Morris Janowitz

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Morris Janowitz (* 22. October 1919 in Paterson , New Jersey ; † 7 November in 1988 in Chicago , Illinois ) was an American sociologist and political scientist who made major contributions to sociological theory , the research on prejudice , on issues of urban development and Civil-military cooperation provided. He is considered to be the founder of military sociology , in which he mainly worked. However, he himself preferred the phrase "Armed Forces and Society".

Life

Janowitz comes from a family of Jewish descent from Poland who emigrated to the USA in 1905 . In his hometown he attended Eastside High School and studied from 1937 a. a. with Sidney Hook and Bruce Lannes Smith at Washington Square College, New York University (BA in Economics , 1941). During his student days, he studied the Chicago School of Sociology in depth . He worked on the War Communications Research Project of the Library of Congress (1941) and as a propaganda analyst in the Special War Policies Unit of the US Department of Justice in Washington, DC (1941–1943).

After the USA entered World War II , he was drafted into military service in the US Army in 1943 . After completing his basic training in 1943/44, he was transferred to the Research and Analysis Branch of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) in London. He then worked in the Psychological Warfare Department at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF). At the end of the war he interviewed German prisoners of war and published an article with Edward Shils . Initially committed as a private person, at the end of the war he held the rank of second lieutenant . In 1945 he was retired from active service and served as an intelligence analyst in the US Department of State . In 1947 he worked as a consultant for the President's Committee on Civil Rights, set up by US President Harry S. Truman .

In 1946 he began studying sociology at the University of Chicago as a Social Science Research Council (SSRC) Demobilization Fellow. From 1947 to 1948 he was an instructor in sociology and obtained a Ph.D. in Chicago in 1948. In 1951 he became an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. He arranged a meeting where u. a. Samuel P. Huntington , Maury D. Feld , Albert D. Biderman and Kurt Lang attended to discuss the possibilities of military sociology research. In 1953 he was appointed associate professor and in 1957 full professor. In 1954/55 he was a Fulbright fellow at the Institute for Social Research in Frankfurt am Main, in 1958/59 he was a fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford and in 1961/62 he was a Ford Foundation Visiting Professor at the Graduate School of Business from the University of Chicago, after which he went back to Chicago entirely. There he was a member of the Executive Committee of the Committee for Comparative Study of New Nations and founded a. a. the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society and the Center for Social Organization Studies. From 1967 to 1972 he was Dean of the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago. In 1972/73 he was Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions and Distinguished Professor at the University of Cambridge in England. During this time he was a Guggenheim fellow . In the 1970s he supported the Chicago 21 urban development plan in an advisory capacity. In 1986 he became the first holder of the SLA Marshall Chair at the US Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) in Alexandria , Virginia . He was also Lawrance A. Kimpton Distinguished-Service Professor of History, South Asian Languages ​​and Civilizations and the College in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago, where he retired in 1987.

Janowitz published numerous ( empirical ) studies u. a. to ethnic and racial prejudices , to collective behavior, to mass communication , to organizations , to elections and to social classes . He was long editor of the Heritage of Sociology Series at the University of Chicago Press . Above all, however, his attention was given to military sociology. The Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society (IUS) and the Armed Forces & Society magazine are considered his legacy .

He described himself as a Social Democrat , but was perceived as a conservative because of his field of work . However, he represented many liberal positions. a. for the control of handguns , for the freedom of speech for students, against the use of firearms in demonstrations and for the containment of military education of civilians. During the civil rights movement in the 1960s, he supported desegregation in schools. He also advocated civic engagement of adolescents in the form of military service or alternative service .

Janowitz was married to a born Shulenberger and had two children. His brother was the well-known gastroenterologist Henry D. Janowitz . Janowitz suffered from Parkinson's in old age and died at his home in Hyde Park , Illinois. At his own request, he was buried with military honors in Fort Sheridan , Illinois, after his death .

The Morris Janowitz Career Achievement Award has been presented since 2005.

Awards

  • 1980: Gordon J. Laing Prize from the University of Chicago's Board of University Publications for The Last Half Century: Societal Change and Politics in America
  • 1984: WEB Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship Major ASA Award

Memberships

Fonts (selection)

  • Dynamics of Prejudice (with Bruno Bettelheim , 1950)
  • The Community Press in an Urban Setting (1952)
  • Reader in Public Opinion and Communication (with Bernard R. Berelson , 1953)
  • Sociology and the Military Establishment (with Roger W. Little, 1959; new edition 1965) [Ger. Translation by Wilhelm Bierfelder & Axel Bremer, Military and Society, Boldt, Boppard 1965]
  • The Professional Soldier (1960)
  • Comparative Study of Juvenile Correctional Institutions (1961)
  • Community Political Systems (1961)
  • The Military in the Political Development of New Nations (1964)
  • Social Change and Prejudice (with Bruno Bettelheim, 1964)
  • Community Press in an Urban Setting (1967)
  • Institution Building in Urban Education (1969)
  • Political Conflict (1970)
  • On Military Intervention (ed. With Jacques van Doorn , 1971)
  • On Military Ideology (ed. With Jacques van Doorn, 1971)
  • Military Institutions and Coercion in the Developing Nations (1977)
  • The Last Half Century. Societal Change and Politics in America (1978)
  • Military Conflict (1978)
  • Social Control of the Welfare State (1980)
  • The Reconstruction of Patriotism (1983)

literature

Online encyclopedias

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d e Charles C. Moskos: Morris Janowitz (1919–1988) . In: Armed Forces & Society , Winter 1989, 15 (2), NP. doi : 10.1177 / 0095327X8901500201
  2. ↑ Werner J. Cahnman , Harriet Hartman: Sociology . In: Michael Berenbaum , Fred Skolnik (Ed.): Encyclopaedia Judaica . Volume 11, 2nd Edition, Macmillan Reference, Detroit 2007, pp. 728-737, here: p. 733.
  3. ↑ James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 3.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Glenn Fowler: Prof. Morris Janowitz Dead at 69; Specialized on Military in Society . In The New York Times , November 8, 1988.
  5. ↑ a b James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 5.
  6. ↑ a b c d e James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 6.
  7. ↑ James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 7.
  8. ↑ a b James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 9.
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 8.
  10. ↑ a b James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 13.
  11. ↑ James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 16.
  12. ↑ James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 2.
  13. ↑ James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 22.
  14. ↑ Kenan Heise: U. Of C. Sociology Prof Morris Janowitz, 69 . In: Chicago Tribune , Nov. 8, 1988, Section 2, p. 8.
  15. ↑ a b James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 1.
  16. ^ A b c Sociologist Morris Janowitz, known as 'Mayor of 57th St.' . In: Chicago Sun-Times , Nov. 8, 1988.
  17. ↑ James Burk: Introduction: A Pragmatic Sociology . In: ders. (Ed.): Morris Jannowitz: On Social Organization and Social Control . University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1991, pp. 1-56, here: p. 15.
  18. ↑ WEB Du Bois Career of Distinguished Scholarship ASA Award ( Memento of the original from November 20, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , American Sociological Association, accessed December 8, 2014. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.asanet.org
  19. ^ Member History: Morris Janowitz. American Philosophical Society, accessed October 12, 2018 .
personal data
SURNAME Janowitz, Morris
BRIEF DESCRIPTION American sociologist and political scientist
DATE OF BIRTH October 22, 1919
PLACE OF BIRTH Paterson , New Jersey
DATE OF DEATH November 7, 1988
Place of death Chicago , Illinois