Parliamentary election in the Netherlands 2017
The 2017 parliamentary elections in the Netherlands took place on March 15, 2017. The 150 members of the Second Chamber were elected .
After the election, the strongest party was the conservative - liberal Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD) of Prime Minister Mark Rutte with 21.3% of the vote . Geert Wilders and his right-wing populist Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) were the second strongest party with 13.1%. The turnout was 81.9%, 7.3 percentage points higher than in the last election in 2012.
For a long time, the polls had predicted a clear victory for the opposition and EU-skeptical one-man party PVV led by Geert Wilders, which at the height of the refugee crisis in Europe at the end of 2015 and the beginning of 2016 achieved over 40 seats in some polls and a lead of 20 seats across from the right-wing liberal VVD of Prime Minister Mark Rutte.
In the course of 2016, however, a head-to-head race developed between Rutte and Wilders, with Rutte being seen more and more frequently in front. It is suspected, among other things, a connection with the beginning of the presidency of Donald Trump in the United States, which was regularly praised by Wilders, but is unpopular with many Dutch.
A few days before the election, the pollsters predicted a relatively clear victory for Mark Rutte and the VVD, as Rutte's appearance in the diplomatic crisis with Turkey was viewed positively. Behind VVD and PVV, four parties were consistently and relatively on par in the surveys. These were the left-wing parties Democrats 66 (D66), GroenLinks (GL) and Socialist Partij (SP) as well as the center-right-oriented Christians Democratisch Appèl (CDA). The Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA), which had competed for the office of Prime Minister in the previous elections and had been a coalition partner of the VVD in the government since 2012, was forecast in surveys that a massive loss of seats of up to 30 seats was forecast.
After the election, the VVD was the strongest party with 21.3% of all votes and 33 seats in the Second Chamber, despite significant losses. The VVD thus lost eight seats, but was surprisingly well ahead of the PVV, which was the second strongest force with 13.1% of the votes cast and received 20 seats, which corresponds to an increase of five seats compared to 2012.
Close behind were CDA with 12.4% and D66 with 12.2%, both of which are represented with 19 seats each in the Second Chamber. GroenLinks and SP each achieved 14 seats with 9.1% each. The GroenLinks party was also the largest election winner, with ten seats won and its result tripled.
The biggest loser in the election was the PvdA, which lost votes to practically all other parties. With 5.7% of the vote and only nine seats, the party suffered its worst result ever.
The ChristenUnie (CU) and the Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP) kept their share of the vote compared to the 2012 election and moved into the second chamber with five and three seats respectively. The Partij voor de Dieren (PvdD) was previously represented with two seats, made it again and won three additional seats. The 50PLUS party gained two seats and is now represented with four seats.
Denk (three seats) is a party that wants to campaign against discrimination and is mainly supported by people of Turkish origin. By splitting off from the PvdA, there was a corresponding parliamentary group since 2014. Really new to the Chamber is the EU-skeptical Forum voor Democratie party (two seats).
Based on the election results, a government could only be formed by a coalition between at least four parties. Like most of the other parties, the VVD, which was entrusted with forming a government, ruled out any cooperation with the PVV. From 2010 to 2017 only two parties were represented in the government, before coalitions of three parties were frequent. In October 2017, VVD, CDA, D66 and CU agreed on the formation of the Rutte III cabinet .
Electoral system
The 150 seats in the Second Chamber are distributed proportionally among the parties according to the nationwide number of votes using the D'Hondt procedure . List combinations (in the electoral law they are called list combinations) are possible.
Within a list connection, the seats are allocated according to the Hare-Niemeyer method . All parties that receive at least 1/150 of the votes (approx. 0.67%) take part in the distribution of seats.
To the starting position
In the 2012 election , the right-wing liberal VVD ( Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie ) with its top candidate Mark Rutte received the most votes in front of the social democratic PvdA ( Partij van de Arbeid ) around Diederik Samson .
The right-wing populist PVV ( Partij voor de Vrijheid ) received a third fewer votes and ended up just ahead of the SP ( Socialist Partij ) and the CDA ( Christen Democratisch Appèl ). The CDA was still the strongest party in 2006, lost its approval as in 2010 and received the worst result in its history.
D66 ( Democrats 66 ), the ChristenUnie and the SGP ( Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij ) roughly maintained their results, while the GroenLinks party achieved the worst result in its history (2.33% after 6.67% in 2010 and 4.60% in 2006) . The Partij voor de Dieren and the 50PLUS party also moved into the Second Chamber.
The party leader of GroenLinks, Jolande Sap , resigned after the election. Mark Rutte (VVD) formed a coalition between VVD and PvdA and was appointed the new Prime Minister.
Candidacies
Parties can vote in their name if they are in the party register kept by the Dutch electoral authority ( Kiesraad ) or if they have applied to be included in this register no later than the 86th day before the election (December 19, 2016). 81 parties can participate in the election on March 15, 2017. Lists without party name can also be submitted. The lists of candidates were submitted on January 30, 2017. Newcomers to the election or who did not win a mandate in the last election had to pay a deposit of € 11,250 and provide 30 support signatures per constituency. The deposit will be returned if the party receives at least 0.5% of the vote.
On February 3, a total of 28 parties were allowed to vote, 16 of them running in all 20 constituencies. Another four parties ran everywhere except in the BES Islands . The eligible parties appeared in this order and with the following party names on the ballot papers:
list | Political party | Top candidate lijsttrekker |
2012 result | Seats Feb 2017 |
Number of constituency lists |
comment | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Share of votes (%) |
Seats | ||||||
1. | VVD | Mark Rutte | 26.58 | 41 | 40 | 20th | |
2. | Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) | Lodewijk Asscher | 24.84 | 38 | 35 | 20th | List connection with GroenLinks |
3. | PVV ( Partij voor de Vrijheid ) | Geert Wilders | 10.08 | 15th | 12 | 20th | |
4th | SP ( Socialist Party ) | Emile Roemer | 9.65 | 15th | 15th | 20th | |
5. | CDA | Sybrand van Haersma Buma | 8.51 | 13 | 13 | 20th | |
6th | Democrats 66 (D66) | Alexander Pechtold | 8.03 | 12 | 12 | 20th | |
7th | ChristenUnie | Gert-Jan Segers | 3.13 | 5 | 5 | 20th | List connection with SGP |
8th. | GROENLINKS | Jesse Klaver | 2.33 | 4th | 4th | 20th | List connection with PvdA |
9. | State-certified Gereformeerde Partij (SGP) | Kees van der Staaij | 2.09 | 3 | 3 | 20th | List connection with ChristenUnie |
10. | Partij voor de Dieren | Marianne Thieme | 1.93 | 2 | 2 | 20th | |
11. | 50PLUS | Henk Krol | 1.88 | 2 | 1 | 20th | |
12. | OndernemersPartij | Hero Brinkman | 20th | The leading candidate is a former member of the PVV. | |||
13. | VNL ( VoorNederland ) | Jan Roos | 2 | 20th | Emerged from splitting off from the PVV faction. | ||
14th | THINK | Tunahan Kuzu | 2 | 20th | Emerged from splitting off from the PvdA parliamentary group. | ||
15th | NIEUWE WEGEN | Alfred Oosenbrug | 1 | 20th | Emerged from splitting off from the PvdA parliamentary group. | ||
16. | Forum voor Democratie | Thierry Baudet | 20th | ||||
17th | De Burger Moving | Ad Vlems | 19th | ||||
18th | Vrijzinnige Partij | Norbert Klein | 1 | 19th | Emerged from splitting off from 50PLUS parliamentary group. | ||
19th | GeenPeil | Jan Dijkgraaf | 19th | Founded on the initiative of the blog geenstijl.nl. | |||
20th | Pirate party | Ancilla van de Leest | 0.32 | 19th | |||
21st | article 1 | Sylvana Simons | 18th | ||||
22nd | Rivet stemmers | Peter Plasman | 16 | ||||
23. | Libertarian Party (LP) | Robert Valentine | 0.05 | 16 | |||
24. | Lokaal in de Kamer | Jan Heijman | 16 | ||||
25th | JEZUS LEEFT | Florens van der Spek | 7th | ||||
26th | StemNL | Mario van den Eijnde | 9 | ||||
27. | MenS en Spirit / Basic incomes Partij / VR | Tara-Joëlle Fonk | 0.19 | 2 | List of three different parties | ||
28. | Vrije Democratische Partij | Burhan Gökalp | 2 |
The candidate on the first list position of a party ( Lijsttrekker ) leads them politically. Prime Minister Mark Rutte ran again as the top candidate of the VVD. The top candidates from PVV, SP, CDA, D66, SGP, Partij voor de Dieren and 50Plus were also the same as in 2012. Lijsttrekker of the co-governing PvdA became Deputy Prime Minister Lodewijk Asscher on December 9, 2016 . In a member survey it received 54.5%; the (then) group chairman Diederik Samsom 45.5%.
In the run-up to the election, the polls and the possible performance of the PVV ( Partij voor de Vrijheid ) by Geert Wilders received the most attention and comment internationally . The PVV is characterized by its critics as “right-wing populist”, “anti-Islamic”, xenophobic and anti-European - attributions that Wilders and his supporters reject.
Survey
Polls in the Netherlands are given by most polling institutes not in terms of the percentage result for the party, but in the number of seats for the party to which they are entitled according to the percentage result. A few institutes (mainly Ipsos) also publish percentage results in addition to seat forecasts.
course
While Geert Wilders' PVV was in the lead in the polls for a long time, at the height of the refugee crisis in Europe at the end of 2015 with up to 42 seats and about 20 seats ahead, its approval ratings decreased in the weeks before the election and it slipped to the second place behind Prime Minister Mark Rutte's ruling party VVD.
The reason for this was partly assumed that this could be related to the VVD's declaration to categorically exclude any coalition with Wilders. Wilders supporters might therefore wonder whether it makes sense to vote for a party that will definitely remain in the opposition. During the election campaign, Wilders was also noticed by controversial statements against Moroccan immigrants, some of which he described as "scum". Many Dutch responded negatively to the praise Wilders had expressed for US President Donald Trump . Trump is not very popular in the Netherlands.
The VVD received a boost in forecasts just before the election. It is assumed that there is a connection with Mark Rutte's behavior in the diplomatic crisis with Turkey . This is accompanied by a clear loss in surveys for the PVV, which was only the fourth strongest force in a survey the day before the election. The polls on the day before the election differ, however, in some cases drastically. Only the VVD is seen by all opinion researchers as the relatively clear strongest force.
The institutes unanimously also forecast extreme losses (25 to 29 seats) for the coalition partner of the VVD in the government, the PvdA. According to surveys, these losses as well as the losses on the part of VVD (12 to 17) are distributed among almost all other parties, all of whom could count on profits. In addition to the PVV and the center-right CDA, the left-wing GroenLinks and the center-oriented D66 also benefited, with some double-digit gains.
Last polls before the election
date | Institute | VVD | PvdA | PVV | SP | CDA | D66 | CU | GL | SGP | PvdD | 50+ | Other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
03/15/2017 | choice | 33 | 9 | 20th | 14th | 19th | 19th | 5 | 14th | 3 | 5 | 4th | 3 D , 2 F |
03/14/2017 | Kantar TNS NIPO | 27 | 11 | 23 | 15th | 20th | 18th | 6th | 14th | 3 | 4th | 6th | 2 D , 1 F |
03/14/2017 | Ipsos | 29 | 9 | 20th | 15th | 23 | 18th | 5 | 15th | 4th | 4th | 5 | 1 D , 1 F , 1 V |
03/14/2017 | Bearing | 27 | 9 | 24 | 13 | 22nd | 15th | 5 | 18th | 3 | 4th | 4th | 3 D , 3 F |
03/14/2017 | I&O Research | 27 | 12 | 16 | 14th | 19th | 20th | 6th | 20th | 3 | 5 | 4th | 2 D , 2 F |
03/13/2017 | Bearing | 27 | 9 | 24 | 14th | 21st | 16 | 5 | 19th | 3 | 4th | 4th | 2 D , 2 F |
03/13/2017 | I&O Research | 24 | 13 | 20th | 14th | 17th | 18th | 5 | 20th | 3 | 6th | 4th | 3 D , 2 F , 1 V |
03/13/2017 | De Stemming | 24 | 10 | 24 | 16 | 21st | 16 | 7th | 16 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 1 D , 1 P , 1 F |
09/12/2012 | choice | 41 | 38 | 15th | 15th | 13 | 12 | 5 | 4th | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
Older polls | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results
Seats 2017 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
VVD | 33 (- | 8)|||
PVV | 20 (+ | 5)|||
CDA | 19 (+ | 6)|||
D66 | 19 (+ | 7)|||
GL | 14 (+10) | |||
SP | 14 (- | 1)|||
PvdA | 9 (-29) | |||
CU | 5 (± | 0)|||
PvdD | 5 (+ | 3)|||
50PLUS | 4 (+ | 2)|||
SGP | 3 (± | 0)|||
Think | 3 (+ | 3)|||
FvD | 2 (+ | 2)|||
Distribution of mandates in 2017, compared to the 2012 election |
The official result was established on March 21, 2017. This gives the following result nationwide:
Political party | 2012 | 2017 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
be right | % | Seats | be right | % | +/- | Seats | +/- | % | ||
Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD) | 2,504,948 | 26.6 | 41 | 2,238,351 | 21.3 | 5.3 | 33 | 8 | 22.00 | |
Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) | 950.263 | 10.1 | 15th | 1,372,941 | 13.1 | 3.0 | 20th | 5 | 13.33 | |
Christians Democratic Appèl (CDA) | 801.620 | 8.5 | 13 | 1,301,796 | 12.4 | 3.9 | 19th | 6 | 12.67 | |
Democrats 66 (D66) | 757.091 | 8.0 | 12 | 1,285,819 | 12.2 | 4.2 | 19th | 7 | 12.67 | |
GroenLinks | 219,896 | 2.3 | 4th | 959,600 | 9.1 | 6.8 | 14th | 10 | 9.33 | |
Socialist Party (SP) | 909.853 | 9.7 | 15th | 955.633 | 9.1 | 0.6 | 14th | 1 | 9.33 | |
Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA) | 2,340,750 | 24.8 | 38 | 599,699 | 5.7 | 19.1 | 9 | 29 | 6.00 | |
ChristenUnie | 294,586 | 3.1 | 5 | 356.271 | 3.4 | 0.3 | 5 | 3.33 | ||
Partij voor de Dieren (PvdD) | 182.162 | 1.9 | 2 | 335.214 | 3.2 | 1.3 | 5 | 3 | 3.33 | |
50PLUS (50+) | 177,631 | 1.9 | 2 | 327.131 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 4th | 2 | 2.67 | |
State-certified Gereformeerde Partij (SGP) | 196.780 | 2.1 | 3 | 218,950 | 2.1 | 3 | 2.00 | |||
THINK | - | - | - | 216.147 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 3 | 3 | 2.00 | |
Forum voor Democratie | - | - | - | 187.162 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2 | 2 | 1.34 | |
VoorNederland (VNL) | - | - | - | 38.209 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Pirate Party (PPNL) | 30,600 | 0.3 | 0 | 35,478 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.00 | |||
article 1 | - | - | - | 28,700 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Nieuwe ways | - | - | - | 14,362 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
OndernemersPartij | - | - | - | 12,570 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Lokaal in de Kamer | - | - | - | 6,858 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Rivet stemmers | - | - | - | 6,025 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
De Burger Moving | - | - | - | 5,221 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
GeenPeil | - | - | - | 4,945 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Jezus Leeft | - | - | - | 3,099 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Vrijzinnige Partij | - | - | - | 2,938 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Libertarian Party (LP) | 4.163 | 0.0 | 0 | 1,492 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
MenS en Spirit Basic incomes Partij / VR | 18,310 | 0.2 | 0 | 726 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Stem NL | - | - | - | 527 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Vrije Democratische Partij | - | - | - | 177 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Others 2012 | 35,582 | 0.4 | 0 | - | - | 0.4 | - | 0.00 | ||
Overall valid | 9,424,235 | 100.0 | 150 | 10,516,041 | 100.0 | 150 | 100.00 |
Turnout and Quota
2012 | 2017 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
be right | percent | be right | percent | |
Eligible voters | 12,689,810 | 12,893,466 | ||
Voters | 9,462,223 | 74.57 | 10,563,456 | 81.9 |
Invalid votes | 20,984 | 0.22 | 31,539 | 0.30 |
Blank ballot papers | 17.004 | 0.18 | 15,876 | 0.15 |
Valid votes | 9,424,235 | 99.6 | 10,516,041 | 99.55 |
Quota | 62,829 | - | 70.107 | - |
Government formation
On March 16, the former health minister Edith Schippers (VVD) was appointed by the chairman of the Second Chamber Khadija Arib as "connoisseur" (ndl. For explorers ) and then by the chamber as an informator to discuss the possibilities with the leaders of the largest parliamentary groups to explore the formation of a new government coalition. On March 29th, Schippers began to consult with representatives from VVD, CDA, D66 and GroenLinks about the formation of a four-party coalition. On May 15, she officially announced that the negotiations on the issue of immigration had stalled and announced a final report. After a discussion on its first final report, the Chamber renewed the contract for Schippers on May 17th. However, when the variant VVD, CDA, D66 and ChristenUnie, which she was now considering, was rejected in bilateral negotiations between the latter two parties, Schippers again submitted a final report on May 29, which declared the formation of a majority coalition to be currently unrealizable and recommended that Herman Tjeenk Willink (PvdA) be appointed as the new informator , who had already taken on this role in previous government formations.
On June 12, 2017, Willink announced in its interim report that a second attempt to form a coalition with VVD, CDA, D66 and GroenLinks had also failed. After his attempt to bring together other constellations was unsuccessful, he submitted his final report on June 27th, whereupon Gerrit Zalm (VVD) was appointed as the new informator on June 28th. He tried to form a coalition with VVD, CDA, D66 and ChristenUnie. At the end of August he made a statement that he did not expect the formation of a new cabinet before Prinsjesdag , i.e. September 19, 2017.
After all, it took until October 10, 2017, three and a half months alone, until Zalm was able to publish his final report and representatives of the four parties announced their intention to form a government. Their program includes, among other things, lowering corporate income tax for companies and income tax , as well as greater tax incentives for families with children. The defense budget is to be increased by one and a half billion euros. This is to be financed by an increase in value added tax, a reduction in the tax deductibility of mortgage interest, reduced benefits for asylum seekers and the newly introduced environmental and financial transfer taxes. A phase-out of the generation of electricity from coal is to be implemented by 2030. As a result, Mark Rutte was tasked with forming a government on October 12th and concluded the negotiations on October 25th with his final report, so that he and his Rutte III cabinet were sworn in by King Willem-Alexander on October 26th . At 225 days, the government formation phase is considered to be the longest in the Netherlands since World War II. The government has 76 members of parliament and the opposition has 74 seats.
See also
- Dutch parliamentary elections 2010 → Rutte I cabinet
- Dutch parliamentary elections 2012 → Rutte II cabinet
- Political parties in the Netherlands
- Political system of the Netherlands
Web links
- zeit.de: Despite the upswing, the Dutch are frustrated
- Friso Wielenga (interview after the election): "Don't make populists bigger than they are"
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Kerngegevens Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2017 , Kiesraad. Accessed March 30, 2017 (PDF; 715 kB)
- ↑ FAZ.net November 8, 2016: Problems are seething beneath the surface
- ↑ Paul Lucardie: The party system of the Netherlands . In: Oskar Niedermayer, Richard Stöss, Melanie Haas (eds.): The party systems of Western Europe . 1st edition. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2006, p. 581 .
- ↑ Uitslag Verkiezing leden Tweede Kamer on September 12, 2012 ( Memento of the original from October 31, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF)
- ↑ 81 parties in de race voor 150 Kamerzetels. nos.nl, December 22, 2016, accessed March 4, 2017 (Dutch).
- ↑ (10 in the constituency of the Caribbean Netherlands )
- ↑ candidate list Tweede Kamerverkiezing 2017 definitely. February 14, 2017, accessed March 4, 2017 (Dutch, Final Lists).
- ↑ Fracties. Second Chamber of the States General, accessed March 5, 2017 (Dutch).
- ↑ Europe Elects on Twitter . In: Twitter . ( twitter.com [accessed March 12, 2017]).
- ↑ Wilders loses in election polls. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 1, 2017, accessed on March 5, 2017 .
- ↑ Wilders party loses approval. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, February 22, 2017, accessed on March 5, 2017 .
- ↑ Claus Hecking: In the Trump trap. Der Spiegel, March 2, 2017, accessed March 5, 2017 .
- ↑ Nieuwe Peiling, Rutte profiteert van turkije rel , on demorgen.be, accessed on March 14, 2017.
- ↑ http://opiniepanel.eenvandaag.nl/uitslagen/72123/de_stemming_pvv_verliest_voorsprong_vvd_nadert?autoplay=1
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2017-02-05b.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2017-02-05b.pdf
- ↑ http://opiniepanel.eenvandaag.nl/uitslagen/71789/eenvandaag_lanceert_nieuwe_peiling_app_voor_de_stemming
- ↑ http://www.electograph.com/2016/12/the-netherlands-december-2016-ipsos.html
- ↑ www.ioresearch.nl December 28, 2016: PVV stijgt door; GroenLinks largest op on the left
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-07-10.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-07-03.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-06-26.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-06-19.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-06-12b.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-06-05.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-05-29.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-05-22b.pdf
- ↑ https://www.noties.nl/v/get.php?a=peil.nl&s=weekpoll&f=2016-05-15.pdf
- ^ Parlement & politiek: Formatie mislukt; migratie stuikelblok , as seen on May 18, 2017.
- ↑ a b Kabinetsformatie: Eindverslag informateur Schippers: 'Moving is mogelijk' , seen on June 6, 2017.
- ↑ FAZ.net: The Netherlands on hold
- ↑ Parlement & politiek: Informateur Zalm: geen nieuw kabinet voor Prinsjesdag , seen on September 6, 2017.
- ^ Peter Mühlbauer: Netherlands: coalition of four of economic liberals, left-wing liberals, Catholics and Calvinists. Telepolis, October 11, 2017, accessed the same day.
- ↑ Claus Hecking: The alliance of dubious records. Spiegel Online, October 10, 2017, accessed on the same day.