syn .: Wahlenbergia uitenhagensis var. Filifolia (Adamson) WGWelman ): This rare endemic occurs only from the Groot Winterhoek Mountains north of Uitenhage to almost Makhanda in the Eastern Cape. It is a habitat specialist in the Albany thicket on alluvial soils near rivers. Only five sites are known and the population seems to be decreasing (last survey 2007).
Wahlenbergia thunbergii (Schult.) B.Nord. var. thunbergii (Syn .: Wahlenbergia uitenhagensis (H.Buek) Lammers var. uitenhagensis ): It occurs in South Africa.
Wahlenbergia tumida Brehmer : It is only known from two collections from 1954 from the Bokkeveld strata and Vanrhynsdorp in the Northern and Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia umbellata (Adamson) Lammers : This endemic is only known from one site in the coastal sands of Lambert's Bay in the Western Cape. This habitat is threatened by development of the coastal area and potato fields.
Wahlenbergia undulata (L. f.) A.DC. : It is widespread from Tanzania to southern Africa and Madagascar.
Wahlenbergia unidentata (L. f.) Lammers : It occurs in the South African provinces of the Eastern and Western Cape.
Wahlenbergia upembensis Thulin : It occurs from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Zambia.
Wahlenbergia wyleyana Sond. : It occurs only in the South African province of North Cape.
swell
TG Lammers: Campanulaceae . In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The families and genera of vascular plants . Flowering Plants: Eudicots, Asterales. tapeVIII . Springer Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1 ( Wahlenbergia on p. 38 in the Google book search).
↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2016. ISBN 978-3-946292-10-4 . doi : 10.3372 / epolist2016 .
↑ a b c d e f
TG Lammers: Campanulaceae . In: Klaus Kubitzki (Ed.): The families and genera of vascular plants . Flowering Plants: Eudicots, Asterales. tapeVIII . Springer Verlag, 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-31050-1 ( Wahlenbergia on p. 38 in the Google book search).
^
Thomas G. Lammers: Transfer of the Southern African Species of Lightfootia, nom. illeg., to Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae, Campanuloideae). In: Taxon , Volume 44, Issue 3, 1995: JSTOR 1223403
Wahlenbergia on the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
further reading
MR Weslford, SD Johnson: Solitary and social bees as pollinators of Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae): single-visit effectiveness, overnight sheltering and responses to flower color. Arthropod - Plant Interactions , 2011. doi : 10.1007 / S11829-011-9149-0
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