Neustadt (Breuberg)

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Neustadt
City of Breuberg
Neustadt coat of arms
Coordinates: 49 ° 49 ′ 3 ″  N , 9 ° 2 ′ 6 ″  E
Height : 149 m above sea level NHN
Area : 6.48 km²
Residents : 1705  (Jul 2, 2013)
Population density : 263 inhabitants / km²
Incorporation : 1st October 1971
Postal code : 64747
Area code : 06165
Neustadt market square
Neustadt market square
Neustadt emerged as a castle settlement of the castle Breuberg above .

Neustadt , also Neustadt im Odenwald , is a district of Breuberg in the Odenwaldkreis in Hesse with around 1700 inhabitants . The place in the valley of the Mümling emerged after 1378 as a market and settlement for craftsmen and servants of the castle Breuberg .

location

Neustadt is located in the red sandstone area about 40 km (driving distance) east of Darmstadt or about 25 km southwest of Aschaffenburg at a height of about 150  m ; The federal highway 426 runs through the village .

history

City foundation

A certificate from Emperor Charles IV from 1378 is seen as the basis for the development of Neustadt into a town: The Emperor granted the Counts of Wertheim the right to hold a weekly market and two annual markets on Breuberg , as well as the high jurisdiction for these markets. In 1378 the city did not yet exist; a mention 1113 assigned to Neustadt in older publications refers to the Neustädter Hof near Eisenbach according to current knowledge . With the establishment of Neustadt, the Counts of Wertheim probably intended to create a minor city that had fewer rights than older city ​​foundations . Neustadt, with its convenient location in the valley compared to the castle on the mountain, should take on the function of a local market. In 1388 the place was first mentioned by name as Nuwenstaat . A wisdom from 1432 reports that the village of Arnheiten at the Arnheiter Hof , which still exists today, had previously been dissolved and the residents were relocated to Neustadt.

The planned development of Neustadt took place in a protected location between the Mümling and the slope of the Breuberg. This location limited the city's expansion possibilities, so that an elongated form of settlement developed. The first city expansion to the west of the small settlement center was fortified in 1621. The second city expansion in the first half of the 18th century took place to the east. In its beginnings, the city was shaped by craftsmen, some of whom worked part-time in agriculture; other residents guarded the castle. In 1480 around 20 families lived in Neustadt. A number of 35 households is given for 1553; 23 of them were artisans and 12 farmers.

15th to 18th century

Evangelical parish church

In 1409 a church in Neustadt called " Kapelle " is mentioned; possibly it was still under construction this year. In 1411 the place temporarily had its own pastor; later the pastor of Sandbach was also responsible for Neustadt. In 1414 the construction of a presumably stately bathing room was started, which after completion was also used by the Counts of Wertheim. Before 1473 a city ​​wall with an upper and a lower gate was built. According to the building inscription, the tower of the Protestant church was built in 1480; The church received its present form during a renovation in 1725.

After the introduction of the Reformation in 1524, a Lutheran school existed in Neustadt in 1589. In 1554 an infirmary and a Jewish cemetery , which no longer exist, were mentioned. The field names "Am Judenkirchhof" and "Am Judenkirchhofsrain" on the southern slope of the Breuberg indicate the location of the cemetery . A Jew was mentioned in Neustadt as early as 1437 .

During the Thirty Years' War between 1631 and 1635 the plague claimed numerous victims; at the same time the city was a refuge for the surrounding villages. By 1644 at the latest, the people of Neustadt were exempt from forced labor; as citizens of a town they had not been serfs since 1590 . During the wars of succession in the second half of the 17th and the first half of the 18th centuries, enemy troops had to pass through, which impaired the further development of the city.

From 1598 to 1806 the lordship of Breuberg was jointly owned by the Erbach-Schönberg and Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg houses . From 1636 Catholics began to settle in Neustadt again; they were mostly in the service of the Catholic House of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. In 1821 the Catholic parish of Neustadt was set up for the entire Breuberg rule and in 1849 a Catholic church was consecrated in the city.

19th century

District office building from 1840, later used as town hall

In 1806 the lordship of Breuberg became part of the Grand Duchy of Hesse . At that time Neustadt was the residence of officials and servants of the rulership as well as of craftsmen, some of whom were farming as a sideline. In 1837 the seat of the district administrator was moved from Breuberg to the city. In July 1874 the Neustadt district was integrated into the Erbach district . In addition, Neustadt lost other previous urban functions in the 19th century: These included the seat of a regional court , a district doctor , a pharmacy and the count's forestry office. The city gates were demolished in 1839 when the road through the Mümlingtal was expanded. In that year Neustadt had 935 inhabitants, including 83 Jews and 75 Catholics. There were seven butchers and five bakers in the city.

From 1830 Neustadt was characterized by the emigration of workers. Many residents of Neustadt worked as migrant workers from spring to autumn, especially in the construction industry; in winter they found employment as forest workers. The Odenwaldbahn, which opened in 1882, with its train station in neighboring Höchst, made it easier to reach workplaces in the industrial centers, so that more and more people working away from home returned to Neustadt on weekends. Women often emigrated to the surrounding cities, where they found employment as maids . In addition , many residents of Neustadt emigrated , especially to the United States . In 1895 the number of inhabitants reached a low of 726. The lack of arable land and the problems of the craftsmen in the city also contributed to the decline in the number of inhabitants; the latter were exposed to increasing competition from industrial products. In 1903 a central drinking water supply with house connections went into operation; in April 1921 it was connected to the power grid.

The Jewish community of Neustadt , which was established in the 18th century, maintained a synagogue , which was established after 1830 and before 1844, a religious school and a mikveh , a ritual bath. In 1861 83 people from Neustadt (9.6% of 865 inhabitants) were of Jewish faith; In 1910 their number had dropped to 39 (4.9% of 798 inhabitants).

20th century

The opening of the railway line from Aschaffenburg to Höchst in 1912 made it easier for industry to settle in the Mümlingtal: as early as 1906, a rubber works of the Veithwerke was opened in neighboring Sandbach. In 1922, a second rubber factory was built, which was located in the Sandbach district directly on the border with Neustadt. A fruit dispatch opened at Neustädter Bahnhof in 1915, from which a canning factory, the Odenwald Konserven , emerged in 1956 . With the global economic crisis in the early 1930s, the commuting of Neustadt workers ended; mostly they found work in the rubber works.

During the Weimar Republic , Neustadt developed into a stronghold of the KPD, in contrast to the surrounding communities, in which the SPD dominated . The communists always received a relative majority in the elections from 1921 to 1932, with the bourgeois parties having a narrow absolute majority. The political scientist Georg Fülberth explains the successes of the KPD with the function of Neustadt as a workers' community and the poverty of the city, since the trade tax income of the rubber works flowed to the neighboring Sandbach. The KPD's success can also be traced back to the “profile of the local leading left personalities”, some of whom were known locally as athletes, others had gained experience with the KPD as migrant workers or took part in strikes. Fülberth also refers to the importance of club life : as early as 1900, a workers 'singing and a workers' gymnastics club had been set up to differentiate them from the bourgeois clubs . The football team that was formed in 1925 met with great interest, especially among younger people, and led to a radical change among sports clubs. The footballers joined the workers' sports club, but were "politically relatively indifferent" compared to the club management. For recruiting young people to the political camps, sport was of the greatest importance, said Fülberth.

After the transfer of power to the National Socialists, the workers' associations were banned. The KPD municipal councils were excluded; the mayor joined the NSDAP . In 1935 five people from Neustadt were arrested for supporting the KPD, which continued to work illegally. Those arrested were to prison - convicted or imprisonment, after they have served them partly in concentration camps were detained. The work of the KPD probably came to a standstill with the arrests. During the November pogrom in 1938 , a Jewish shop was robbed. The synagogue had been rented to the city since 1928. After the city bought it in June 1938, it was demolished in 1940 because it was in disrepair. In March 1942 the last eight Jews living in Neustadt were deported and later murdered. In 1933 the number of Jews in the area was 20 (2.2% of 887 inhabitants). During the Second World War , the Frankfurt-based company Flugzeugbau Max Gerner relocated the repair of Bf 109 aircraft to Neustadt and Sandbach. Both the company and individual farmers employed forced laborers .

In March 1945 American troops occupied Neustadt. The occupying power installed a communist as mayor and dissolved all previous associations. Only the establishment of the culture and sports community Neustadt i O (KSG) was approved; the KSG chairman belonged to the KPD as well as the chairman of the local DGB cartel. In the municipal council elections in 1946 and 1948 , the KPD Hessen achieved an absolute majority; in federal and state elections, the SPD replaced the KPD as the strongest party in 1950. In July 1947, Franz Brunner (KPD) was elected mayor. The main problems facing the city in the post-war period included the accommodation of displaced persons and the restoration of the infrastructure, especially the water supply. The city took part in initiatives to preserve Breuberg Castle, which led to the foundation of the Breuberg Association in 1947 . The construction of the morgue as well as the reforestation of the community forest was carried out by the citizens themselves. In 1950 Neustadt had 1254 inhabitants, 196 of whom were displaced.

After the KPD ban in August 1956, the non-partisan Neustadt Citizens' Block (ÜBN) was formed, which won over 60% of the votes in the 1956 local elections . Mayor Brunner was re-elected. Four days before the local elections in 1960 , the Hessian Ministry of the Interior banned the ÜBN as an unconstitutional replacement organization of the KPD on October 19. According to the reasons for the prohibition, several members of the KPD were running on the ÜBN list, including Mayor Brunner; in addition, Brunner took part in a conference in the GDR in March 1959 . The Federal Constitutional Court rejected an injunction against the ban requested by the Protestant pastor Neustadt , as it was not responsible. In the election, over 30% of the votes were invalid; Most of the votes were achieved by the non-party voter community , which from then on provided the mayor with Erich Tilly.

In the 1960s, the city completed the sewer system and further expanded the water supply to meet the needs of the canning factory. The “New Quarter” to the west of the city center, which was built in the 1950s, was also expanded. A multi-purpose hall was built for the clubs, and the new Steigersfeld building area was developed in the south, separated from the city center. In 1968 it was decided to move the Mümling to the south, thereby reducing the risk of flooding and creating expansion options for the rubber works. In 1971 the number of inhabitants had risen to 1,595.

In the course of administrative reform in Hesse , the neighboring community was on December 31, 1970 Rai-Breitenbach voluntarily incorporated . On October 1, 1971 , the city of Neustadt (in the Odenwald) and the communities of Hainstadt , Sandbach and Wald-Amorbach voluntarily merged to form the city of Breuberg.

traffic

The district was by the railway line Aschaffenburg-maximum (Odenwald) with the breakpoint Neustadt (Odenw) to the regional rail connected.

Since closure of the route of the closest is the station maximum (Odenw) at the Odenwaldbahn .

literature

  • Hans H. Weber (Ed.): 600 years of the city on Breuberg. Building blocks for a history of the city of Breuberg. Breuberg 1978.
  • Georg Fülberth: Neustadt im Odenwald in the last seven decades of his independence 1900–1971. Neuthor-Verlag, Michelstadt 1987, ISBN 3-88758-021-4 .
  • Traugott Hartmann: Neustadt. 630 years of the city under the Breuberg 1378–2008. From the Burgmannensiedlung to the district town. Breuberg City Archives, Breuberg 2009.

Web links

Commons : Neustadt (Breuberg)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Telephone inquiries about the number of residents HW in the city of Breuberg at the residents' registration office as of July 2, 2013
  2. ↑ On the founding of the city see Hans H. Weber: The basics of the development of Neustadt to the city. In: Hans H. Weber, 600 Years , pp. 15–28.
  3. ↑ Heinz Reitz: Spatial development of the settlement parts. In: Hans H. Weber, 600 Years , pp. 85–90, here pp. 86f.
  4. ^ Winfried Wackerfuß: Cultural, economic and social history of the Odenwald in the 15th century. The oldest accounts for the Counts of Wertheim in the Breuberg rule (1409–1484). Breuberg-Bund, Breuberg-Neustadt 1991, ISBN 3-922903-04-5 , p. 60ff.
  5. ^ Hans H. Weber: Overview of the history of the city of Breuberg. In: Hans H. Weber, 600 Years , pp. 56–77, here p. 66.
  6. ↑ a b Wackerfuß, cultural, economic and social history , p. 55.
  7. ^ Karl Römhild: The churches around the Breuberg. In: Hans H. Weber, 600 Years , pp. 120–135, here p. 121.
  8. ^ Weber, overview , p. 66ff.
  9. ↑ Thomas Geibel: On the history of the Jews in Neustadt. In: Hans H. Weber, 600 Years , pp. 136–165, here pp. 136f.
  10. ^ Weber, overview , pp. 68ff.
  11. ^ Weber, overview , pp. 73f; Römhild, Kirchen , p. 126.
  12. ↑ Reitz, Entwicklung , pp. 87f.
  13. ↑ Hartmann, 630 years , p. 8, 11.
  14. ↑ Fülberth, Neustadt , p. 12ff.
  15. ↑ Hartmann, 630 years , pp. 27, 30.
  16. ^ A b Neustadt im Odenwald (City of Breuberg, Odenwaldkreis): Jewish history / synagogue near Alemannia Judaica . (Accessed May 20, 2011).
  17. ↑ Fülberth, Neustadt , p. 34.
  18. ↑ Füllberth, Neustadt , p. 25.
  19. ↑ Fülberth, Neustadt , p. 22.
  20. ↑ Fülberth, Neustadt , p. 42f.
  21. ↑ Hartmann, 630 years , p. 31.
  22. ↑ Fülberth, Neustadt , p. 44.
  23. ↑ Fülberth, Neustadt , p. 47ff.
  24. ^ Fülberth, Neustadt , p. 57.
  25. ^ Explanation of the prohibition in the facsimile at Fülberth, Neustadt , p. 65ff.
  26. ↑ Fülberth, Neustadt , pp. 71f.
  27. ^ Fülberth, Neustadt , pp. 73ff.
  28. ^ Incorporation of the community of Rai-Breitenbach into the city of Neustadt in the district of Erbach on December 10, 1970 . In: The Hessian Minister of the Interior (Ed.): State Gazette for the State of Hesse. 1970 No. 52 , p. 2447 , point 2467 ( online at the information system of the Hessian state parliament [PDF; 4.8 MB ]).
  29. ^ Federal Statistical Office (ed.): Historical municipality directory for the Federal Republic of Germany. Name, border and key number changes in municipalities, counties and administrative districts from May 27, 1970 to December 31, 1982 . W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart / Mainz 1983, ISBN 3-17-003263-1 , p. 357 .
  30. ^ Heinrich Böhm: The city of Breuberg since its existence. In: Hans H. Weber, 600 Jahre , pp. 91–119, here p. 91.