Penis of man

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In addition to the scrotum, the human penis is one of the male's external sexual organs . In terms of its anatomy, it is a typical mammalian penis . The penis is the male reproductive organ and also serves to excrete urine . During the development of the sexual organs, the man's penis, like the woman's clitoris, emerges from the genital hump . Unlike most mammals and primates, the human penis does not have a penis bone .

anatomy

Male genital organs in cross section
External anatomical structures of the human penis:
A = glans ( glans penis )
B = penile shaft ( Corpus penis )
C = frenulum ( frenulum praeputii )
D = external urethral meatus ( meatus uretrae externus )
E = glans edge ( Corona glandis )
F = foreskin (prepuce)
G = scrotum (scrotum)
H = anus ( anus )
I =
fusion seam ( raphe perinei )
5 = picture 5 shows a drop of pleasure ( pre-ejaculate )

The area of ​​origin is called the penis root (radix penis) . It is attached to the pelvis by muscles and ligaments . The subsequent penis (corpus penis) goes into the front end of the glans ( glans penis over). So-called horn tips , which are not a disease, are often found on the glans .

The glans is surrounded by the protective penis foreskin (Praeputium penis) . This has a fold of skin on the underside of the penis, the foreskin frenulum (frenulum praeputii) . The glans and the inner sheet of the foreskin secrete cells and sebum , which, with poor hygiene, form the smegma with residues of urine . On the underside of the penis which extends up to the scrotum penis seam .

Erect penises are often slightly or more curved, which is a natural variation. This penile deviation can be in any direction. Combined bends of a penis in different directions are not uncommon (s-shaped, helical). If penile deviation hinders sexual intercourse, it may require treatment.

Erectile tissue

The penis contains three cavernous bodies . The two cavernous bodies at the top are called the penile cavernous bodies ( Corpora cavernosa penis ). They grow together towards the middle and are only separated from one another by a septum penis . Another cavernosa, the Harnröhrenschwellkörper ( corpus spongiosum ), extending at the bottom and continues in the glans as Eichelschwellkörper ( corpus spongiosum glandis ) continues. The penile part of the urethra runs in the erectile tissue of the urethra . During sexual arousal, the erectile tissue fill with blood, which makes the penis bigger and harder, resulting in an erection ("straightening", "stiffening"). The erectile tissue of the penis is primarily responsible for the stiffening.

Muscles

The muscles of the penis are the bulbospongiosus muscle and the ischiocavernosus muscle . They anchor it to the bony pelvis, strengthen the erection by constricting the drainage veins and compressing the erectile tissue at their base - especially during the final rigid-erection phase - and support the ejaculation of the sperm through rhythmic contractions.

Vessels

Vasculature of the penis

The blood supply takes place via three terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery : The penile dorsal artery ( Arteria dorsalis penis ) runs on the upper side of the penis up to the glans, the deep penile artery ( Arteria profunda penis ) runs in the penile cavernous body and is important for the erection, while the arteria bulbi penis supplies the thickening of the urethral erectile tissue ( Bulbus penis ). The fourth terminal branch is the urethral artery ( Arteria urethralis ), which lies next to the urethral erectile tissue and supplies the urethra ( urethra ) with arterial blood. All of these arteries are paired, which means that they are “mirror-inverted” on the right and left side of the penis.

annoy

The sensory innervation of the glans occurs via the dorsal penis nerve . The penis skin and the foreskin are innervated via the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. The erectile tissue and blood vessels are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. Its parasympathetic components trigger an erection and run in the pelvic splanchnic nerves from the cross section of the spinal cord .

Erection & ejaculation

Development of the male erection over different phases. The erection and increase in size of the penis are clearly visible.

Mechanical stimuli, in particular self-satisfaction (masturbation) or sexual intercourse , or psychological stimuli ( sexual arousal ) stiffen and straighten the penis (in many cases also increase in length and girth), the so-called erection (from Latin erectio , " Erection"). The erection is caused by increasing the blood flow and throttling of the blood flow in the erectile tissue and is a prerequisite for normal sexual intercourse.

With continued mechanical stimulation or persistent mental arousal leads to eventual ejaculation (ejaculation of Latin ē-iaculari , "eject, throw out"), in which sperm spurts the urethra is released. This happens through rhythmic contractions of the muscles of the spermatic duct , the seminal vesicle , the erectile tissue and the pelvic floor . As a rule, the ejaculation is associated with an orgasm , the psychological climax of the sexual sensation, whereby conversely an orgasm is also possible without ejaculation.

Even during sleep , unconscious, involuntary erections and ejaculation ( pollution ) can occur without active intervention . This is usually only recognized after waking up by the corresponding stains in the bedclothes or bedclothes.

size

Distribution of penis sizes. Erect penises (green) are 45% between 12 and 14 cm long and 81% between 10 and 13 cm in circumference.

length

According to various studies, the average length of an erect penis is 12.9 to 15 centimeters. Studies have not shown a relationship between body size and penis size.

In a 2001 study, erect penis lengths (upper side of the penis from pubic bone to glans tip) of 10 to 19 cm were measured in 111 German 18 to 19 year olds, an average of 14.48 cm with a standard deviation of 1.99 cm. In another study in 2001, 3300 Italian 17 to 19 year olds were measured. A median of 12.5 cm was found for the length of the elongated penis (top of the penis from pubic bone to glans tip), with ten percent having a penis shorter than 9 cm or longer than 15 cm. Another study in 2001 measured 300 people in Mexico. The result was an erect penis length averaging 14.9 cm with a standard deviation of 2.1 cm, which means that 54% of the test subjects were between 14 and 16 cm.

In a systematic review article published in BJU International in 2015 , the data of around 15,500 men aged 17 to 91 from almost 20 studies were evaluated. Their penis size was measured by healthcare professionals. According to international standards, the average penis is 9.16 centimeters long when flaccid and 13.12 centimeters when erect.

In advisory literature, a distinction is made between “blood penises” and “meat penises”. The "blood penis" is much smaller in the flaccid state than the "meat penis", and when erect they are similar in size. In colder regions of the world the blood penis predominates, in warmer regions the flesh penis; 80% of men would have a blood penis.

Width, thickness, circumference, diameter

In a study in 2001, the diameter of the erect penis at the base of 111 German 18 to 19 year olds was 3 to 5 cm, an average of 3.95 with a standard deviation of 0.38 cm, the diameter at the glans 2.6 to 4.5 cm, an average of 3.49 cm with a standard deviation of 0.35 cm. In 2001, 300 people in Mexico had an erect penis diameter averaging 4.01 cm with a standard deviation of 0.42 cm.

The circumference is the diameter times the circle number Pi : According to the study mentioned above, 90% of the penises have a circumference of 9.2 to 14.8 cm, the median is 12.5 cm, the 90 percentile is 15 cm, the 99 percent percentile at 17.5 cm.

Condoms have a "nominal width" printed on the packaging, which is theoretically "circumference divided by 2" or "diameter divided by 2 times pi". Most condoms have a standard width of 52 mm, which corresponds to a penis circumference of 10.4 cm and a diameter of 3.3 cm. Condoms are available in nominal widths of 49 to 69 mm.

Malformations and diseases

Penile edema caused by the cytokine interleukin-11 as a result of vascular leak syndrome

The inability to get an erection is now known as erectile dysfunction (generally impotence ). But this is not to be equated with inability to orgasm. All non-penetrating sexual activities with the penis are mostly possible without a (sufficient) erection. Frequent cycling can lead to erectile dysfunction due to pressure from the saddle on the base of the penis and its sensitive nerves. This can be prevented by suitable saddle shapes and a sporty driving style. By ED pills can be tried to counter erectile dysfunction.

A priapism (pathological priapism of more than two hours) can ignore lead to a permanent loss of the ability to erection for days. This can be caused, among other things, by incorrect use of drugs such as Viagra or drugs such as cocaine , but also by coagulation disorders.

Penis (35J / uncircumcised), curved 30 degrees, congenital, already pathological

If the penis has a strong curvature when erect, it is called penile deviation . It can arise, for example, from connective tissue growths in the erectile tissue ( induratio penis plastica ). Such severe curvatures, which can make sexual intercourse impossible, can be straightened surgically. A curvature of 30 degrees or more is considered pathological.

Micropenis

The micropenis is an anatomically unusually small penis, it represents a form of hypogenitalism (underdevelopment of the sexual organs). The micropenis is counted among the penile diseases or intersex syndromes . The so-called buried penis (German: buried penis), which occurs in heavily obese men, must be distinguished from the micropenis : In this case, a large part of the penis is located in the fat layers of the surrounding tissue, so that only a small part of what is otherwise visible Area is recognizable. Diphallia , a congenital double malformation of the penis, is also extremely rare .

Inflammation of the glans is called balanitis . In some men, so-called hirsuties papillaris , usually harmless but often annoying papules, form on the crown of the glans .

If the foreskin is narrowed, it cannot be pushed back over the glans, there is a phimosis . Adhesion of the foreskin to the glans is normal in infancy and toddlerhood. The frenulum breve is a shortening of the foreskin ligament.

The penile cancer ( "penile cancer") is a relatively rare cancer of the penis, which usually occurs after age 60. Penile edema can be caused by a variety of diseases and external influences. As penis atrophy refers to the diseased tissue shrinkage ( atrophy ) of the penis. This is a relatively common, undesirable consequence of prostatectomy .

Mechanical overuse of the erect penis (kinking, bending) can lead to a rupture of the erectile tissue, which is known as a penile rupture . The resulting heavy bleeding requires immediate medical treatment.

Especially with a frenulum breve , sexual intercourse can tear the foreskin frenulum. Improper masturbation can also lead to other injuries or even mutilations . Injuries to the urethra caused by the introduction of foreign bodies are typical here (→  autoerotic accident ).

A paraffinoma of the penis is a serious disease that has become extremely rare in Central Europe and is caused by the subcutaneous injection of paraffins or petroleum jelly , primarily for the purpose of enlarging the penis.

In 2006, Chinese doctors carried out the first surgically successful penile transplant, which was reversed after two weeks because of "serious psychological problems for the patient and his wife". In mid-March 2015, full functionality was announced after a transplant on December 11, 2014 from the Tygerberg Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa. The nine-hour operation was carried out by Frank Graewe, head of plastic surgery and André van der Merwe, head of urology at the University of Stellenbosch . The 21-year-old's original penis had to be amputated three years earlier following an infection as a result of poorly performed traditional circumcision.

Cosmetic-operative changes

clipping

Human penis (left: uncircumcised; right: circumcised )

The circumcision (from Latin circumcidere "to cut off") or circumcision is the partial or complete removal of the male foreskin . In addition to medical indications, such as congenital or acquired foreskin constriction ( phimosis ), reasons for circumcision are often of a cultural or religious nature. Circumcision is the most commonly performed surgical procedure in the world. It is estimated that around 25 to 33 percent of the world's male population are currently circumcised.

Subincision

A subincision is the partial or complete division of the underside of the penis along the urethra. This practice goes back to the Aborigines in Australia. It is carried out there as part of an initiation ceremony at the transition to adulthood.

Piercing

Intimate jewelry in the form of an Ampallang piercing

Piercing involves piercing the tissue of the penis in order to attach piercing jewelry . This can be done in different places and through different structures such as the glans, the frenulum or the foreskin. The reasons for getting a piercing are cultural. In addition, certain piercings lead to an increased sensation of pleasure during sexual intercourse, especially for the penetrated partner. This is especially true for the Ampallang and Apadravya piercings that run through the glans of the penis . These piercings have a long tradition among the Dayak and other ethnic groups on the island of Borneo and are recommended in the ancient Indian Kamasutra . Since the late 20th century, genital piercings have become increasingly widespread in Western European cultures.

Penis enlargement

Various methods are mentioned for enlarging the human penis, from medication, massage techniques to surgery, most of which, however, have no proven medical effectiveness. Only the surgical interventions are proven to be effective, but they still cannot always meet expectations.

Cultural history and society

Herme with phallic representation, ancient Greece , 520 BC Chr.

As a sexual and reproductive organ, the penis has been a symbol of fertility and male power in many cultures. Since the Paleolithic at the latest, there have been depictions of shamans performing dances with masks and oversized penises.

In the phallus cults of various cultures, the erect penis was considered a sign of life, strength and fertility; its replicas are called Ithyphalli . Phallos cults or their remains of it can be found up to modern times, for example in fertility rituals in arable farming and cattle breeding indigenous peoples (for example in the Amazon in Brazil or in the pueblo culture in southwest North America), but also in Shintoism as Sake-no-kami and especially in Hinduism as a lingam .

In Greco-Roman antiquity there was a pronounced cult of the phallus. In Europe the maypole is considered an ithyphallic remnant. A phallic meaning is also assumed for the numerous cultic setting of upright stone columns in Europe and Africa. In popular belief in particular, amulets and similar objects are found, which are said to have powers as a defense against the evil eye or as a good luck charm.

Positions for erection can be found from different cultures and eras. So wrote Leonardo da Vinci about "one's own feelings and one independent of the sense" of the penis. Augustine of Hippo , along with sexual pleasure, also explicitly traced the erection back to the fall of man in paradise .

In some indigenous societies , who walk unclothed in everyday life , evidence of avoidance techniques for this body reaction, which is often associated with shame, can be found, for example with the Nambikwara and the Kwoma ( New Guinea ), where boys at an early age are taught to control the visible erection through punishment and shame. The traditional nudist movement , whose principles, according to Richard Ungewitter, included the demarcation of nudity from eroticism , does not tolerate visible erections either. Rather, these are mostly subject to taboo and ostracism. In this context, association-bound nudism often pays attention to the shame of pubescent boys, as early as 1923 at the "Orthopedic nude gymnastics" Adolf Kochs , where the 10 to 14-year-old girls were naked but the boys wore swimming trunks.

In the past, men of some primitive peoples wore a penis sheath . This is a long, tapering tube or pouch designed to cover the wearer's penis. Today it is worn almost exclusively on traditional occasions. In Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries, the pubic capsule , a conspicuously designed pant flap , was fashionable for men . With armor genital capsule was removed.

Terms

Further names for the penis are: (male) member or - for the erect state - phallus . The old term zagel , which was also used for tail, tail and tail , is only used in dialect . Another outdated name is rod . In Latin, the male member is also known as the mentula . Medically, the penis is also called Membrum virile ( Latin for “male member”), the member of the child is called Membrum puerile (Latin for “member of the boy”). The totality of the penis and scrotum as genitals , respectively.

There are a number of other names especially for the erect penis. It is casually called “latte” or colloquially “stand”. According to the Duden, the latter is a synonym for erection. a. Swelling, erecting, stiffening and stiffening.

Web links

Commons : Penis of Man  - Collection of Pictures, Videos and Audio Files
Wiktionary: Penis  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Gregory B. Auffenberg, Brian T. Hellfand, Kevin T. McVary: Normal Erectile Physiology. In: Kevin T. McVary: Contemporary Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction. A Clinical Guide Springer Science & Business Media, 2010, 299 S., S. 11-22, ISBN 1-60327-536-3 , S. 15.
  2. Gerhard Aumüller u. a .: Dual series anatomy. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 2010, p. 754 f.
  3. ^ H. Wessells, TF Lue, JW McAninch: Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: guidelines for penile augmentation. In: The Journal of Urology . Volume 156, 1996, pp. 995-997.
  4. ^ J. Chen, A. Gefen, A. Greenstein, H. Matzkin, D. Elad: Predicting penile size during erection. In: International Journal of Impotence Research. Volume 12, December 2000, pp. 328-333.
  5. ^ Ansell Research: The Penis Size Survey.
  6. a b Veale, D., Miles, S., Bramley, S., Muir, G. and Hodsoll, J. (2015), Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15,521 men. BJU International , 115: pp. 978-986. doi: 10.1111 / bju.13010
  7. ^ Journal of Skin Diseases. Volume 43, Issue 1, p. 140.
  8. a b T. Schneider, H. Sperling, G. Lümmen, J. Syllwasschy, H. Rübben: Does penile size in younger men cause problems in condom use? a prospective measurement of penile dimensions in 111 young and 32 older men. In: Urology. 57, 2001, pp. 314-318, doi: 10.1016 / S0090-4295 (00) 00925-0
  9. Mondaini et al. a .: Penile length is normal in most men seeking penile lengthening procedures. In: International Journal of Impotence Research. (2002) 14, pp. 283-286. doi: 10.1038 / sj.ijir.3900887 PDF
  10. ^ A b Ansell Research , Dady Rock nightclub in Cancun, Mexico, March 2001.
  11. Matthew MacDonald: Your Body. The missing manual handbook on function and maintenance. O'Reilly, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-89721-963-2 , pp. 251–252: The meaning of size, here p. 251 ( page views in the Google book search).
  12. 61 minutes of sex : blood penis vs. Meat penis on www.youtube.de
  13. Albers, Peter et al: Surgical therapy of congenital and acquired penile deviation using shirring plastic. (PDF) 2014, accessed January 27, 2017 .
  14. ^ WB Schill, RG Bretzel, W. Weidner (eds.); W. Weidner, EW Hauck: Men's medicine . Urban & Fischer Verlag, ISBN 3-437-23260-6 , p. 448.
  15. KM Beier u. a .: Sexual medicine . Urban & Fischer, ISBN 3-437-22850-1 , p. 432.
  16. Ärzteblatt - Very obese patients with buried penis. Accessed January 2, 2019 (German).
  17. S. Acimi: diphallia Complete. In: Scandinavian journal of urology and nephrology. Volume 38, Number 5, 2004, pp. 446-447, ISSN  0036-5599 . doi: 10.1080 / 00365590310019981 . PMID 15764263 .
  18. Information brochure of the Federal Association of Pediatricians - (PDF; 0.6 MB)
  19. JA Albaugh: Addressing and managing erectile dysfunction after prostatectomy for prostate cancer. In: Urologic nursing. Volume 30, Number 3, 2010, pp. 167-177, 166, ISSN  1053-816X . PMID 20648854 .
  20. M. Gfesser, WI Worret: Paraffinoma of the penis. . In: The dermatologist. 1996, pp. 705-707. doi: 10.1007 / s001050050493 PMID 8999027
  21. First successful penis transplant. In: orf.at. March 13, 2015, accessed March 15, 2015 .
  22. ^ Tara Fowler: South African Doctors Say They've Performed the First Successful Penis Transplant. In: People. March 14, 2015, accessed March 15, 2015 .
  23. also "restrict", "reduce" or "remove"
  24. ^ S. Moses, RC Bailey, AR Ronald: Male circumcision: assessment of health benefits and risks. In: Sexually Transmitted Infections . Volume 74, Number 5, October 1998, pp. 368-373, ISSN  1368-4973 . PMID 10195035 . PMC 1758146 (free full text). (Review).
  25. World Health Organization and Joint United Nations Program on HIV / AIDS (Ed.): Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety and acceptability . Geneva 2007, ISBN 978-92-4159616-9 , pp. 7 ( PDF [accessed October 24, 2011]).
  26. Elayne Angel: An Approach to Genital Piercings. ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: The Point. 44 (2008), 6 (PDF; 2.8 MB) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.safepiercing.org
  27. Erich Kasten: Genital Body Modifications in Men. In: Psychosocial. 112 (2008): intimate modifications 31, pp. 56-65.
  28. a b c “Phalloskult” and “Ithyphallus” In: Lykke Aresin , Helga Hörz , Hannes Hüttner , Hans Szewczyk : Lexicon of Human Sexology. Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-333-00410-0 .
  29. Paul Frischauer: Knaurs Sittengeschichte der Welt. Volume 1, 1974, ISBN 3-426-00340-6 , p. 25.
  30. See for example Julius Rosenbaum : History of the lust epidemic in antiquity for doctors, philologists and antiquity researchers. Hall 1839; 7th, revised edition, enlarged with an appendix, Verlag von H [ermann] Barsdorf, Berlin 1904 (title: History of the lust epidemic in antiquity together with detailed studies of the Venus and phallic cults, brothels, Νοῦσος ϑήλεια of the Scythians, paederasty and other sexual ones The debauchery of the ancients is presented as a contribution to the correct explanation of their writings. ) P. 59–70 ( Lingam and phallic cults ).
  31. Naked together: Nudist Movement - The pride of a nudist is to refrain from everything. A conversation with the historian Hans Bergemann about the history of the nudist movement, nudity and sex . On: freitag.de from July 19, 2002.
  32. ^ Stand - term in Duden
  33. Erection - term and synonyms in Duden